Chapter16Therapy

Therapy
Psychotherapyanemotionallycharges,confidinginteractionbetweenatrainedtherapist
andsomeonewhosuffersfrompsychologicaldifficulties
EclecticApproachanapproachtopsychotherapythat,dependingontheclients
problems,usesorintegratestechniquesfromvariousformsoftherapy(alsoknowas
psychotherapyintegration

Psychoanalysis
PsychoanalysisFreudbelievedthepatientsfreeassociations,resistances,dreams,and
transferencesandthetherapistsinterpretationsofthemreleasedpreviouslyrepressed
feelings,allowingthepatienttogainselfinsight
Resistanceblockingfromconsciousnessofanxietyladenmaterial
Interpretationthatanalystsnotingsupposeddreammeanings,resistances,andother
significantbehaviorsinordertopromoteinsight
Transferencethepatientstransfertotheanalystofemotionslinkedwithother
relationships

HumanistTherapy
PersonCenteredTherapyhumanistictherapydevelopedbyCarlRogerstherapistuses
techniquessuchasactivelisteningwithinagenuine,accepting.Empathicenvironmentto
facilitateclientsgrowth
ActiveListeningempathiclisteninginwhichthelistenerechoes,restates,andclarifies

GestaltTherapy
DevelopedbyFritzPerls
Combinesthepsychoanalyticemphasisonbringingunconsciousfeelingstoawareness
andthehumanisticemphasisongettingintouchwithoneself
Aimstohelppeoplebecomemoreawareandabletoexpresstheirfeeling,andtotake
responsibilityfortheirfeelingsandactions

BehaviorTherapy
BehaviorTherapytherapythatapplieslearningprinciplestotheeliminationofunwanted
behaviors
Counterconditioning
Procedurethatconditionsnewresponsestostimulithattriggerunwantedbehaviors
Basedonclassicalconditioning

Includessystematicdesensitizationandaversiveconditioning
SytematicDesensitization
Typeofcounterconditioning
Associatesapleasant,relaxedstatewithgraduallyincreasinganxietytriggeringstimuli
Commonlyusedtotreatphobias
AversiveConditioning
Typeofcounterconditioningthatassociatesanunpleasantstatewithanunwanted
behavior
Nausea!Alcohol
TokenEconomy
Anoperantconditioningprocedurethatrewardsdesiredbehavior
Patientexchangesatokenofsomesort,earnedforexhibitingthedesiredbehavior,for
variousprivilegesortreats

CognitiveTherapy
CognitiveTherapy
Teachespeoplenew,moreadaptivewaysofthinkingandacting
Basedontheassumptionthatthoughtsintervenebetweeneventsandouremotional
reactions
RationalEmotiveTherapy
ConfrontationalcognitivetherapydevelopedbyAlbertEllis
Vigorouslychallengespeoplesillogical,selfdefeatingattitudesandassumptions
AlsocalledrationalemotivebehaviortherapybyEllis,emphasizingabehavioral
homeworkcomponent

GroupTherapies
FamilyTherapy
Treatsthefamilyasasystem
Viewsanindividualsunwantedbehaviorsasinfluencedbyordirectedatotherfamily
members
Encouragesfamilymemberstowardpositiverelationshipsandimprovedcommunication

TypesofTherapists
TYPEDESCRIPTION
PsychiatristPhysicianswhospecializeinthe
treatmentofpsychologicaldisorders.Notallpsychiatristshavehadextensive
traininginpsychotherapy,butasM.D.stheycanprescribemedications.Thus,they
tendtoseethosewiththemostseriousproblems.Manyhaveprivatepractices
ClinicalPsychologistsMostarepsychologistswithaPh.D.and
expertiseinresearch,assessment,andtherapy,supplementedbyasupervised
internship.Abouthalfworkinagenciesandinstitutions,halfinprivatepractices.

ClinicalorpsychiatricSocialworkersAtwoyearMasterofSocialWork
graduateprogrampluspostgraduatesupervisionpreparessomesocialworkersto
offerpsychotherapy,mostlytopeoplewitheverydaypersonalandfamilyproblems.
AbouthalfhaveearnedtheNationalAssociationofSocialWorkersdesignationof
clinicalsocialwork.
CounselorsMarriageandfamilycounselors
specializeinproblemsarisingfromfamilyrelations.Pastoralcounselorsprovide
counselingtocountlesspeople.Abusecounselorsworkwithsubstanceabusersand
withspouseandchildabusersandtheirvictims.

BiomedicalTherapies
Psychopharmacologystudyoftheeffectsofdrugsonmindandbehavior
Lithiumchemicalthatprovidesaneffectivedrugtherapyforthemoodswingsofbipolar
disorders
ElectroconvulsiveTherapy(ECT)therapyforseverelydepressedpatientsinwhichabrief
electriccurrentissentthroughthebrainofananesthetizedpatient
Psychosurgerysurgerythatremovesofdestroysbraintissueinanefforttochange
behavior
Lobotomynowrarepsychosurgicalprocedureonceusedtocalmuncontrollably
emotionalorviolentpatients