Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Id
Division
2386
2770
Medicine
Medicine
Sub Division
Notes
ACE inhibitors are the most common cause of acquired angioedema. pts present with
edema in the face, mouth, lips, tongue, glottis and larynx. Laryngeal edema can cause
airway obstruction. - angioedema occurs due to the pro-infflammatory action of
bradykinin, which promotes edema, inflammation and the sensation of pain.
-angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) aka Kininase; it functions to degreade
bradykinin. when ace is inhibited, levels of bradykinin increase, = angioedema.
traveling to north africa, cdc reccomends administering the hep a, hep b, and typhoid
vaccines as well as a poilio booster vaccine. of these the most common vaccine
preventable infectious disease is hep a ... .most asian and african countries are high
risk zones.
4080
Medicine
4734
Obstetrics &
Allergy & Immunology
Gynecology
Pediatrics
2134
3195
Pediatrics
4143
Pediatrics
pts with complement deficiency are at increased risk of bacterial infections, particularly
with encapsulated bacteria such as streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus
influenza, and neisseia meningitides. they are also at risk for autoimmune conditions.
2137
Medicine
Sensitivity- Because tests with high sensitivity will correctly identify most of the pts with
the disease, sensitivity is very important for screening tests (wich need to minimize
FNs) -Specificity(sPin)- High specificity means that positive results are less likely to be
FPs and more likely to be TP; Because tests with high specificity will correctly identify
most of the pts without the dz, specificity is very important for confirmatory tests (which
need to minimize FPs)
3076
Medicine
False negatives will increase when the cut-off level of a diagnostic test is raised.
3629
Medicine
A perfectly valid diagnostic test should have sensitivity and specificity equal to 1, but
this is seldome possible. The more sensitive the test, the less specific it is (and vice
versa)
3629
Medicine
Sensitivity are usedspecificity are used to measure a tests validity. sensitivity is defined
as the proportion of positive test results among the subjects with the dz. Specificity is
defined as the proportion of negative test results among the subjects without the dz.
The critical distinction between case control and retrospective cohort studies is the
order in which outcomes and risk factors are assessed: case control studies determine
the outcome and then look for associated risk factors; retrospective cohort studies
ascertain risk factor exposure and then determine the outcome. 2. prospective cohort
studies are analytical observational studies in which a group of exposed and
unexposed individuals is followed prospectively over time for
The critical distinction between case control and retrospective cohort studies is the
order in which outcomes and risk factors are assessed. Case control studies determine
the outcome first and then look for associated risk factors; retrospective cohort studies
first ascertain risk factor exposure and then determine the outcome.
3650
3650
Medicine
Medicine
3708
Medicine
relative risk is used as a measure of association in cohort studies. it is the ratio of the
risk in an exposed group to that of the unexposed group. A RR>1 means that there is a
positive asociation between the risk factor and the outcome. A RR<1 means that there
is a negative association between the risk factor and the outcome. The farther the
value of RR from 1, the stronger the association.
3708
Medicine
A RR>1 meansthat there is a positive association between the risk factor and the
outcome. A RR<1 means that there is a negative association between the risk factor
and the outcome. The farther the valueof RR from 1, the stronger the association.
3880
Medicine
USMLE TIP: think of lead-time bias when you see "a new screening test" for poor
prognosis diseases like lung or pacreatic cancer.
3880
Medicine
USMLE TIP: think of lead-time bias when you see "a new screening test" for poor
prognosis diseases like lung or pancreatic cancer. 2. Understand the concept of
lead-time bias in screening tests. The typical example of lead-time bias is prolongation
of apparent survival in pts to whom a test is applied, without changing the prognosis of
the disease.
3885
Medicine
Confounding refers to the bias that results when the exposure-disease relationship is
mixed with the effect of extraneous factors (i.e., confounders). confounders influence
both the exposure and outcome.
3885
Medicine
Selection bias results from the manner in which people are selected for the study, or
from the selective losses from follow-up.
3886
Medicine
The validity of a test refers to its ability to identify diseases and non diseased
individuals.
a case control study is use to compare the exposure of people with the disease
(cases) wo the exposure of the people without the disease (controls). the main
measure -> exposure odds ratio. 2. Incidence measures -> relative risk and relative
rate which are calculated in cohort studies, where people are followed over time for the
occurence of the dz. 3, prevalence offs ratio is calculated in cross-sectional studies to
compare prevalence of a dz between different populatio
A case-control study is used to compare the exposure of people with the dz (cases) to
the exposure of the people without the disease (controls). The main measure of
association is the exposure odds ratio. 2. Prevalence odds ratio is calculated in
cross-sectional studies to compare tge prevalence of a disease between different
populations. 3. Incidence measures (eg, relative risk or relative rate) relative risk and
relative rate are calculated in cohort studies.
Median survival is calculated in cohort studies or clinical trials, & is usually used to
compare the median survival times in 2 or more groups of pts (eg,recieving a new tx or
placebo). 2.Incidence measures (eg, relative risk or relative rate) cannot b directly
measured in case-control studies bc the people being studied r those who have
already developed the dz. Relative risk & relative rate r calculated in cohort studies,
where people r followed over time for the occ of dz
3909
3915
3922
3922
3931
3931
3931
3932
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
3941
3941
3960
3960
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Selective survival bias occurs in case-control studies when cases are selected from the
entire disease population instead of just those that are newly diagnosed. For instance,
a study on cancer survival that is not limited to newly diagnosed pts will contain a
higher proportion of relatively benign malignancies as these pts generally live longer.
3961
Medicine
The null hypothesis is always the statement of no relationship between the exposure
and the outcome. To state the null hypothesis correctly, you should recognize the
study design 1st. 2. the alternative hypothesis opposes the null hypothesis. It states
that there is a relationship between the exposure and outcome.
3961
Medicine
The null hypothesis is always the statement of no relationship between the exposure
and the outcome. To state the null hypothesis correctly, you should recognize the
study design 1st.
The effects of confounding bias can be reduced through good study design and proper
analysis of the results. Methods used to control for confounding during data analysis
include stratified analysis and statistical modeling (eg, multicariate analysis). 2.
Selective survival bias occurs in case-control studies when cases are selected from the
entire dz population instead of just those that are newly diagnosed. for instance, a
study on cancer survival that is not limited to new
relative risk is the risk of an outcome (eg DVT) in the exposed group (eg OCP) divided
by the risk of that outcomein the unexposed group. if RR= 1.0 (null value), then there is
no association between exposure and outcome (ordisease). an RR >1.0 indicates that
exposure is associated with increased risk of isease. an RR < 1.0 means that exposire
is associated with decreased risk of disease.
The chi-square test is used to compare proportions. A 2x2 table may be used to
compare the observed values with te expected values. 2. The two sample z-test and
two sample t-test are used to compare two means, not proportions. 3. Analysis of
variance (ANOVA) is used to compare the means of three or more variables. 4.
Meta-analysis is an epidemiologic method of pooling the data from several studies to
do an analysis having a relatively big statistical power.
Risk is the probability of getting a dz over a certain period of time. To calculate risk,
divide the number os dzd subjects by the total number of subjects at risk (ie, all the
people at risk. The prevalence of exposure in the entire cohort (exposed and
unexposed combined)
3989
3992
4001
4019
4079
4079
4095
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
4100
Medicine
A confounder is an extraneous factor which has properties linking it with the exposure
and outcome of interest. - if smoking is not related to cancer of oralcavity, it cannotbe a
confounder.
4107
Medicine
Precision is the measure of random error. The tighter the confidence interval, the more
precise the result. Increasing the sample size increases precision. 2. Validity and
accuracy are measures of systematic error (bias). Accuracy is reduced if the result
does not reflect the true value of the parameter measured. Increasing the sample size
increases the precision of the study, but does not affect accuracy 3. Specificity &
sensitivity are measures of systematic error (bias)
4107
Medicine
Precision is the measure of random error. The study is precise if the results are not
scattered widely; this is reflected by a tight confidence interval, the more precise the
result. - increasing the sample size increases precision.
4109
Medicine
the p-value <0.01 indicates that the *** is statistically significant. a large sample size
decreases the P value for the *** and makes the confidence interval narrower. as a
result, the precision of the estimate increases.
4121
Medicine
Attributable risk percent (ARP) is an important measure of the impact of a risk factor
being studied. ARP represents the excess risk in a population that cab be explained by
exposure to risk -ARP represents the excess risk in the exposed population that can be
attributed to the risk factor. It can be easily derived from the relative risk using the
following formula : ARP=(RR-1)/RR -an easier way to calculate the ARP is to derive it
from the relative risk (RR): ARP=(RR-1)/RR
4157
Medicine
4172
Medicine
incidence is the measure of the appearance of new cases. prevalence is the measure
of those with the disease in the population at a particular point in time. an increasing
prevalence and stable incidence can be attributed to factors which prolong the duration
of a disease (e.g. improved quality of care- this scenario is typical for the USMLE)
4172
Medicine
incidence is the measure of the appearance of new cases - prevalence is the measure
of those with the diesease in the population at a particular point in tome.
-prevalence=(incidence)x(Time)
4178
Medicine
Reporting bias occurs when a subject is reluctant to report an exposure due to stigma
about the exposure (eg, sexual behaviors, druh use) 2. surveillance bias occurs when
the exposed group undergoes increased monitoring relative to the general population.
This tends to increase disease diagnoses compared to the general population. 3. Loss
to follow-up in prospective studies makes a potential for attrition bias, a subtype of
selection bias. f
4178
Medicine
Attrition bias: significant loss of study participants may cause bias if those lost to
follow-up differ significantly from remaining subjects... this is pat of selection bias.
4182
Medicine
4182
Medicine
NPV is the probability of being free of a disease if the test result is negative. remember
the NPV will vary with the pretest probability of a disease. a pt with a high probability of
having a dz will have a low NPV, and a pt with a low probability of having a dz will have
a high NPV.
4184
4189
Medicine
Medicine
4262
Medicine
4315
Medicine
Scatter plots are useful for crude analysis of data. These can demonstrate the type of
association (i.e., linear, non-linear, if any is present.
7689
Medicine
7689
Medicine
The number needed to treat (NNT) is defined as the number of people that need to
recieve a tx to prevent 1 additional adverse event. Itscalculated as the inverse of the
absolute risk reduction (ARR). EX-> pts w/ diabetes who had UA/STEMI had 16.3%
incidence of composite events with clopidogril+asa and 12.3% with Efrenzia+asa.
ARR=0.163-0.123=0.04 NNT=1/ARR=1/0.04=25 compared to clopidogril, Efrenzia
would need to be given to at least 25 pts/w diabetes to () to prevent
A shift in the reciever operating characteristic curve (ROC) upward for a given cutoff
indicates increased sensitivity. A shift of the curve to the right for a given cutoff point
indicates a decrease in specificity. - Accuracy can be measured as the total area under
the ROC curve. The closer the plotted curve approaches the left and top borders of the
graphg, the more accurate the test.
7709
7711
Medicine
Medicine
7712
Medicine
Changing the cutoff value of a test in a way that alters the proportion of the
true-positive and false-negative results will change the sensitivity. Likewise, a change
in the test that modifies the proportion of false-positive and true-neg results will change
the specificity. Alterations in the test sensitivity and specificity, as well as changes in dz
prevalence, will affect the positive and negative predictive value.
10505
Obstetrics &
Biostatistics & Epidemiology
Gynecology
2686
Medicine
Cardiovascular System
the first line of medical therapy for hypertrophoc cardiomyopathy is either a b blocker
or a cardiac acting calcium channel blocker such as diltiazem since they promote
diastolic relaxation
2692
Medicine
Cardiovascular System
digitalis is most useful in those heart failure patients who have systolic dysfunction and
have rapid ventricluar rates due to atrial flutter or afib.
2711
Medicine
Cardiovascular System
2745
Medicine
Cardiovascular System
asa, heparin, clopidigrel only stop the thrombus from progressing... ptca and
fibrinolysis distrupt the thrombus that is occluding coronary blood flow.
3065
Medicine
Cardiovascular System
3689
Medicine
Cardiovascular System
3769
Medicine
Cardiovascular System
Amiodarone is a class lll antiarrhythmic angent, well known for causing pulmonary
fibrosis. Thyroid dysfunction (hypo and hyper), hepatotoxicity, corneal deposits and
skin discoloration are other potential side effects.
Cardiovascular System
The main mechanism responsible for pain relief in pts with anginal pain treated with
nitroglycerin is dilation of veins (capacitance vesself) and decrease in ventricular
preload. - Increased venous capacitance and venous pooling of the bld lead to
significant decrease in ventricular preload and decrease in heart size. - Nitroglycerin
also causes arterial dilation, and thereforr, decreases ventricular afterload.
3945
Medicine
4108
Medicine
Cardiovascular System
inferior wall MI is due to occlusion of the right coronary artery occlusion wich can lead
to RV infarction?dysfunction rsulting in hypotension. RCA occlusion can cause AV
block. - inferior MI is most commonly associated with sinus bradycardia due o
increased vagal tone in the first 24 hours after infarction and decreased RCA bld
supply to the sa node. - acute pericarditis causes PR- segment depression and diffuse
ST elevation
4126
Medicine
Cardiovascular System
afib is a common complication of hyperthyroidism - in patients with hyperthyroidismrelated tachysystolic afib, a beta- blocker is the drug of choice.
Cardiovascular System
4171
Medicine
4191
Medicine
Cardiovascular System
In the tx of a pt using both sildenafil and an aplpha blocker, it is important to give the
drugs with at least a 4-hour interval to reduce the risk of hypotension. 2.
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (eg, sildenafil) are the 1st line drugs in the tx of diabetic
pts with erectile dysfunction.
4227
Medicine
Cardiovascular System
4334
Medicine
Cardiovascular System
retrosternal chest pain radiating to the left arm with associated diaphoresis, nausea,
and or vomiting usually (but not always) usually suggest ACS
Cardiovascular System
Acute decompensated heart failure (systolic or diastolic) can present with acutely
pulmonary enedma. Tx for pts with acute decompensated heart failure and pulmonary
edema who have normal or elevated bld pressure includes supplemental oxygen,
assisted ventilation as needed, aggresive intravenous diuresis (loop like furosemide),
and possible vesodilatory therapy ( e.g nitroglycerine, nitroprusside).
4451
Medicine
4592
Medicine
Cardiovascular System
the initial treatment of chronic venous disease includes leg elevation, exercise, and
compression stickings. patients not responding to initial conservvative measures
require venous duplex ultrasound to identify venous refluc or insufficience. patients
with persistant symptoms and documented reflux should be referred for endovenous
ablation.
4742
Medicine
Cardiovascular System
patients with right ventricular myocardial infarction present with hypotension, elevated
jugular venous pressure, and clear lung fields, usually in the setting of inferior wall
myocardial infarction.
10763
Medicine
Cardiovascular System
cyanide toxicity can occur in pts treated with nitriprusside who recieve prolonged
infusiosm higher dosesm or have underlying renal insufficiency. it presents with altered
mental status, lactic acidosis, seizuresm and coma.
Cardiovascular System
Peripheral edema, ascites, and elevated jugular venous pressure with clear lung fields
is suggestive of right heart failure, most likely due to constrictive pericarditis. other
features include pericardial knock(middi CP results from a thickened and often calcified
pericardium that limits diastolic filling. Idiopathic pericarditis or pericardial involvement
from prior cardiac surgery (cabg or valve sx) mediastinal irradiation, tb, malignancy, or
uremia are common antecents.
Cardiovascular System
high energy, blunt, rapid deceleration trauma to the chest commonl causes aortic
injury. In most cases of aortic injury, death is the immediate result. In pt's with
contained rupture, the dx must be made quickly. Widened mediastinum and left sided
hemothorax are classic chest x-ray abnormalities pointing to this dx. 2. myocardial
contusion classically causes tachycardia, new bundle branch blocks or arrythmia.
Sternal fracture is a commonly associated finding.
10764
4527
Medicine
Surgery
4608
Surgery
Cardiovascular System
reperfusion of a limb following arerio-occlusive ischemia for longer than 4-6 hours can
lead to intracellular and interstitial edema. Compartment syndrome may occur when
edema causes the pressure within a muscular fascial compartment to rise above 30
mm Hg, leading to further ischemin injury.Fasciotomy help to avoid long-term
complications.;pain increases on pasive flexion 2. Deep tissue infection (necrotizing
fasciites, clostridial gas gangrene) are commomly due to group a s
2751
Medicine
Dermatology
Dermatology
Dermatology
seborrheic keratosis become more common with advancing age. SKs are benign
growths and most are commonly asymptomatic. lesions have a characteristic waxy
"stuck on", and well- circumsized appearance. Actinic keratosis is a premalignant
lesion characterized by dry, scaly, flat papules with an erythematous base. this
predisposes a pt to squamous cell carcinoma.
Dermatology
excisional biopsy with narrow margins is the preferred study for the diagnosis of
melanoma. if the depth of the lesion is less that 1 mm, the melanoma can be excised
with a 1 cm tumor free margin and they have a 99% 5-year survival. Tumors greater
than 1 mm in dept shold have a sentinal lymph node study,
2755
2764
2767
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
2772
2775
Medicine
Medicine
Dermatology
Dermatology
Pemphigus vulgarisis a blistering dz that occurs in the skin and mucous membranes.
characterized by FLACCID bulae that appear spontaneously and are tnder &painful
when they rupture. often lesions first appear in the oral mucous membranes and
rapidly become erosive. + nikolskys sign. autoantibodies formed against desmoglein.
tx:steroids. immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine may be used with
prednisone and methotrexate. 2. Bullous pemphigoid is a benign pruitic dz.
2777
Medicine
Dermatology
3811
Medicine
Dermatology
poison ivy and nickel jewelry can cause allergic dermatitis, which is a type IV
hypersenitivity reaction.
4011
Medicine
Dermatology
Herpetic whitlow is a common viral infection of the hand. it is caused by either type 1 or
2 herpes simplex virus and is self limiting. Health care workers who come in direct
contact with infected orotracheal secretions are at increased risk of developing whitlow.
EXTREMELY HIGH YIELD
4403
Medicine
Dermatology
cherry angiomas also known as senile hemangiomas, are the most common benign
vascular tumor in adults. ... cherry angiomas are always cutaneous and are not found
on mucosa or deep tissues.
Dermatology
4410
Medicine
2778
Pediatrics
Dermatology
3755
Pediatrics
Dermatology
birthmarks such as cafe-au-lait macules, ash-leaf spots, and port-wine stains are
associated with neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, and sturge-weber syndrome.
intracranial lesions and epilepsy are features of these neurocutaneous syndromes.
4704
Pediatrics
Dermatology
1. tinea corporis- treat with antifungals 2. cellulitis- treat with nafcillin (IV) whichis an
nIV antistaph antibiotic 3. retinoids are used topically to treat acne and psoriasis.
Dermatology
1. otitis media result in ear pain, but it will usually cause erythema and/ or limited
mobility of the tympanic membrane 2, otitis externa usually results in ear discharge
and pain with pulling on the pinna. 3. cerumen impaction usually causes conductive
hearing loss. 4. glossopharyngeal neuralgia pts expierence intermitten, severe
stabbing pain in areas innervated by cranial nerves 9 and 10 which includes the ear.
7764
2194
Pediatrics
Medicine
2195
Medicine
muffled or "hot potatoe voice" and deviation of the uvula suggest a peritonsillar
abscess most likely as a complication of pt's tonsillits.. pts with peritonsillar abscess
typically have prominent unilateral lymphadenopathy. This condition can be fatal
secondary to either airway obstruction or spread of the infectrion into the
parapharyngeal space, which may lead to involvement of the carotid sheath. initial tx
consists of aspiration of the peritonsillar abcess and iv antibio
2836
Medicine
2844
Medicine
3449
Medicine
4282
Medicine
Malignant (necrotizing) otitis externa is a severe infection of the external auditory canal
and skull base usually caused by pseudomona... Presenting symptoms are severe,
unrelenting ear pain (especially prominent at night); purulent drainage with a sense of
fullness; and conductive hearing loss on the affected side. as the infection spreads
beyond the external autidory canal, osteomyelitis of the skull or TMJ can develop &
present with pain with chewing.TX: IV ciprofloxacin
4376
Medicine
pts with menieres dz typically present with a combination of vertigo, ear fullness,
tinnitus, and hearing loss. First line therapy consists of environmental and dietary
modifications includingmaintenance of a low-salt diet
2640
Pediatrics
any male adolescent who presents with epistaxis, a localized mass, and a bony
erosion on the back of the nose has an angiofibroma until proven otherwise.
2830
Pediatrics
Medicine
Suspect DKA in stuporous pts with rapid breathing and a hx of weight loss, polydipsia
and polyuria. The initial tx of suspected DKA in the ED is usually started empirically,
based only on clinical suspicion and elevated fingerstick bld glucose levels (while
waiting for the results of the other laboratory tests.
2171
2178
Medicine
2179
Medicine
surgery is the most expensive therapy for graves disease and can be complicated by
recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis.
2185
Medicine
2189
Medicine
arterial pH or anion gap is the most reliable indicator of metabolic recovery in pts with
diabetic ketoacidosis.
Medicine
Medicine
any pt with an acute, severe illness may have abnormal thyroid function test. this
condition is called sick euthyroid syndrom, and the most common thyroid hormone
pattern in such patients is a fall in total and free T3 levels with normal T4 and TSH
levels. (remember the low T3 syndrome)
2645
3231
3487
3495
Medicine
Medicine
3497
Medicine
3498
Medicine
papillary carcinoma of the thyroid is the most common thyroid malignancy. risk factors
include exposure to radiation during childhood znc family history.
Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid is the most common thyroid malignancy. Risk factors
include exposure to radiation during childhood and family hx. - papillary carcin spreads
via lymphatics -follicular cancer spread hematogenous 2. Primary thyroid lymphomas r
rare and usually occur in pts with longstanding Hashimoto's thyroiditis. prognosis of
localized thyroid lymphoma is good
In leydig cell tumors, the estrogen production can be increased with secondary
inhibition of LH and FSh. 2. Choriocarcinoma is a germ cell tumor characterized by
increased serum beta HCG concentration 3, teratoma show elevations in the serum
concentration of AFP or beta HCG. 4. in seminomas, tumor markers are usually
normal, although beta HCG may be somewhat elevated with seminomas that contain
syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells. 5, yolk sac tumor-> increase in serum AFP
3498
3594
Medicine
Medicine
3795
Medicine
4286
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
proximal muscle weakness with or without muscle atrophy can occue in 60-80% of pts
with untreated hyperthyroidism . Hio flexors and quadriceps are predominately
affected, and the weakness can gradually progress to involve the proximal muscles of
the upper extremeties... thyroid disease.
4308
4382
8897
8918
2425
4124
Medicine
Medicine
pregnant women have increased thyroid hormone production (increased total t4 and
t3) as well as increased thyroxine-binding globulin, with a net result of slightly elevated
free t4 and t3 and decreased TSH compared to non-preg women. 1. B-hcg stimulates
thyroid hormone production... increased b-hcg and increased t4 in 1st trimester
suppresses TSH secretion... the increased TBG binds extra T4, which results in a
significt increase in total t4 and a slight increase in free t4
3662
3867
Pediatrics
Pediatrics
Obese children and those of black or hispanic ethnicities are at increased risk of
precocious sexual development. premature adrenarche is caused by early activatation
of adrenal androgen release and is characterized by pubic hair (pubarche), axillary
hair, acne, and body odor in firls age <8 or boys age <9
4239
Pediatrics
8871
Pediatrics
Pediatrics
8871
4077
Surgery
4254
Surgery
2410
Tamoxifen acts as an estrogen antagonist on breast tissue, and is used in the tx and
prevention of breast cancer... it acts as an estrogen receptor agonist on the
endometrium and increases the risk of endometrial carcinoma. Tamoxifen has an
overall mortality benefit, and also decreases risk for osteoporosis. (estrogen receptor
agonist on osteoclasts, inhibiting bone turnover) 2.ischemic optic neuropathy
associated with use of phosphodiesterase inhib (viagra) sildenafil
2411
2413
woman with PCOS are oligo-, or anovulatory and are defficient in projesterone
secretion... this unopposed estrogen stimulation leaves them at increased risk for
endometrial cancer.
2418
women with abnormal uterine blding should undergo endometrial bx to evaluate for
hyperplasia versus cancer. progestin therapy is the tx of choice for those with NO
atypa. hysterectomy is the tx of choice hyperplasia with atypia
2608
traztzumab with chemo can cause cardiotoxicity and so an echo should be performed
before starting therapy so baseline can be established.
fibroids= heavy blding with clots, constipation, urinary frequency, pelvic pain/heaviness,
enlarged uterus. adenomyosis: the endometrial glads invade the uterine
musculature.....clinical features= dymennorrhea pelvic pain, menorrhagi, bulky,
globular and tender uterus. endometrial cancer/hyperplasia= h/o obesity, nulliparity,
chronic anovulation, irregular bleeding, small, nontender uterus endometritis= recent
intrumentation of the uterus, fouling smelling discharge, fever.
In the ovulatory phase of the mentrual cycle, cervical mucus is profuse, clear and thin.
It will stretch to approximately 6 cm and exhibit ferning on a microscope slide smear
preparation.; in contrast to the mucus of the post and pre-ovulatory phases, which is
scant, opaque and thick. 2. The early follicular phase immediately follows
menstruation. 3. In the mid and late- luteal phase, ovulation has already occured. The
cervical mucus becomes progressively thicker.
3120
3370
cervical screening should start at age 21 in most women (except those with HIV or
SLE, and orhgan transplant or immunocompromised individuals) regardless of the
onset of sexual activity. routine testing for HPV is not indicated for women age <30.
HPV vaccine is recommended for all girls and women (except those who are pregnant)
age 9-26 regardless of HPV status or sexual activity.
8953
uterine leiomyoma (myoma/fibroid), a benign smooth muscle tumor asrising from the
myometrium. Fibroids are the most common pelvic tume found in women ( especially
african american). they can compress the bladder or sigmoid colon, resulting in urinary
frequency or hydronephrosis or constipation. fibroids can distort and enlarge the
uterus. 2. adenomyosis is most often seen in parous women and occurs when the
endometrium grows into the myometrium. <12weeks in size
3911
Pediatrics
Female Reproductive
System & Breast
Pts with Mullerian agenesis are phenotypically and genotypically female. They
expierence breast development and body hair grown at puberty but do not menstruate
due to a congenitally absent or underdeveloped uterus, cervix, and upper vagina.
Pediatrics
Female Reproductive
System & Breast
granulosa cell tumors are fairly common and represent 10% of all malignant ovarian
tumors. they can occur at any age, but usually follow a bimodal age distribution. when
occuring before puberty, precocious puberty is often the presenting feature. the tumor
produces excessive amounts of estrogen and causes isosexual precocious puberty.
Female Reproductive
System & Breast
vaginal foreign bodies in children often present with foul-smellingh vaginal discharge
and vaginal spotting or blding. toilet paper is the most common vaginal foreign body.
Removal with a calcium aglinate swab or irrigation with warmed fluid should be
attempted after a topical anesthetic has been applied. sedation and general
anesthesia may be required in some cases.
1. cholelithiasis presents with right upper quadrant pain and fatty food intolerance. it
does not cause chronic diarrhea and weight loss. 2. pain accompanied by
malabsorption may be due to chronic pancreatitis or chrons disease... these usually
produce abnormal ct and xray findings.
3913
8917
4230
4870
2149
2205
Pediatrics
Medicine
Medicine
3587
Medicine
gatrinomas (zollinger) are the most common type of pancreatic endocrone tumor seen
in multiple endocrine neoplasia (MENI). autosomal dominant. 1. MENI tumor supressor
gene on chromosome 11typically causes a predisposition to parathyroid, pituitary, and
pancreatic tumors. parathyroid adenomas are the most common parathyroid
manifestation and commonly cause primary hyperparathyroidism. 2. MEN2 is caused
by a germline mutation involving the RET proto-oncogene on chromosome 10
4106
Medicine
Conditions where one may have an increased BUN/creatinine ratio include prerenal
renal failure, GI blding (secondary to reabsorption of bld from the GI tract), and steroid
administration. The BUN/creatinine ratio may be elevated due to the bacterial
breakdown of hemoglobin in the GI tract with resultant urea absorption.
4303
Medicine
4385
Medicine
packed RBC tranfusions can increase O2 carrying capacity in pts with severe anemia.
They r not recommended in acute gi blding for pts who r otherwise stable unless the
hemoglobon is <7 g/dl. A higher threshold of hemoglobin <9 g/dL is considered for
unstable pts with sympt related to the anemia or acute coronary syndrom with active
ischemia. 2. cryoprecipitate contains many insoluble products (eg, factor Vlll,
fibrinogen, von willebrand facor, factor Xlll from cold ffp.
4389
Medicine
the most common site of colon cancer metastasis is the liver. liver metastases manifest
as right upper quadrant pain, mildy elevated liver enzymes, and firm hepatomegaly.
The dx is confirmed bt CT of the abdomen.
amiodrone can increase the serum levels of digoxin and cause toxicity in a patient on a
stable digoxin regimen. acute digoxin toxicity typically presents with gi symptoms (eg
anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain). chronic digoxin toxicity presents wih less
pronounced gi symptoms but more neurologic and visual symptoms (eg changes in
color vision, scotomas, blindness).
4463
Medicine
4492
Medicine
4624
Medicine
4625
Medicine
4747
Medicine
4851
Pediatrics
4890
Pediatrics
jejunal stresia presents with bilious vomiting and abdominal distension. Abdominal
xrays shows a triple bubble sign and gasless colon. Risk factors include prenatal
exposure to cocaine and other vasocontrictive drugs.
4601
Surgery
4292
Surgery
General Principles
4557
Surgery
General Principles
abdominal pain that refers to the shoulder suggests an intraabdominal pathology that
is causing peritonitis and irritation of the diaphragm (Kehr sign) phrenic nerve also
mediates sensation for the hsoulder region.
General Principles
Giant cell tumor of bone is a benign and locally aggressive skeletal neooplasm seen in
young adults that usually presents with knee pain, swelling, & decreased ROM at the
involved site. it typically presents as osteolytic lesions (soap bubble appearance on
radiographs) in the epiphyseal regions of the long bones and most commonly involve
the distal femue and proximal tibia around the knee joint. SURGERY (e.g intralesional
currettage with or w/o bone grafting) is 1st line tx.
warfarin-induced skin necrosis typically occurs within the first few days of warfarin
therapy. It is caused by a rapid decline in protein C levels, usually in pts with underling
heriditary protein c defiency. 1. Heparin induced thrombocytopenia is caused by
autoantibodies to platelet factor 4 (PF4) complexed with heparin, and it characterized
by thrombocytompenia, arterial or venous thrombosis, and necrotic skin lesions at
heparin injection sites within 5-10 days of therap
CLL is the most common type of leukemia in western countries. it is almost always
seen in the elderly and are diagnosed incidentally. lymphotcytosis is the classical
signature mark of the dz. MOst cells have an over-matured look bc the
hypercondensed nuclear chromatin material. Smudge cells are highly characteristic.
other signs include lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. as the dz advances, anemia
and thrombocytopenia are seen.
4557
2248
2618
2658
2865
Surgery
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
2868
2886
Medicine
Medicine
hairy cell leukemia is a type of B-lymphocytic derived chronic leukemia. The bone
marrow may become fibrotic; therefore bone marrow aspirates are frequently
unsuccessful ( a dry tap). the cytochemical feature includes a tartrate-resistant acid
phosphatase (TRAP) stain.
2894
Medicine
2949
Medicine
fresh frozen plasma is the therapeutic agent of choice for the coagulopathy in pts with
liver failure. acute blding in pts pts with liver failure is beast treated with FFP, which has
all the clotting factors. -the liver synthesizes all clotting factors except factor Vlll.
G6PD-> hemolytic anemia following oxidative stress (infection, sulfa drugs, fava
beans)... x-linked, often men... manifestations: pallor and fatigue, dark urine, jaundice,
abdominal/back pain... Lab finding: bite cells with heinz bodies (denatured hemoglobin
precipitates), neg coombs test, g6pd activity level (may be normal during attack)..
Management: remove or treat responsible agent/condition, supportive care.
features suggesting multiple myeloma-> the combination of back pain, anemia, renal
dysfunction, and elevated ESR is very typical in 70% of pts. HYpercalcemia results
from bone lysis caused by humoral factors released by the plasma cells and the
expanding cell mass. 1. FYI: hypercalcemia is any malignancy indicates poor
prognosis. manifestations of hypercalcemia (usually >12) include constipation,
anorexia, vomiting, weakness, polyuria and neurologic abnl (confusion or letha
1. an acutely ill person with underlying liver disease can become vit K deficient in as
little as 10 days. 2. factor V leiden causes a hypercoagulable state due to activated
protein C resistance. 3. Factor Vlll defic is an X linked inhereted plasma coagulation
disorder that primarily prolongs the PTT. 4. Hypersplenism can occur in pts with
cirrhosis, portal hypertension & splenomegaly. 5. von willebrand dz is the most
frequently diagnosed inherited blding dis in adult
3609
3978
4013
4112
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
4147
Medicine
the most common cause of folic deficiency is nutritional due to por diet and/ or
alcoholism. Folic acid deficiency can be caused by some drugs; these drugs can impair
the absorption of folic acid ( e.g. phenytoin or antagonize its physiologic effects (e.g.
methotrexate, trimethoprim).
4331
Medicine
Hereditary spherocytosis is an inherited disorder that increases red bld cell membrane
fragility. The classic presentation includes hemolytic anemia, jaundicem and
splenomegaly in a person of norther european ancestry. Acute cholecystitis from
pigminted gallstones is a common complication.
4333
Medicine
4343
Medicine
4348
Medicine
PIca is an appetite for items other than food, such as paper products, clay, dirt...
occasionally develope in iron deficiency anemia. Pagophagia is pica for ice.
4349
Medicine
4357
Medicine
folic and cobalamin deficiency both cause macrocytic anemia with hypersegmented
neutrophils.
4384
Medicine
4412
Medicine
4416
Medicine
pancytopenia (decreased red bld cells, white bld cells, and platelets) is common in pts
with systemic lupus erythematosus. it usually indicates concurren peripheral immune
mediated destruction of all 3 cell lines.
4436
Medicine
4440
Medicine
hydroxyurea is used to decrease the frequency and severity of pain crisis in patients
with sickle cell anemia by increasing hemoglobin F levels.
4446
Medicine
4447
Medicine
pts with hereditary telangiectasia (osler weber rendu syndrome) can deleope
pulmonary avms associated with hemoptysis and right to left shunt physiology... the
diagnosis must be entertained in this pt with recurrent nose bleeds and oral lesions.
4466
4193
2253
2870
3552
Medicine
Obstetrics &
Hematology & Oncology
Gynecology
to prevent the maternal immune system from developing anti D antibodies, anti D
immune globulin is first administered at 28 weeks gestation, and repeated within 72
hours of delivery... The KLEIHAUER-BETKE (KB) test is commonly used to determine
the dose... O negative bld type indicates the pt is Rh negative. 2. other indications for
anti D immune globulin include amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, and external
cephalic version.
Pediatrics
in the acute setting, one of the primary treatments for stroke in a sickle cell patients is
exchange transfusion. it helps to decrease the percentage of sickle ceels in the
bldstream and makes an additional stroke less likely... continuing the hydroxyurea
should also help to decrease the percentage of sickle cells by increasing the proportion
of Hgb F.
Pediatrics
Pediatrics
3647
Pediatrics
Howell-jolly bodies are nucleau remnants of rebs which are generally removed by a
functional spleen; therefore, their presence in a peripheral smear suggests functional
asplenia in sickle cell patients. 2. heinz bodies seen in g6pd deficiency 3. basophilic
stippling are ribosomal precipitaes which appear as blue granules of various sizes
dispersed throught the cytoplasm of the red cell. These are often seen with
thalassemias, as well as lead or heavy metal poisoning.
3818
Pediatrics
3896
4342
4359
Pediatrics
Pediatrics
Pediatrics
pneumococcal vaccination plus penicillin prophylaxis can prevent almost all cases of
pneumococcal sepsis in ots with sickle cell anemia... twice daily administration of
prophylactic penicillin should also be given to children with sickle cell disease until they
reach 5 years old.
howell-jolly bodies on a peripheral bld smear are nuclear remnants within rbc's that are
typically removed by the spleen. they are evident as single round, blue inclusions on
wright stain. the presence of howel jolly bodies indicated physical absence of the
spleen or functional hypospenism due to splenic autoinfarction. penicillin allergic
reaction and other betalactam abx have been associated with autoimmine hemolytic
anemia.
4819
Pediatrics
4875
Pediatrics
thalasemia train, also known as thalassemia minor, presents with microcytic anemia
with target cells and teardrop cells on peripheral smear. The red cell distribution width
and total red bld cell count are typically normal. TX is nor usually needed.
Iron defiency, the most common nutritional def in children, often caused by excessive
intake of cows milk (>24 ounces per day) & results in a microcytic anemia. Iron def
anemia can be differentiated from thalassemia by an elevated red cell distribution
width, which is typically >20% in iron def 2. the presence os nucleated RBC's in the
peripheral bldstream is indicative of significant bone marrow stress and is seen in
conditions such as severe hemolysis or myelofibrosis
4876
Pediatrics
2161
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
2262
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
all pts who are started on anti-tubercular therapy should also be started on vitamin
supplements, especially pyridoxine (10 mg a day), to avoid peripheral neuropathy and
other neurological complications. HEPATITIS is another known side effect of isoniazid.
2264
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
suspect bacterial pneumonia in HIV- infected patient who presents with acute onset,
high- grade fever and pleural effusion. pneumococcus is the most causative organisms
in general, so other encapsulated bacteria shouls also be considered in te differential.
2. mycobacterioum tuberculosis infection presents as chronic cough, fever and weight
loss. 3. disseminated fungal infection results in a miliary pattern or nodular infiltrate on
chest xray. 4. pcp presents as dry cou
Infectious Diseases
2267
2268
Medicine
Medicine
2296
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
2384
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Reassurance is the most appropraite course of action for a pt with known immunity to
hep B who is exposed to the dz. - The Hep B immunoglobulin and the hep B
vaccination series should be given to pts with unknown immunity after exposure.
2616
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
pts with febrile neutropenia should be started on empiric broad spectrum antibiotics
asap after bld cultures are obtained. Epiric monotherapy with an antipseudomonal
agent (cefepime, meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam For initial management. 2.
vacomycin has no gram neg activity. it is add to empiric drug therapy for pts with
known MRSA, probable catheter-related infection,skin.soft tissue infection, pneumonia,
or hemodynamic instability. FYI-NEUTROPENIA->gingival erythema
2749
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
HEP B VIRUS TX: ~interferon- usually for younger pts with compensated liver dz; short
term tx ~lamivudine- diminished role due to high drug resistance, may have role in HIV
pt's ~entecavie- can be used in decompensated cirrhosis; lowers rate of drug
resistance that lamivudine ~Tenofovir- most potent with limited drug resistance;
preferred drug (in countries where approved)
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
some pts can eventually clear HBV wih resolution of chronic infection. They will have a
positive anti-HBs antibody and no viral antigens, including HBsAg, However, the pt first
must show normal ALT and HBeAg clearance before anti HBs would be meaningful.
such pts with the presence of HBeAg wich indicated active replication , even in pts with
normal ALT. Such pts need serial measurememts of both ALT and HBeAg every 3-6
months until they achieve viral clearance.
Infectious Diseases
2961
2968
2970
2981
2984
2989
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
2993
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
2994
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
histoplasma capsulatum )present as mold in soil and in bird and bat droppings).
pulmonary histoplasmosis should be considered wen pulmonary symptoms are
accompanied by mediastinal or hilar lymph nodes (or masses) or by arthralgias and
erythema nodosum. 2. disseminated histoplasmosis in immunecimpromised pts can
present with lymphadenopathy, pancytopenia, and hepatosplenomegaly as the
organism targets histiocytes and the reticuloendothelial system.
Infectious Diseases
Invasive aspergillosis occurs in immunocompromised pts who may present with fever,
cough, dyspnea, or hemoptysis. Chest xray may show a cavitary lesion, and ct scan
shows pulmonary nodules with a halo sign or lesions with an air crescent. 2.
Blastomycosis usually affects the lungs, skin, bones, joints, and prostate. 3.
coccidiomycosis-> primary pulmonary infection has non specific features, such as
fever, fatigue, dry cough, weight loss, pleuritic chest pain & arthralgias
2995
2997
Medicine
Medicine
2999
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
blastomycosis affects midwest & upper midwest regions of the US, xtending into
mississippi. primary infection occurs through inhalation, and blostomycosis most often
causes a mild to moderate pulmonary infection. extrapulmonary dz due to
hematogenous spread most commonly affects the skin. Bone, prostate, and the cns
are frequently involved. skin lesions have heaped up verrucous or nodular lesions that
may evolve into microabscesses.
3007
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
pts with infectious mononucleosis are at risk for splenic rupture. sports should be
avoided for >3 weeks.
3011
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
babesiosis tick bite- parasite enters pts rbc;s and causes hemolysis.labs show mild
leukopenia, atypical lymphocytosis, elevated ESR, abnormal liver function test and
decreased serum complement levels. the two most widely used drugs->
quinine-clindamycin and atovaquone-azithromycin. 2. ehrlichiosis or rocky mountain
spotted fever features include fever, malaise, headache, nausea and vomiting. labs
show leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. 3. qfever aka coxiella burnetti- cattl
3104
Medicine
3104
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
suspect babesiosis in any pt from an endemic area (eg, ny) who presents with a tick
bite, especially if their is evidence of hemolysis and the pt has been splenectomized.
rash is normally not seen. 2. Qfever- is a zoonosis caused by coxiells burnetii. The
main source of human infection are infected cattle, goat, and sheep. ppl at risk: meat
processing workers and vets. manifes: flulike syndrome, hepatitis, or pneumonia.
3172
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
parvovirus is among the most common causes of acute viral arthritis( others include
hep b and c, hiv and rubella). parvovirus infection most commonly affects adults who
have frequent contact with children. .... it will typically present as RA, but its not!
Infectious Diseases
Vancomycin plus ampicillin plus cefepime is the drug regimen of choice for
immunocompromised pts with suspected bacterial meningitis. corticosteroids must be
started at the same time as antibiotics and hsould be discontinued if cultures show an
organism other that streptococcus pneumoniae. 2. ceftazidime (or meropenem) and
vancomycin are indicated for patients with neurosurgery/shunt or penetrating trauma
to the skull who present with symptoms of meningitis.
Infectious Diseases
HIV patients are at high risk for tuberculosis. A positive PPD test ( skin unduration of
greater than 5 mm in HIV patients) requires pprophylaxis with isoniazid ( and
pyridoxine) for 9 months. pyridoxine is added to the regimen to prevent possible
neuropathy caused by isoniazid.
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
staph aueus & bacillus cerus both produce preformed toxins that after eating the toxic,
results r rapid nausea and vomiting. 1 staph auerus-> poultry, egss, meat, salads
made with MAYPOnaise (e.g tuna,egg,chicken,potatoe,marcaroni), cream filled
pastries, and milk and dairy products. 2. bacillus cereus-> contaminates starchy foods
such as rice (classically reheated fried rice). 1. campylobacter jejuni is associated with
diarrheal illness but onset of symptons is 2-5 days
Infectious Diseases
suspect malignant otitis externa in any diabetic pt with severe ear pain. the pain often
radiates to the temporal manidibular joint and consequentally causes pain that is
exacerbated by chewing., otorrhea, and evidence of granulation tissue in the ear
canal. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequent cause of malignant otitis
externa. - diabetes and or other immunosupressive conditions are important risk
facttors.
3245
3246
3248
3249
3250
3260
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
3263
3266
3267
3267
3561
3613
3674
3888
3917
4166
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
The sudden onset of a sharp-demarcated, erythematous, tender skin lesion with raised
borders in a febrile pt suggests erysipelas (a specific type of cellulitis). It is
characterized by inflammation of the superficial dermis. The classic finding is a sharply
demarcated, erythematous, tender skin lesion with raised borders, The onset of illness
is abrubt, & there are usually systemic signs, including fever & chills. Most likey:Group
A beta-hemolytic streptococcus ( S.pyogenes)
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
vaccines recommended for adults with HIV 1. pneumococcus (PCV13 once, then
PPCV23 8 weeks later, then every 5 years. 2. tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis ( Tdap
once, repeat Tdap for women during each pregnancy infected or not infected women,
Td every 10 years following Tdap. 3. men who have sex with other men should also
revieve hep A vaccine. 3. live vaccine (MMR, varicella, zoster, live-attenuated
influenza) are contraindicated in CD4 cell count <200.
Infectious Diseases
any hiv positive pt with bloody diarrehea and a normal stool examination should have a
colonoscopy with biopsy to look for CMV colitis. CMV colitis is characterized by bldy
diarrhea with abdominal pain. colonoscopy shows multiple ulcers and mucosal
erosions. biopsy demonstrates characteristic cytomegalic cells with inclusion bodies.
Infectious Diseases
4257
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
4257
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
4418
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
4470
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
For Tuberculin skin test, an induration of <15 mm is considered negative in healthy pts
with a low liklihood of TB infection.
4475
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
The PCV13 is recommended for all adults age >65 followed by PPSV23 6-12 months
later.
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Histopplasma usually causes an asymptomatic or minor resp illness in healthy pts, but
immunocompromised pts can develop severe pulmonary or disseminated disease. The
most rapid and sensitive test to dx disseminated histoplasmosis in
immunocompromised pts is urine or serum assay for histoplasma antigen. clinical
features for imunocompromised; involves reticuloendothelial system: pancytopenia,
hepatosplenomegaly & adenopathy; pneumonia (diffuse reticular or cavitary); mucocuta
4611
4938
Medicine
Medicine
4939
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Itraconazole is the preferred antifungal tx for histoplasmosis... Those with more severe
dz ( eg, fever >103.1), lab abnormalities, or fungemia) should be treated initially with IV
liposomal amphoterin B for 2 weeks, followed by itraconazole for 1 year. 2. Flucytosine
is efective against crytococcus and candida but not against Histoplasma.
8880
Medicine
Infectious Diseases
1. pts with ulcerative lesions of the colon due to colonic neoplasia or inflammatory
bowel disease have an increased predilection to develop IE due to streptococcus
gallolyticus (s bovis biotype l)
Infectious Diseases
10935
Medicine
3639
Obstetrics &
Infectious Diseases
Gynecology
neiserria gonorrhoeae is the 2nd most common cause of cervicitis in the us after
chlamydia. it is also the major cause oof urethritis and PID. cervicitis is the most
common manifestation. classic findings include mucopurulent discharge & a friable
cervix with easy blding. TX: ceftraxone plus azithromycin or doxycycline. 1. clindamycin
& gentamicin are indicated for polymicrobial infection with an anaerobic component,
such as tubo-ovarian abscess or post partum endometritis.
3678
Obstetrics &
Infectious Diseases
Gynecology
3682
Obstetrics &
Infectious Diseases
Gynecology
sun exposure should be limited while taking tetracycline, as this abx can cause
photosensitivity.
4158
Obstetrics &
Infectious Diseases
Gynecology
Obstetrics &
Infectious Diseases
Gynecology
Pediatrics
4472
2428
Infectious Diseases
3326
Pediatrics
Infectious Diseases
1. orbital cellulitis is a serious bacterial infection with alarming symptoms such as pain
with extraocular movements, visual impariments, and opthalmoplegia. 2. optic neuritis
is an inflammatory, demyelinating condition that causes acute vision loss and pupillary
defects. it most commonly affects 1 eye and is associated with multiple sclerosis. 3.
anterior uveitis is an inflamation of the anterior chamber of the eye caused by trauma,
infection or autoimmune dosorders...
3423
Pediatrics
Infectious Diseases
carriers of the sickle cell trait are inherently protected from (malaria) as the misshapen
rbcs make a suboptimal environment for parasitic proliferation. pts with a past history
of malarial infection are also at relatively low risk for severe disease on reinfection due
to partial immunity. 1. cyclic fevers (every 2 or 3 days) with other non specific systemic
symptoms are the key features o malarial illness.
3441
Pediatrics
Infectious Diseases
group b strep = most common meningitis in infants. aquired from mother during
childbirth.
3442
Pediatrics
Infectious Diseases
3444
Pediatrics
Infectious Diseases
infectious mono is most commonly caused by the epstein bar virus and presents with
fever, fatigue, exudative pharyngitis, and diffuse cervical lymphadenopathy, a
polymorphous, maculopapular rash frequently develops after administration of
amoxicillin. pts should avoid sports >- 3 weeks due to risk of splenic rupture.
3633
Pediatrics
Infectious Diseases
Bacterial meningitis in fants and children presents with lethargy, fever, poor oral intake,
and vomiting. It is crucial to administer empiric antibiotics (CEFTRIAXONE AND
VANCOMYCIN) first then perform lumbar puncture asap.
3636
Pediatrics
Infectious Diseases
LYme disease is normaly treated with doxycycline, but is contraindicated in children <8
yrs old and pregnant woman. so in thise special cases, Tx is amoxixillin
3670
Pediatrics
Infectious Diseases
for hiv, it can take 3 months to develope detectable antibody... diagnosis in infants
consists of polymerase chain reaction testing.
3906
Pediatrics
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
pts with cystic fibrosis suffer from life threatening, recurrent sinopulmonary infections.
staph aureus is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in young children with
cystic fibrosis, especially with coexisting influenza infection. IV vanco is the drug of
choice for severe pneumonia in this setting. 1. in adults with CF, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa is the most common cause of pneumonia, but less common in young
children. TX: amikacin, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin
Infectious Diseases
all immunocompetent pts who are asymptomatic and nonimmune should recieve the
varicella vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis within 3-5 days of exposure.
Immunocompromised hosts who are asymptomatic and nonimmune should recieve
varicella zoster immune globulin.
3906
4030
4030
4186
Pediatrics
Pediatrics
Pediatrics
Pediatrics
4833
Pediatrics
Infectious Diseases
4850
Pediatrics
Infectious Diseases
the most common predisposing factor for acute bacterial sunisitis is a viral upper
respiratory infection.
4852
4891
Pediatrics
Pediatrics
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
2246
Medicine
Acute bacterial prostatitis presents in a manner similar to other uti's, but with the
addition of perineal pain, pronounced systemic symptoms (fever, chills, acute illness),
and a tender, boggy prostate on examination. Urine culture should be obtained to help
direct antibiotic therapy. 2. a CT scan can be useful to diagnose a prostatic abscess,
which would be suspected if a pt with acute bacterial prostatitis continues to have fever
despite appropriate abx therapy.
3369
Medicine
anabolic steroids supresses the production of GnRH, LH and FSH myotonic dystrophy
is characterized by testicular atrophy as well as widespread muscular atrophy,
weakness, lower than normal testosteronen level, and high FSH and LH levels.
Pediatrics
Pediatrics
3821
Pediatrics
Loss of the paternal copy of 15q11-q13-> The main features of Prader-Willi syndrome
are hypotonia, hyperphagia, and obesity. Patients are at risk for sleep apnea, type 2
Miscellaneous (Multisystem)
diabetes mellitus, and gastric rupture.. - Management revolves around obesity and its
complications. so put locks on frigerator!
3871
Pediatrics
Miscellaneous (Multisystem)
3912
Pediatrics
4764
Pediatrics
Miscellaneous (Multisystem)
4765
Pediatrics
Miscellaneous (Multisystem)
patients ith turner syndrom have a higher risk of osteoporosis due to lower estrogen
levels and only having one copy of x chromosome genes involved in bone metabolism.
Nervous System
suspect primary CNS lymphoma in an HIV infected pt with an altered mental status,
EBV DNA in the CSF, and a solitary, weakly ring-enhancing periventricular mass on
MRI. 2. Toxoplasmosis is a good diff diagnosis, hwever, it is unlikely in a pt recieving
TMP-SMX. MRI reveals multiple ring ehancing spherical lesions in the basal ganglia. a
positive toxoplasma serology is quite common in normal subjects in the USA, and is
theirfore not specific for toxoplasmosis.
Nervous System
benign essential tremor ( the amplitude of the tremors typically increases at the very
end of goal directed activities. the head and upper extremeties usually affected, while
legs are spared. TX: propanolol 2. parkinsons tremor is a resting tremor and usually
associated with rigidity and bradykinesia. TX:benztropine 3. haloperidol is use for
huntingtons chorea (chorea and dementia) 4. sodium valproic acid and clonazepam
are used for myoclonus.
Nervous System
2373
3554
2276
2287
2290
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
2672
3072
3072
3162
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Nervous System
Nervous System
central cord syndrome may result from hyperextenion injuries, particulary in elderly pts
with spondylosis. it is characterized by weakness moreso in the upper extremity that
the lower ext and may be accompanied by a localized deficit in pain and temp
sensation. the unique motor deficitoccurs bc the motor fibers serving the arms are
closer to the central part of the corticospinal tract. 2. posterior(dorsal) cord
syndrom->bil loss of vibratory and proprioceptive sensation, oft
Nervous System
central cord syndrom typically occurs with hyperextension injuries in elderly pts with
pre-existing degenerative changes (spondylosis) in the cervical spine. it is
characterized by weaknes that is more pronounced in the upper extremeties than the
lower and may be acompanied by a localized deficit in pain and temp sensation.
Nervous System
3300
Medicine
Nervous System
anterior cord syndrome is commonly asspciated with burst fracture of the vertebra and
is characterized by total loss of motor function below te level of lesion with loss of pain
and temperature on both sides below the lesion with intact propioception. 2. central
cord syndrome is characterized by nurning pain and paralysis in upper extremeties
with relative sparing of lower extremeties. 4. cauda equina is characterized by
paraplegia, variable sensory loss, urinary/fecal incon
3373
Medicine
Nervous System
3513
Medicine
Nervous System
Essential tremor usually begins in adulthood. pts who require medication are given
either beta blockers or primidone. Primidone is an anticonvulsant. The administration
of primidone may precipitate acute intermittent porphyria, which manifests as
abdominal pain, neurologic and psychiatric abnormalities. -primidone can be used to
treat essental tremors. its administration can precipiate acute intermittent porphyria,
which can be dx by checking for urine porphobilinogen.
3727
Medicine
Nervous System
3728
Medicine
Nervous System
the most common (30%) site of hypertensive hemorrhages is the putamen. the internal
capsule that lies adjacent to the putamen is almost always involved, leading to
contralateral dense hemiparesis.
3771
Medicine
Nervous System
riluzole is a glutamate inhibitor that is currently approved for use in patients with
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
3837
Medicine
Nervous System
Eaton-lambert syndrome is associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung, and
results from autantibodies directed against the voltage gated calcium channels in the
presynaptic motor nerve terminal. TX: consists of plasmapheresis and
immunosuppressive drug therapy.
3852
Medicine
Nervous System
CT poorly detects lesions of the brain stem, spinal cord and cerebellum, while MRI can
detect these well. MRI is the test of choice to support the clinical diagnosis of multiple
sclerosis.
Nervous System
cortical laminar necrosis is the hallmark of prolonged seizures and can lead to
persistent neurologic deficits and recurrent seizures. .... the definition of status
eplipticus has therefore been amended to be any single seizure lasting >5 minutes or a
cluster of seizures with the patients not recovering a normal mental status inbetween.
4089
Medicine
4170
Medicine
Nervous System
Right hand clumsiness suggest ulnar nerve syndrome: decreased sensations over the
4th and 5th fingers and weak grip due to involvement of interosseous muscles of the
hand are characteristic. the most common site of ulnar nerve entrapment is the elbow
where the ulnar nerve lies at the medial epicondylar groove. EXTREMELY HIGH YIELD!
4179
Medicine
Nervous System
Beta blockers are not cosidered first line therapy for htn as they are associated with
less protection against stroke and a possible increase in mortality in pts ahe >60 - they
can also increase the risk of developing new onset-diabetes messlitus.
4206
4366
4381
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
pronator drift is a finding thats sensitive and specific for upper motor neuron dz. It is
considered a sensitive test for subtle deficits that a pt may not otherwise notice. uppor
motor lesions cause a weakness in supination that results in the pronator muscles
becoming dominant. as a result when these pts close their eyes and extend their arms
with the palms up, the affected arm will tend to pronate. the concern of this pts arm
weakness is due to a stroke.
4391
Medicine
Nervous System
4397
Medicine
Nervous System
4399
Medicine
Nervous System
4400
Medicine
Nervous System
Nervous System
Diabetic mononeuropathy often involves CNlll. Nerve damage is ischemic and only
somatic nerve finers are affected. Parasympathetic fibers of CNlll retain function. Ptosis
and a "down and out" gaze in conjunction with normal light and accommodation
reflexes indicate diabetic CNlll neuropathy.
4408
Medicine
4461
Medicine
Nervous System
abrasions can also occur without obvious corneal trauma. pts typically develop severe
eye pain, photophobia with reluctance to open the eye and a sensation of a foreign
body in the eye. Absence of eye pain suggests trugeminal nerve dysfunction as the
ophthalmic branch V1 of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) controls corneal
sensation.
4464
Medicine
Nervous System
1. statin induced myopathy can present with proximal muscle weakness and myalgias.
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
1. viridan a solitary ring enhancing lesion on brain CT and a fluid collection in the
ethmoid or sinusisits or any head.neck infection with headaches and a focal neuroligcal
deficit are findings for a brain abcess. only 50% of people with brain abces have fever.
2.cerebral toxoplasmosis also presents with ring enhancing lesions in patients with
AIDS. The lesions in toxoplasmosis are usually multiple and tend to occur in the basal
ganglia and at the cortical grey-white matter
4482
4483
4513
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
4619
4620
Medicine
Medicine
Nervous System
Nervous System
alzheimers dz is the most common type of dementia in the united states and is
characterized by early memory and viduospatial impairments. Gait impairments is the
most prominent early clinical feature of normal-pressure hydrocephalus but is a later
finding in alzheimers dementia.
4700
Medicine
Nervous System
10348
Medicine
Nervous System
2572
Obstetrics &
Nervous System
Gynecology
2279
Pediatrics
Nervous System
preferred tx for absent petit mal seizures is either ethosuximide or valproic acid.
Nervous System
suspect absense (petit mal) seizures in a 4-8 yr old child with frequent daydreaming
episodes, brief staring, decline in school performance, and no post-ictal phase. The
prefered tx is ethosuximide or valproate. 2. Phenytoin is currently the initial drug for
partial seizures.
2279
Pediatrics
2280
Pediatrics
Nervous System
a complex partial seizure is characterized by brief (lasts for a few minutes) episodes of
impaired conciousness, failure to respond to various stimuli during episode, staring
spells, automatisms (lip smacking, swallowing, pickinh movements of the hand), and
post ictal confusion. unlike in typical absence seizures (lasts only a few sec w/o post
ictal state), hyperventilation during EEG cannot simulate a complex partial seizure atypical absent seizure-> lasts longer
2439
Pediatrics
Nervous System
2445
Pediatrics
Nervous System
2472
Pediatrics
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
G6PD deficiency is also known as type 1 glycogen storage dz and von gierkes dz.
caused by a deficient g6pd in the liver, kidney and intestinal mucosa. typical pt 3-4
months of age with hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperuricemia, and hyperlipidemia.
hypoglycemic seizures may occur. The characteristic features include doll-like face
(e.g fat cheeks), thin extremeties, short stature, and a protruberant abd (due to
enlarged liver and kidnes). the spleen and heart are normal.
Nervous System
infant or newborn with failure to thrive, bilateral cataracts, jaundice, and hypoglygemia.
such an infant most likely has galactosemia, which is a metabolic disorder caused by
galactose-1-phosphtae uridyl transferase defiency, thereby leading to elevated bld
levels of galactose. ... other common manifestations include aminoaciduria, hepatic
cirrhosis, hypoglycemia, and mental retardation. such pts are at an increased risk for
ecoli neonatal sepsis.
Nervous System
pts with serious tramatic brain injury (e..g neurologic deficit, signs of basilar skull
fractures) require neuroimaging, close inpatient monitering (neurologic exams every 2
hours), and neurosurgical consultation. These pts typically have significant intracranial
injury (e.g epidural hematoma).
2669
3192
3193
3218
Pediatrics
Pediatrics
Pediatrics
Pediatrics
3396
Pediatrics
Nervous System
3667
Pediatrics
Nervous System
4248
Pediatrics
Nervous System
Morning vomiting and Nocturnal headaches are red flags for intracranial pathology. 2.
coextisting otitis and mastoiditis are serious risk factors for direct spread of infection
into a temporal brain abscess. Headaches are the most common sympton of brain
abcess. Because intracranial pressure naturally increases in the supine position due to
gravity, pts may expierence headache exacerbation at night or early morning. next
best step if brain CT with contrast and MRI
4271
Pediatrics
Nervous System
spirometry is the gold standard in evaluating pulmonary function (e.g FVC, forced
expiratory colume in 1 sec)
2760
Medicine
Ophthalmology
basal cell carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the eyelid margin, and may
apear clinically to a chalazion ( painfully swelling that progresses to a nodular rubbery
lesion
Ophthalmology
Anterior uveitis aka Iritis-> discharge uncommon, PAIN, miosis, and photophobia;
visual loss may be present. 2. optic neuritis-> visual loss, with or without eye pain. 3.
viral conjunctivitis (pink eye) symptoms are simliar to those of allergic conjunctivitis but
last longer (several days) & usually are preceded by typical nasopharyngeal
symptoms.
Ophthalmology
Open angle glaucoma is more common in african americans and has an increased
prevalence in those with a family hx of glaucoma and diabetes. it is generally
asymptomatic in the initial stages, followed by a gradula loss of peripheral vision over a
period of years, and eventual tunnel vision. 2. diabetic retinopathy can be classified
into 2 types.1. Non-proliferative-> dilation of veins, microaneurysms, retinal
hemorrhages, edema, & hard exudates. 2. proliferative->neuvascular
Ophthalmology
suspect optic neuritis in a patient with central scotoma, afferent pupillary defect,
changes in color perception and decreased visual acuity. Remember the association
between optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. 2. in anterior uneitis, the eye is usually
painful and red with blurry vision. typically the eye has perilimbal injection. examination
reveals keratic precipitaes. corneal stromal edema may be present.
Ophthalmology
Retinal detachment usually presents with a sudden onset of photopsia (flashes of light)
and floaters (spots in the visual field) it usually occurs in people aged 40-70 yrs. The
most classic description is that os " a curtain coming down over my eyes" laser therapy
and cryotherapy are done to make permanent adhesions between the neurosensory
retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and the choroid.
Ophthalmology
1. central retinal vein occlusion-> subacute monocular visual loss. findings-> "vld and
thunder" appearance on funduscopic exam consisting of optic disk swelling, retinal
hemorrhage, dialted veins, and cotton wool spots 2. central retinal artery occlusion->
sudden, painless loss of vision in one eye, and the funduscopic exam reveals pallor of
the optic disk, a cherry red fovea, and boxcar segmentation of bld in the retinal veins.
3. amaurosis fugas-> atherosclerotic dz
Ophthalmology
copius purulent ocular drainage and eyelid swelling in a 2-5 day old infant newborn are
most consistent with gonococcal conjunctivitis .tx: single dose of intramuscular or IV
ceftriaxone or cefotaxime, and hospitalization to assess for tx response. 1. Gonococcal
conjunctivitis can be prevented with application of topical erythromycin ointment within
1 hour of birth. 2. conjunctivits caused by chlamydua trachomatis is usually milder and
presents 5-14 days after birth.
Pediatrics
Ophthalmology
White eye reflex (missing red eye during pic "my words!) can result from opacities of
the lens (cataract) or tumor (retinoblastoma) 2 new onset strabismis can be a sign of
retinoblastoma if accompanied by a white reflex. 3 strabismus after age 4 months is
usually abnormal & requires tx to prevent amblyopia. asymmetric corneal light
reflections and deviation on cover test r concerning findings.The standard tx is
occlusion (pathing) or penalization (blurring) of the normal eye
Medicine
the combination of recent onset confusion, fever, muscle rigidity and diaphoresis are
consistent with the diagnosis of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a drug induced
idiosyncratic reaction. - symptoms of NMS begin within 2 weeks of the precipitating
drug. The rigidity and hyperthermia of NMS may result in muscle necrosis, reflected by
elevated creatine kinase.
2849
2852
2856
2862
3328
3329
3711
2662
3135
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Pediatrics
Medicine
3139
Medicine
4487
Medicine
TCA overdose-> sodium bicarb to improve bld pressure, shorten the QRS interval and
prevent arrhythmia. 1. calcium gluconate is cardio-protective in cases of hyperkalemia.
2. magnesium sulfate is used in pts suffering from torsades de points induced by
prolonged qt interval. 3. atropine and pralidoxime are the proper antidotes for
anticholinesterase toxicity, as seen in organophosphate poisoning. these pts present
with cholinergic toxicity characterized by bradycardia, mio
4509
Medicine
cellulitis tx-> clindamycin clindamycin use can be associated with diarrhea, along with
nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and metallic taste.
10145
Medicine
10146
Medicine
3827
Pediatrics
4837
Pediatrics
2299
Medicine
3110
non-stress test-> recording of the fetal heart rate while monitering for spontaneous
perceived fetal movements, - a test is considered reactive (normal) if in 20 min there
are at least 2 accelerations of the fetal heart rate of atleast 15 beats/min above the
baseline and lasting at least 15 sec each. -if <2 accelerations are noted in 20 min, the
test is considered nonreactive (abnormal) -the most common cause of a nonreactive
NST is a fetal sleep cycle; vibroacoustic stim.
3269
preterm labor refers to regular contractions causing cervical dilation and/or effacement
at <37 weeks gestation. pts in preterm labor at <34 weeks should recieve a tocolytic
agent (eg calcium channel blocker), magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection, and
corticosteroids for acceleration of fetal lung maturity.
3280
3337
in the immediate postpartum period, a low grade fever, leukocytosis, and vaginal
discharge are normal findings. The vaginal discharge (lochia) is initially bldy, then
serous and finally white to yellow in color days following surgery 1. if a foul smelling
lochia is noted, endometritis should be suspected.
Other common findings seen in anorexic pts (important for usmle) 1. osteoporosis 2.
elevated cholesterol and carotene levels 3. cardiac abnormalities (prolonged QT
interval) 4. Euthyroid sick syndrome 5. hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction 6.
hyponatremia secondary to excess water drinking is often the only electrolyte
abnormality, but the presence of other electrolyte abnormality indiate purging behavior.
3953
4799
4800
endometritis os the most common cause or puerperal fever on the 2nd and 3rd day
postpartum. endometritis is a polymicrobial infection caused by a combination of gram
positive and gram negative organisms, aerobic and anaerobic organisms and
occasionally other organisms such as mycoplasma and chlamydia.
4801
10441
cell free fetal dna testing is a non invasive and highly senisitve andd specific screening
test for fetal aneuploidy. it can be odered >- 10 weeks gestation. abnormal results can
be confirmed by chorionic villus sampling at 10-12 weeks or amniocentesis at 15-20
weeks.
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
pts with anorexia nervosa require hospitalization when they have unstable vital signs,
severe bradycardia, or cardiac dysrhythmias, and electrolyte derangements. Goals of
tx include nutritional rehabilitation and weight gain. Pts should be monitered closely for
refeeding syndrome. - starvation and malnutrition can decrease serum
thyroxine-binding globulin and albumin concentrations 2. SSRI can be used to achieve
remission from binging and purging in bulemia nervosa.
Psychiatry
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
Psychiatry
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
superior sulcus tumors ( Pancoast tumors e.g non-small cell lung cancer) may present
with shoulder pain as the initial symptom due to tumor invasion of the brachial plexus
or extension into adjacent structures. The pain may radiate up to the head and neck or
down to the ipsilateral arm (ulnar nerve distribution)...orners syndrom occurs due to
the tumor invasion of the paravertebral sympathetic chain and inferior cervical
ganglion. Initial evaluation= cxray.
Beta 2 agonists like albuterol reduce serum potassium levels but driving potassium into
cells. in some pts, clinically significant hypokalemia can result, causing muscle
weakness, arrythmias, and ekg changes. obtaining a serum electrolyte panel would be
helpful to assess the severity of a pts hypokalemia. 2. chest xray on an acute asthma
exacerbation may reveal lung hyperinflation... chest xrays are most useful where
foreign body aspiration or underlying pneumonia are suspe
Recurrent pneumonia in the same anatomic location is a red flag for bronchial
obstruction. Smoking is the primary risk factor for bronchogenic carcinoma. CT is
indicated to visualize underlying parenchymal abnormalities. - Bronchoscopy is an
invasive procedure and is generally reserved for pts with masses documented by CT
scan. Bronchoscopy would also be the next step in pts with neg CT scan and high
suspicion for endobronchial obstruction.
2353
2355
3843
8938
2145
2602
3026
3029
3042
Pediatrics
Psychiatry
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
3045
3433
Medicine
Medicine
3580
Medicine
3597
Medicine
3717
Medicine
3775
Medicine
3776
Medicine
an apical lung tumor in the right superior sulcus of the lung can cause compression of
the sympathetic trunk(horners syndrom), the brachial plexus(pancoast syndrom), the
right recurrent laryngeal nerve (hoarse voice) and the superior vena cava(SVC
syndrome) 2. aspergilloma can grow in the apex of the lung. pt may present with
hemoptysis, fever, weight loss, and chronic cough. the mass is usually mobile and
moves with position. dx is made by finding hyphae in the specimen.
3846
Medicine
3999
Medicine
factor v leiden is the most common inherited disorder causing hypercoagulability and
predisposition to thromoses, especially DVT of lower extremeties.
dyspnea, productive cough, fever, and chest xray showing a right lower lung infiltrate
suggest community aquired pneumonia... most common causes of CAP include streo
pneumoniae, haemophulus, and atypical organisms (e.g mycoplasma)... empiric outpt
tx of healthy pts include doxycycline pr macrolides... hospitalized pts require extended
spectrum fluoroquinolone (e levofloxacin), moxifloxacin) or a beta-lactam combined
with a macrolide.
4009
4024
Medicine
Medicine
4039
Medicine
chest physiotherapy with percussion and vibration, and other mechanical techniques to
aid sputum clearance (intermittent positive-pressure breathing) is indicated for pts with
bronchiectasis. 2. intravenous magnesium sulfate caues bronchodilation and is used
for severe, lifethreatening asthma exacerbations.
4052
Medicine
Bronchogenic cysts are usually found in the midde mediastinum. Thymoma is usually
found in the anterior mediastinum. All neurogenic tumors are located in the posterior
mediastinum.
4073
Medicine
parapneumonic effusions usually occur from pneumonia. the fluid may be apirated to
determine if empyema has set in yet. a low PH (<7.2) is almost always indicative of an
empyema and indicates removal of the fluid by thoracostomy. glucose of less that
60mg is also an indication for tube thoracostomy.
4087
Medicine
4105
Medicine
indicators of a severe asthma attack include normal to increased pc02 values, speech
difficulty, diaphoresis, altered sensorium, cyanosis, and silent lungs.
4177
Medicine
4210
Medicine
a mobile cavitary mass in the lung, which presents with intermittent hemoptysis, is
usually indicative of ASPERGILLOMA.
4523
Medicine
a pt with food allergies and urticaria presenting with dyspnea, difficulty swallowing and
physical findings suggestive of uper repiratory obstruction, laryngeal edema is likely
the cause of the respiratory symptoms. 2. in a pt presenting with sudden onset of
severe shortness of breathm upper airway obstruction should be immediately ruled
out. fyi! offnote! chest percussion on the side of a pneumothorax will reveal a tympanic
note.
4562
Medicine
PEEP prevents alveolar collapse, directly counteracting the means by which ARDS
causes hypoxemia. It may also reopen some alveoli that have already collapsed.
Chronic low back pain in an otherwise young healthy young man, pain at night,
improvement of pain with activity, and elevated ESR are suggestive of (AS). some pts
also can develop anterior uveitis, IBD, and aortic regurg. pts with ankylosing spondylitis
can develop restrictive lung dz due to diminished chest wall and spinal mobility.
Pulmonary function tests show a mildly restrictive pattern with reduced vital capacity
and total lung capacity but normal FEC/FVC.
4568
4575
Medicine
Medicine
4663
Medicine
4664
Medicine
4706
Medicine
4718
Medicine
COPD pts with acute-on-chronic respiratory failure treated with high-flow supplemental
oxygen are at risk for developing worsening hypercapnia and CO2 narcosis. This is die
to a combination of reduced alveolar ventilation, increased dead space ventilation
causing ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and decreased hemoglobin affinity for CO2.
The goal oxyhemoglobin saturation in these pts is 90-94 % (not >95%)
4730
Medicine
4770
Medicine
4863
Medicine
a normal or increased FEV?/ ratio with a low VC is seen in restrictive lung dz. The
DLco(indicated impaired diffusion across the alveolar-epithelial membrane. 2. COPD
causes a decreased FEV/FVC ratio and increased residual volume.
2435
Pediatrics
3285
Pediatrics
viral upper respiratory tract infections are the most common predisposing factor of
acute bacterial rhinosinusiis. persistent or worsening symptoms should raise conern for
progression to bacterial sinusitis. uncomplicated acute bacterial rhinosinusitis should
be treated with oral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.
3531
Pediatrics
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common cause of childhood cancer. affected
children b=can present with numerous infections and weight loss.
hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and petechia are often seen on examination.
2. cystic fibrosis is autosomal recessive!
3553
Pediatrics
infants age <2 months are at high risk of developing apnea and respiratory failure from
bronchiolitis. in addition, they tend to develop recurrent wheezing throughout
childhood.
3553
Pediatrics
4831
Pediatrics
2169
Medicine
IV saline hydration is the immediate tx of choice for pts with symptomatic moderate
(calcium 12-14) or severe (>14) hypercalcemia. Saline hydration helps to restore
intravascular volue and promote urinary calcium excretion. Calcitonin also reduces
serum calcium concentration within 4-6 hours and should be administered alon with IV
saline hydration. Bisphosphonates are recomended for long term managemnt in
addition to tx of the underlying cause.
2182
Medicine
IV normal 0.9% saline is preferred for treating hypovolemic hypernatremia. the fluid
can be switched to a hypotonic fluid ( 5% dextrose in water preferred over .45% saline)
for free water supplementation once the pt is euvolemic.
2186
Medicine
2228
Medicine
small bowel disease, surgical resection or chronic diarrhea can lead to malabsorption
of fatty acids and bile salts... this is turn predisposed to the formation calcium oxalate
stones.
2230
Medicine
pts gross hematuria is associated with upper resp tract infection, htn, proteinuria, rbc
casts, and acute kidney injury suggests glomerulonephritis. After a URI, GN can occur
due to IgA nephropathy and postinfectious GN. 1. IgA nephropathy is the most
common cause of GN in aduls. especially young adult men. pts can have recurrent
episodes of hematuria usually within 5 days of a URI (synpharyngitic). serum
complement tend to be nml with mesangial IgA deposits seen in kidn bx
2235
Medicine
intramuscular ceftriaxone with oral doxycycline is often used emperically for treating
suspected chlamydial and or gonococcal infections.
Medicine
drug induced interstitial nephritis occurs with many drugs such as penicillins,
cephalosporins and sulfonamides, sulfonamide containing diuretics, nsaids, rifampin,
phenytoin and allopurinol. clinical features include fever, rash and arthralgias. other
features are peripheral eosinophilia, hematura, sterile pyruria, and eosinophiluria.
WBC casts may be present in the urine but red cell casts are rare. Discontinuing the
offending agent is the treatment.
Medicine
the nephrotic syndrome can result in alterations in lipid metabolism. This dyslipidemia
puts affected pts at risk for accelerated atherosclerosis. This atherosclerotic tendency,
along with intrinsic hypercoagulability, places pts with nephrotic syndrome at risk dor
complications such as stroke and myocardial infarction.
needle shaped crystals on urinalysis indicate uric acid stones which are rasiolucent
and theirfore have to be evaluated by CT of the abdomen or intravenous pyelography.
abdominal ultrasonography may also deteect radiolucent stones... CT is also useful for
diagnosing other pathology such as appendicular abscess or bowel obstruction...
stones <1 cm may pass spontaneously with hydration and analgesia; otherwise,
surgical intervention is needed.
2242
2244
2244
2324
Medicine
Medicine
2633
2799
2803
vigorous hydration with iv normal saline is the 1st step in managing severe
symptomatic hypercalcemia. in addition, concurrent tx with calcitonin and
bisphosphonates (e.g, zoledronic acid) is also recommended to rapidly reduce the
serum calcium levels. Bisphosphonates are subsequently continued for the long-term
management of hypercalcemia of malignancy. 1. hypercalcemia induces urinary salt
wasting= volume depletion 2. Glucocorticoids are effective in tx vit D related hype
Medicine
1. methyl alcohol poisoning can cause visual changes (snowfield vision) and acute
pancreatitis. 2. uremia (renal failure) causes an anion gap metabolic acidosis due to
failure to excrete acids as NH4+ 3. lactic acidosis can result from poor delivery of
oxygen to the tissues and poor oxygen utilization by the tissues. 4. Calcium oxalate
crystals (rectangular, enveloped shaped crytals) are seen in pts with ethylene glycol
poisoning (antifreeze).
Medicine
tinnitus, fever, techypnea, nausea and GI irritation after an overdose of ASA (salicytate
toxicity)... normally causes an anion gap metabolic acidosis and resp alkylosis, BUT a
near normal pH. soo resp alkalosis, metabolic acidosis and near normal pH = ASA
toxicity.
Medicine
2810
Medicine
3061
Medicine
placement of a urinary catheter in patients with hydronephrosis can provide quick relief
of urinary obstruction. medical management with alpha blockers (tamsulosin) or
5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (finasteride) can hekp improve BPH urinary symptoms.
surgical intervention (e.g, transurethral resection of the prostate) may be required in
some patients with refractory symptoms.
pts with chrons disease or any other snall intestine disorder resulting in fat
malabsortion are predisposed to hyperoxaluria wich presents with sysmptoms of
nephrolithiasis wich classically presents with flank pain and hematuria frequently
accompanied by nausea and vomiting. symptomati hyperoxaluria is the result on
increased oxalate absorption in the gut. normally calcium binds to oxalate in the gut
and prevents its absorption, but in pts with fat malabsorption, calcium is
3336
3435
Medicine
Medicine
3481
Medicine
3648
Medicine
intravenous calcium gluconorate which acts within minutes to antagonize the effects of
hyperkalemia on th cell membranes of the heart. sodium polystyrene sulfonate
removes potassium via the gastrointestinal tract.
cytinuria is an inherited disease causing recurrent renal stone formation. look for a
personal hisptory of recurrent kidney stones from childhood and a positive family
history. The characteristic stones are hard and radioopaque. urinalysis shows typical
hexagonal crystals. the urinary cyanide nitriprusside test is widely used as a qualitative
screening procedure. HIGHYIELD
3654
3949
3951
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
3951
3965
3984
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
3986
Medicine
3997
Medicine
analgesic nephropathy is the most common form of drug-induced chronic renal failure.
Papillary necrosis and chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis are the most common
pathologies seen. pts with chronic analgesic abuse are also more likely to develop
premature aging, atherosclerotc vascular dz and urinary tract cancer. 2. acute tubular
necrosis causes acute renal failure... seen in ischemic or neohrotoxic acute renal
failure, muddy brown granular casts are characteristic.
simple renal cysts are most commonly seen in pts >50. they are benign and often
discovered incidentally by radiologic examination. most of the time, cysts do not cause
htn, flank pain, hematuria, or proteinuria. infections occur rarely... incidentally
discovered cysts with benign features require no additional f/u evaluation or imaging,
and the pt may be reassured. 2. ureteral stent placement is indicated when there is
urinary obstruction at the ureter or renal pelvis.
the most common causes of hyperkalemia include acute or chronic kidney disease,
medications, or disorders impairing the renin-angiotensin axis. common affending
medications include nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers, k sparring diuretics
(amiloride), ace inhibitors, arbs, and nsaids. 1. pateints may develop ascending muscle
weakness with flaccid paralysis and ECG changes (peaked T waves followed by short
QT interval, widening QRS and sinus wave v-fib.
4004
4007
4181
4288
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
4361
Medicine
ureteral calculi may cause flank or abdominal pain radiating to the perineum, often with
nausea and vomiting. iltrasonography or non contrast spiral CT scan of the abdomen
and pelvis are the imaging modalities of choice to confirm the diagnosis. 2. HIDA scan
is indicated in pts with acute cholecystitis when u/s cannot definately demonstrate
obstruction at the neck of the gallbladder. in acute cholecystitis, pain is located upper
abdomen radiating to tip of right scapula/shou
4423
Medicine
HYpernatremia reflects a water deficit in relation to sodium, and it most often occurs in
people who are debilitated or have altered levels of consciousness and cannot access
free water. 1. the most common cause of hypernatremia is hypovolemia.mild cases
can be treated with 5% dextrose in .45% saline. Severe cases should be initially
treated with .9% saline. 1. 5% dextrose in water (D%W) is the tx of choice for pts with
euvolemic and hypervolemic hypernatremia.
4424
Medicine
4428
Medicine
4432
Medicine
4435
Medicine
Diruetics are often used in the tx of COPD pts who have developed cor pulmonale
must be cautiosly used bc these patients are at risk of having a reduction in cardiac
output, with subsequent development of prerenal renal firlure.
4535
Medicine
the underlying cause or acidemia results in lethargy and altered mental status.
4567
Medicine
low renal bld flow causes release of prostaglandins that dilate the afferent arteriole to
maintain GFR, aspirin inhibits the effects of prostaglandins.
4591
Medicine
nephritic glomerulonephritis usually presents with urinary sediment containing red bld
cells, occasional white bld cells, and red cell or mixed cellular casts. edema in these
patients is due to decreased glomerular filtration rate and retentionof sodium and
water byt he kidneys.
4733
Medicine
8331
Medicine
10287
Medicine
4148
Renal plasma flow and GFR r increased in pregnancy, which causes a decrease in the
serum BUN and creatinine from he pts pre-preg baseline. increases until reaches
40-50% above the non-preg state, then remains unchanged until term.
Pediatrics
chronic constipation is a risk factor for recurrent cystitis in toddlers. Impacted stool can
cause rectal distion, which in turn compresses the bladder, prevents complete voiding,
and leads to urinary stasis. the residual urine is a potential breeding ground for
bacteria that ascend to the urethra from the perineum 2. renal u/s is performed to R/O
hydronephrosis 3. voiding cystoureterogram is the imaging of choice to detect
structural abnormalities (e.g vesicoureteral reflux)
2233
Pediatrics
3548
Pediatrics
Polyuria and polydipsia are classic features of new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Nocturnal enuresis can be a presenting symptom in toddlers.
Pediatrics
renal complications of sickle cell trait include hematuria, renal medullary carcinoma,
and uti. painless hematuria is likely due to renal papillary ischemia or necrosis. the
relatively low partial pressure of oxygen in the vasa rectae predisposes the affected
red bld cells to sickling. papillary necrosis can occue with massive hematuria, but the
episodes are usually mild and resolve spontaeously.
Pediatrics
posterior urethral valves are the most common cause of urinary obstruction in newborn
boys. classic findings on prenatal ultrasonography include bladder distension, bilateral
hydroureters, and bilateral hydronephrosis... oligohydramnios from low urine
production can cause pulmonary hypoplasia and postnatal respiratory distress.
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
& Sports
2226
3967
4548
3169
Medicine
3203
Medicine
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
& Sports
3516
Medicine
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
& Sports
pagets disease of bone (osteitis deformans) is associated with normal serum calcium
and phosphate levels and increased alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline
levels.
4576
Medicine
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
& Sports
Enthesitis refers to inflammation and pain at sites where tendons and ligaments attach
to bone. Enthesitis is most commonly seen in cases of recurrent tendon or ligament
stress and the HLA-B27 associated arthropathies such as most commonly in
ankylosing spondylitis (AS) as well as psoriatic arthritis and reactive arthritis. - Most
prominent in (AS) and classically manifests with heel pain due to tenderness at the
insertion of the Achilles tendon.
2450
Pediatrics
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
& Sports
confirmatory/specific tests for SLE are antismith antibody and anti double stranded
DNA test.
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
& Sports
4844
Pediatrics
4873
Pediatrics
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
& Sports
4546
Surgery
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
& Sports
IN a middle aged adult, superficial unlilateral hip pain that is exacerbated by external
pressure to the upper lateral thigh ( as when lying on the affected side in bed)
suggests trochanteric bursitis.