ABATSACT

Biometrics is the technology of examining the unique

physical features of a person to establish his identity for
security purpose. Encryption is the method of coding the
identity in a secure manner. In authentication process the
biometric trait a new user is compared with the stored
data, if the match is found then the access is given. The
different physical features used for recognition are
fingerprint, optical, signature, voice, keystroke and facial
structure. Biometrics is slowly becoming a part of day-today life as it is being used at ATM, Airport, and
automobiles etc.for security purpose.
CONTENTS:
1. What is Biometrics?
2. History
3. Biometric for authentication
4. Authentication process
5. Methods of Biometrics
6. How to sense Biometrics
7. Uses
8. Conclusion
9. References
DEFINITION OF BIOMETRICS:

A term, which describes automated methods of

establishing someones identity for there unique
physiological or behavioral characteristics. Physical
features typically used for biometric identification are
fingerprint, voice, and optical facial or hand geometry.
HISTORY OF BIOMETRICS:
Today's biometric encryption process was derived as a
natural offshoot from some common uses of biometrics in
the past. Possibly the most well known biometric was the
use of fingerprinting by law enforcement agencies for
identification of criminals, children, and for licensing of
people employed in federally regulated careers such as
security brokers. In many cases matches were difficult if
not impossible to make, and it was not uncommon for
misidentifications to occur. With the advancements made
in computer technology, some agencies began to construct
archives electronically that could allow that matching
process to occur much faster and with a much lower error
rate as the computer could distinguish better than the
naked eye the subtle traits that occurred in the fingerprints.
The next step in the evolutionary process of biometric
encryption came from the desire not only to match an
individual's data with the individual, but also to restrict
access to that person's information to those who should
have such access. It was at this point that biometric
encryption technologies began to be used to ensure that
only the people, who should have access, those with the
biometric key, were able to unlock the information
contained in the code.

BIOMETRIC FOR AUTHENTICATION:

Advancing automation and the development of new
technological systems have led users to more frequent use
of technical means rather than human beings in receiving
authentication. In order to identify an individual, humans
differentiate between physical features. In order to
perform recognition tasks at the level of the human brain,
100 million computations per second are required. Only
recently have standard PCs reached this speed, and at the
same time, the sensors required to measure traits are
becoming cheaper and cheaper.

MATCHACCESS

INDIVIDUA
L
BIOMETRI
C

FEATUR
E

CONVERSIO
N
IN
MACHINE
LANGUAGE

COMPARISIO
N

ELSEDENIED

STORED
DATA
BASE OF
PEOPLE

AUTHENTICATION PROCESS:

In the fig above first the biometric trait (any one) is

captured at the first stage and then it is converted into the
machine language which is then compared with the stored
database of the persons if it matches .Then the access is
granted to the person else wise he is denied. So study of
biometric is very interesting.

Uniqueness: - as unique as possible.

2.
Universality:-occur in as many people as possible.
3.
Permanence: - don't change over time.
4.
Measurability: -are measurable with simple technical
instruments.
5.
User friendliness: -are easy and comfortable to
measure.
1.

METHODS ADOPTED FOR BIOINFORMATICS:

Keystroke Recognition
Finger print method
Optical Recognition
Signature Recognition
Voice Recognition
Facial Recognition

OPTICAL RECONGINATION

In biometrics reliable recognition of a person has long

been an attractive goal.
The two common type of
optical recognition are
1. Retinas
2.iris
In optical recognition the
two important parameters
Are the length of the eyelet
and the radius of the Pupil?

Iris patterns become interesting as an alternative approach

to reliable visual recognition of persons when imaging can
be done at distances of less than a meter, and especially
when there is a need to search very large databases
without incurring any false matches despite a huge
number of possibilities.
While storing the image onto the system the NIR (near
infrared radiation) light is emitted because it is of shorter
wavelength as, they are reflected and scattered by the
stroma. NIR wavelength wavelengths used for unobtrusive
imaging at distances of up to 1 meter. To capture the rich
details of iris patterns, an imaging system should resolve a
minimum of 70 pixels in iris radius. In the field trials to
date, a resolved iris radius of 100 to 140 pixels has been
more typical. Monochrome CCD cameras (480 x 640)
have been used because NIR (near infrared radiation)

illumination in the 700nm -900nm band was required for

imaging to be invisible to humans.
The error rate for the typical retina or iris scanner is about
one in two million attempts, which further demonstrates
the reliability of this technology. Two drawbacks to these
devices however are that they have difficulty reading
images of those people who are blind or have cataracts,
and that they currently are cumbersome to use.
FINGER PRINT RECOGNITION
Fingerprints have been legally accepted for verifying identity
for over a century. They cannot be altered, forgotten or cracked
by hackers running a software routine. They are universally
accepted as unique to each individual, and they are used in
situations where there can be no mistake of identity, such as
criminal proceedings and high security access control.
During the enrolment (Figure 1), biometric data is captured. The
data is pro-cussed, and a pattern is extracted. The pattern is
chosen so as much unique information as possible is recorded.
The extracted pattern is then stored as a biometric template.

During verification (Figure 2), a new pattern is extracted from

the incoming Fingerprint image. The pattern forms the
fingerprint data that is matched against the stored template,
containing the fingerprint information from the enrolment. The
figure is given next.

One concern of fingerprint biometrics is that latent prints left on

the glass will register the prior user; however there already exist
units that will not scan unless a "live" finger is on the glass and
will only register the later imprint. Studies have shown that
fingerprint identification is currently thought to be the least
intrusive of all biometric techniques.

FACIAL RECOGNITION
Facial biometrics can function from either short distances
or over greater distances. Reasonable controlled indoor
lighting, the current state of the art in face recognition is
90 % verification at a 1% false accept rate.
In this recognition process at least three images of each
person. The images are of good quality and were gathered
in a consistent manner in a background that is universally
uniform. Difference of three years in the images stored in
the database. Data set is composed of a heterogeneous set
of still images and video sequences of subjects in a Variety
of poses, activities and illumination conditions.
Facial recognition system calls the attention of the
researcher on the following points.

1.
Watch list performance decreases as a function of
size performance using smaller watch lists is better than
performance using larger watch lists.
2.
since characteristics such as age and sex can
significantly affect performance.
3.
Changes in lighting can also increase the error rate in
these devices.

VOICE RECOGNITION
There are several distinct advantages that voice
recognition has for use in encryption technology. Not only
are voice biometrics perfect for telecommunication
applications, most of the modern personal computers
already possess the necessary hardware to utilize the
applications. Even if they don't, sound cards can be
purchased for as little as $50 and condenser microphones
can be purchased for as little as $10. Therefore, for less
than $100 individuals can possess the technology needed
to have fairly reliable biometric encryption technology for
use over the Internet. This system embeds command
recognition technology into software you developed
according to your imagination. The error rate for this type
of technology ranges between two and five percent but is
more efficient than PIN.
Some drawbacks to this technology are that voiceprints
can vary over the course of the day, and ones health, such
as a cold or laryngitis, can affect verification of the user by

the system.

SIGNATURE RECOGNITION
Signing documents is something that most every adult is
familiar with. In the business world we sign things such as
expense accounts and other official documents. This lends
itself well for signature recognition to be used as a means
of biometric verification in electronic commerce. This
type of signature identification is different however from
the normal two-dimensional signature that one would find
on a form or document. Biometric signature recognition
operates in a three-dimensional environment where, not
only is the height and width of pen strokes measured, but
also the amount of pressure applied in the pen stroke to
measure the depth that would occur as if the stroke was
made in the air. This helps to reduce the risk of forgery
that can occur in two-dimensional signatures.
One drawback to this form of encryption is that people do
not always sign documents in exactly the same manner.
The angle at which they sign may be different due to
seating position or due to hand placement on the writing
surface. Therefore, even though it is three-dimensional
which adds to its ability to discern impostors, it is not as
accurate as other forms of biometric verification.
These types of systems are not as expensive as some of the
higher end systems such as iris scanners, and they are

priced more in the range of voice and fingerprint scanners,

which makes them quite affordable for network use.

KEYSTROKE RECOGNITION
Keystroke
biometrics provides a foolproof
authentication solution. Authentication using the typing
rhythm of the user on a keyboard or a keypad takes
advantage of the fact that each user would have a unique
manner of typing the keys. It uses the inter-stroke gap that
exists between consecutive characters of the user
identification code.
When a user types his authentication code, there exist any
abrupt change in this rhythmic manner, and this
uniqueness can be used as an additional security
constraint. As the user logs onto the system for the first
time, a database entry is created for the user and he is put
through a training period, which consists of 15-20
iterations.
This calculates the mean and standard
deviation of the above code. The system has to incur the
additional overhead of maintaining the database, which
would contain all the users information. The inter stoke
interval between the keys is measured in milliseconds.
The systems delay routine can be used to serve the
purpose. The delay routine measures in milliseconds and
the amount of delay incurred between successive strokes
can be used as a counter to record this time interval. Once
the database entry has been allotted for the user, this can
be used in all further references to the user. The next time

the user tries to login, one would obtain the entered interstroke timing along with password. A combination of both
these matrix is used a security check of the user.
This is most likely one of the least secure of the new
biometric technologies that has evolved in recent years;
however, it is also probably one of the cheapest and easiest
to implement.
The disadvantage of this type of recognition is that if the
user looses his rhythm abruptly, he will not be able to
access the system.

SENSORS
USED
RECOGNITION:

FOR

BIOMETRIC

For the electronics engineer the key to biometrics

recognition technique is the type of sensor and the
principle on which it is based. Some of them are described
below:
Biometric
traits
Fingerprint
Signature
facial
voice
optical
keystroke

Sensor
Capacitive, optic,
thermal, acoustic,
pressure, sensitive
tablet
camera
microphone
camera
keyboard

USES OF BIOINFORMATICS:
The area of application of these is very vast and in each
and every place where security is of prime importance.
The following are a few of them:

1. Time and attendance reporting

access control
3. ATM transaction vivificate
safe access

2.

Building

4. Vault and

5. Residential access and security alarm control

Security guard tour tracking

6.

7. Computer data base and network access

Inmate identity verification

8.

9. Vehicle access and ignition security

sale identity verification

10. Point-of-

11. Refugee and POW identification

telephone security

12.

Cellular

CONCLUSION:
Biometrics now a days is growing as a fast adopting
recognition technique as it needs no artificial
authentication rather needs live authentications, which
truly impeccable. The field of application is really going to
increase, no doubt about it.

REFERENCES:
1. Electronics for you (Jan 2004).
2.

www.veridi.com