UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MEMB221 - MECHANICSAND MATERIALS LAB

(SEMESTER 1, 2015/16)
EXP. TITLE

: BENDING TEST

GROUP MEMBERS: ALVIN CHAN HSIEN YI

ME093017

NAZARIAH BINTI ZAINAL

ME094151

NUR ADILAH BINTI MOHD JAMALUDDIN

ME093319

NOEL TEH HONG GUAN

ME094552

SECTION

INSTRUCTOR

: MISS. NURASLINDA BINTI ANUAR

Performed Date
5 AUGUST 2015

06

GROUP:

Due Date*
12 AUGUST 2015

04

Submitted Date
12 AUGUST 2015

TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT

ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE
THEORY
EQUIPMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL
APPARATUS

PROCEDURE
DATA AND OBSERVATIONS
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
DISCUSSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES

PAGE

ABSTRACT
Bending test was conducted to examine the relationship between load, span, width,
height and deflection of a beam. Also, to ascertain the coefficient of elasticity for each
specimens. The specimens used are steel, brass, aluminum and wood. The test then started
with the first task which is to find the relationship between load and deflection. Next, to
determine the relationship between span and deflection followed by to investigate the
relationship between the width and deflection of the test specimen. Also, the relationship
between the height and deflection of the test specimen. For the second task, the main
objective is to ascertain the coefficient of elasticity.

OBJECTIVE

The objectives of this experiment are to investigate the relationship between load,
span, width, height and deflection of a beam, placed on two bear affected by a concentrated
load at the center and to ascertain the coefficient of elasticity for steel, brass, aluminum, and
wood.
THEORY
The stress-strain behavior of brittle materials is not usually ascertained by tensile test.
For more suitable transverse bending test is usually employed, in which a rod specimen either
a circular or rectangular cross section is bent until crack using a three- or four-point loading
technique. The appraisals are led by following to Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength
of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature (ASTM Standard C 1161). The apparatus has
been outline to enable students to completes experiments on simply supported and cantilever
beams in order to investigate the relationship between the deflections and the applied loads
also the effect of variations in length and cross sectional.
-

Simply supported beam with central point load.

It can be shown that the deflection under the load i.e. maximum deflection

Determination of coefficient of elasticity

Where :

Deflection (mm)

Span (mm)

Mb

Moment of Flexure (Nmm)

Wb

Resistance to Flexure (mm3)

Flexural Stress (N/mm2)

Coefficient of Elasticity

Inertia Factor

F1

Load occasioned by weight of load device = 2.5N

F2

Load occasioned by additional weight (N)

EQUIPMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS

Twist and Bend Test Machine MT 210

PROCEDURE
Task 1: To investigate the relationship between load, span, width, height and deflection of a
beam, placed on two bear affected by a concentrated load at the center.
A: Investigate the relationship between load and deflection
1- A span of 600 mm is obtained when the berries are set. The interval between each
groove on the shafts of the apparatus is 100 mm.
2- The specimen was placed on the bearers with dimensions 6 x 25 mm. then, the centre
of the specimen was mounted by the load device
3- The top of the gauge is centered on the upper plane of the load device when the
testing device is set. Lower the gauge so that its small hand is at about 10 and the
gauge is set to be zero by twisting its outer ring. the weight was loaded and deflection
reading is taken.
4- A graph of deflection versus loading is needed to be drawn.
B: Investigate relationship between span and deflection
1- The test specimen was employed with dimensions of 6x25 mm and was loaded with
weight of 10N. The span was varied as indicated. The deflection reading is taken.
2- A graph of deflection versus span is needed to be drawn.
C: Investigate the relationship between width and deflection of the test specimen
1- The bearers for a span of 500 mm are set. With 5N weight of load, the test specimen
indicated was employed. The deflection reading is taken.
2- A graph of the width of the deflection versus the test specimen is needed to be drawn.

D: Investigate the relationship between the height and deflection of the test
specimen.

1- The bearers for a span of 500 mm are set. With 5N weight of load, the test specimen
indicated was employed. The deflection reading is taken.
2- A graph of the height of the deflection versus the test specimen is needed to be drawn.

Task 2: To ascertain the coefficient of elasticity for steel, brass, aluminum and wood.
123456-

The span is set at 500 mm.

A circular test specimen of steel is employed.
The load device is mounted and the testing device is set.
Load with weights (5N,10N,15N)
The deflection reading is taken.
The test is repeated with test specimens of brass, aluminum and wood.

At the point when E is calculated, the initial load brought on by the load device has no
significance since the gauge at zero with the device set up. Be that as it may, when
calculating flexural stress, F1 is incorporate.

DATA & OBSERVATION

Task 1
Part A: The relationship between load and deflection.
Span: 600mm
Test Specimen: 6 x 25 mm
Load (N)
5
10
15
20

Deflection (mm)
0.22
0.46
0.70
0.95
Table 1

Part B: The relationship between span and deflection.

Load: 10 N
Test Specimen: 6 x 25 mm
Span

Deflection (mm)

(mm)
300
400
500
600

0.04
0.12
0.34
0.46
Table 2

Part C: The relationship between width and deflection of the test specimen.
Span: 500 mm
Load: 5 N

Test Specimen Width (mm)

15
20
25
30

Deflection (mm)
0.74
0.54
0.45
0.32

Table 3

Part D: The relationship between the height and deflection of the test specimen.
Span: 500 mm
Load: 5 N
Test Specimen Height (mm)
3
4
6
8
Table 4

Task 2
To ascertain the Coefficient of Elasticity (E) for steel, brass, aluminum and wood.
Span: 500 mm
Diameter: 8mm (Rod)
Dimension: 5 x 30 mm (Wood)

Deflection (mm)
0.57
0.44
0.10
0.03

Deflection
Material

Load, F (N)

(mm)

Wood

Aluminum

Brass

Steel

5
10
15

1.47
3.10
4.23

5
10
15

0.97
1.82
2.79

5
10
15

0.63
1.33
2.05

5
10
15

0.30
0.65
0.98

Table 5

ANALYSIS & RESULTS

Task 1:

Defl ection against Load

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Deflection (mm)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

10

15

20

Load (N)

Part A: Graph of Deflection against Loading

Graph 1

Defl ection against Span

0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
Deflection (mm)

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

300

400

500

SPAN (MM)

Part B: Graph of Deflection against Span

Graph 2

600

Graph 1.3 : Defl ection against Width

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Deflection (mm)

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

15

20

25

30

Width (mm)

Part C: Graph of Width of Deflection against Test Specimen

Graph 3

Part D: Graph of Height of the Deflection against Test Specimen

Graph 1.4 : Defl ection against Height

0.6
0.5
0.4
Deflection (mm)

0.3
0.2
0.1
0

Height (mm)

Graph 4

Calculation:
Material

Wood

Aluminum

Deflection

Moment of

Flexural

Coefficient Of Elasticity
E
Eave

Load,

Flexure, Mb

Stress

F (N)

(mm)

(Nmm)

28344.6712
26881.7204
29550.8274

(N/mm2)

(N/mm2)

5
10
15

1.47
3.10
4.23

937.5
1 562.5
2 187.5

(N/mm2)
7.5
12.5
17.5

5
10
15

0.97
1.82
2.79

937.5
1 562.5
2 187.5

18.6510
31.0849
43.5189

66763.2183
71165.1887
69634.7546

0.63

937.5

18.6510

102794.161

1.33
2.05
0.30

1 562.5
2 187.5
937.5

31.0849
43.5109
18.6510

5
97383.9425
94771.2025
215867.739

98316.435

10
15
5

0.65

1 562.5

31.0849

1
199262.528

204458.71

10

43.5189

4
198245.882

Brass

Steel

15

0.98

2 187.5

28259.073
0
69187.720
5

68

Table 6
To calculate the coefficient of elasticity of steel, brass, aluminum and wood, the deflection
formula is:

FL3
48EI

FL3
48I

To determine the flexural stress:

Mb
Wb

I
When rectangular it is

I
When circular it is

bh 3
12

d 4
64

M b ( F F1 )

Wb

bh 2
6

Wb

d 3
32

and

and

L
4

= Deflection (mm)

E = Coefficient of Elasticity

L = Span (mm) = 500 mm

Mb = Moment of Flexures (Nmm)

F = Load occasioned by additional weight (N)

= Inertia Factor

Wb = Resistance to Flexure (mm3)

b = Flexural Stress (N/mm2)

F1 = Load occasioned by weight of Load Device (N) = 2.5 N

Moment of flexure is the same for every specimen according to the load weight used.
M b ( F F1 )

Moment of Flexure
M b (5 2.5)

5N

L
4

500
937.5 Nmm
4

M b (10 2.5)

500
1562.5 Nmm
4

M b (15 2.5)

500
2187.5 Nmm
4

10 N

15 N

Flexural stress for wood:

Dimension: 5 30 mm

Wb

bh 2 30 5 2

125mm 3
6
6

937.5
7 .5 N
mm 2
125

1562.5
12.5 N
mm 2
125

2187.5
17.5 N
mm 2
125

5N

10 N

15 N

Flexural Stress for Steel, Brass and Aluminum are the same:
Dimension: 8 650 mm

Mb
Wb

b
5N

d 3 8 3
Wb

50.2655mm 3
32
32
937.5
18.6510 N
mm 2
50.2655

1562.5
31.0849 N
mm 2
50.2655

2187.5
43.5189 N
mm 2
50.2655

10 N

15 N

Inertia Factor for Wood specimen:-

bh 3 30 5 3
I

312.5mm 4
12
12

Inertia Factor for Steel, Brass and Aluminum specimens:-

d 4 8 4
I

201.0619mm 4
64
64

Wood:-

5N

FL3
5 500 3
E

28344.6712 N mm 2 28.345GPa
48I 48 312.5 1.47
E

FL3
10 500 3

26881.72043 N mm 2 26.882GPa
48I 48 312.5 3.10

FL3
15 500 3

29550.82742 N mm 2 29.551GPa
48I 48 312.5 4.23

10 N

15 N

E ave

Hence,

28.345 26.882 29.551

28.259GPa
3

Theoretical Value = 13.1 GPa (Referring to Appendix B from the text book)
13.1 28.259
% error =
Aluminum:-

13.1

100 115.72%

FL3
5 500 3

66763.2183 N mm 2 66.763GPa
48I 48 201.0619 0.97

FL3
10 500 3

71165.1887 N mm 2 71.165GPa
48I 48 201.0619 1.82

5N

10 N

E
15 N
E ave

Hence,

FL3
15 500 3

69634.7546 N mm 2 69.635GPa
48I 48 201.0619 2.79
66.763 71.165 69.635
69.188GPa
3

Theoretical Value = 70 GPa (Referring to Appendix B from the text book)

70 69.188
70

% error =

100 1.16%

Brass:-

FL3
5 500 3

102794.1615 N mm 2 102.794GPa
48 I 48 201.0619 0.63

FL3
10 500 3

97383.9425 N mm 2 97.384GPa
48I 48 201.0619 1.33

FL3
15 500 3

94771.20254 N mm 2 94.771GPa
48 I 48 201.0619 2.05

5N

10 N

15 N

E ave

Hence,

102.794 97.384 94.771

98.316GPa
3

Theoretical Value =105 GPa (Referring to Appendix B from the text book)
105 98.316

% error =

105

100 6.37%

Steel:-

E
5N

FL3
5 500 3

215867.7391 N mm 2 215.868GPa
48I 48 201.0619 0.30

FL3
10 500 3

199262.5284 N mm 2 199.263GPa
48 I 48 201.0619 0.65

FL3
15 500 3

198245.8829 N mm 2 198.246GPa
48I 48 201.0619 0.98

10 N

15 N

E ave

Hence,

215.868 199.263 198.246

204.459GPa
3

Theoretical Value = 200 GPa (Referring to Appendix B from the text book)
200 204.459

% error =

200

100 2.23%

(Note: all the answers in the above calculations are tabulated in Table 6)

DISCUSSION
In Task 1, it is to investigate the relationship between loads, span, width, height towards
deflection of a beam. This beam is placed on two bearers and the load is concentrated at the
center. There are 4 parts all together. In part A the relationship between load and deflection is
investigated. From the graph plotted (refer to Table 1 & Graph 1) it can be deduced that as
load increases the deflection also increases, hence a linear relationship between them.
Meanwhile the relationship between span and deflection is investigated in part B. Similarly

(refer to Table 2 & Graph 2) in here deflection increases with span, also a linear relationship
between them.
In part C the width of the specimen is varied while maintaining the same load weight. In this
case as seen from the data (refer to Table 3 & Graph 3) the deflection decreases as width is
increased. The same also applied to investigation in part D where the height the specimen is
the variable here (refer to Table 4 & Graph 4). Again deflection decreases as height increases.
Hence from part C and D, deflection is inversely proportional to width and height
respectively.
In Task 2 the Coefficients of Elasticity, E, of 4 different specimens was determined. Again the
same apparatus as in task 1 is used. After experiments are done and after calculation, E for
wood is obtained as 28.259 GPa. This count to a percentage error of 115.72% from the
theoretical value which is 13.1 GPa. Aluminum has a theoretical E of 70 GPa but from the
experiment analysis it was calculated to be 69.188 GPa, a small error only occurred on it
which is 1.16%. E for brass is found to be 98.316 GPa, with an error of only 6.37% from
theoretical value of 105 GPa. Finally E of steel was found to be 204.459 GPa, an error of
115.72% from the actual value of 200 GPa. The percentage error of the wood is the highest
among the 4 specimens, which is 115.72% and the percentage error of the Aluminum is
lowest in this experiment (task 2) which is 1.16%.
Simple bridge can be one of the application which apply the concept of simply supported
beam with central point load. Bridge as we can see in both of it are been supported so that it
can balanced the bridge. Deflection may occur if the force or load are stand in the center of
the bridge.
The deflection may be decreased if the material of the bridge are selected wisely as if the
wood are been selected, the deflection occur may be high which that the bridge may break as
the wood cannot support too much of load. Steel is the main material in the bridge
construction. As we know, steel is a strong material and it is the most suitable construction
material. Moreover, the deflection occurred in steel also not higher as the deflection of
aluminum, brass and wood. Hence, steel is the most suitable material for the skeleton of the
bridge because it has a high value of the Modulus of Elasticity.

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES