UEME1112 Goh Sing Yau (June 2015), FES, UTAR

UEME1112 Goh Sing Yau (June 2015), FES, UTAR
4.
System and Interactions with the Surroundings
4.1 Definition
"A system is defined as any prescribed and identifiable collection of matter which is
imagined isolated from the surroundings by a system boundary."
4.2
System:
Everything within the boundary
Surroundings:
Everything outside the boundary
Work Done
Work Done is one form of Interaction between a System and the Surroundings.
Work Done by the SYSTEM (person) to the SURROUNDINGS

= Resisting Force x Distance Travelled = R s
WORK DONE to the SYSTEM by the SURROUNDINGS = - R s
Note that WORK DONE depends only on the Resisting Force and the Distance traveled by
the Resisting Force.
If the Applied Force is greater than the Resisting Force on the Block, WORK DONE is the
same because the EFFECT experienced by the SURROUNDINGS is the same although the
EFFECT is carried out faster.
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4.3
Thermodynamic Definition of WORK DONE
4.3.1
Positive WORK
Positive Work is done by a SYSTEM when the SOLE EFFECT external to the SYSTEM can
be arranged to raise a weight.
Why do we need such a definition?

Consider the following SYSTEM where an electric current flows through a RESISTANCE
and as a result generates heat.
CASE on the Left

According to an analysis in the field of Applied Mechanics the SYSTEM (battery) did not do
any WORK because there is no Force exerted on the SURROUNDINGS.
CASE on the Right
We can arrange so that the electric current flow can be used to run a motor that raises a
weight .
According to the Thermodynamic definition, WORK done is POSITIVE.
4.3.2
Negative WORK DONE

If a SYSTEM does Positive WORK,
Its SURROUNDINGS do Negative WORK.
4.4
Work Done in cylinder / piston
4.4.1
Expansion (Power) Stroke in a cylinder

(a) Displacement Work by Piston
Boundary
Work done by Piston = p a AdL + 0 + 0
AdL
(p
pb ) AdL
1
2
= ( pb p a )dVs
1
where Vs is the swept volume and pb > p a

(b) Work Done by the Gas in the cylinder on the Piston
Boundary
Work done by Gas = pb AdL + 0 + 0
+0
1
2
AdL
1
2
p dV
b
where Vs is the swept volume

Question: From the definition of System & Surroundings, all work done by the System must be
absorbed by the Surroundings. If we compare case (a) and case (b), there is a difference
between the Work Done by the Gas and Work absorbed by the Piston. Explain why the
Work absorbed by the Piston is less than the work done by the Gas?
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4.4.2
Induction Stroke in a Cylinder - air is drawn into the cylinder as the piston moves to
the right
(a) Work Done by Gas
Boundary
Work done by Gas = pb AdL
+0 +0
AdL
(p
p a )AdL
1
2
= ( p a pb )dVs
1
where Vs is the swept volume & p a > pb

(b) Work Done by the Piston in the cylinder
Boundary
Work done by Piston = p a AdL
+0 +0
AdL
(p
pb )dVs

Question: From the definition of System & Surroundings, all work done by the System must be
absorbed by the Surroundings. For case (a) and case (b) above, we see that the Work
Done by the PISTON (positive) is equal to the Work absorbed (negative) by the GAS.
Why is case 4.4.1 different from case 4.4.2?
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4.5
Other examples of Displacement Work

4.5.1
Filling of Balloon
cylinder
Work done by Gas =
balloon
pb AdL +
p dV
= 0
p dV
1
2
p dV
a
where d Vs is the volume of the balloon
Why is the Work Done by the Gas in the cylinder POSITIVE?

4.5.2
Filling an evacuated cylinder
cylinder
atmosphere
Work done by Atmosphere = pb AdL

1
p dV
a
1
2
= 0
p dV
a
1
2
= p a dVs
1
where dVs is the volume of air entering the cylinder
Why is the Work Done by the Gas finally in the cylinder NEGATIVE?
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4.6
Shaft Work
Work done by Motor per revolution of the shaft =

=
Nm
where
= Torque
and is the radius of the pulley
Power = Rate of Work Done
=
Nm/s
where N is revolutions per minute (RPM)
4.7
Spring Work
Force F = ke
Newtons
where e is the compressed distance

and k is the spring constant
2
Fde
Work Done by Spring =
1
2
kede
1
(e
0
2
F e2 0
=
e
2
1
= Fe
Nm
2
= k
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4.8 Stirrer Work

4.8.1
System including water only
An analysis of the Work Done by the

stirrer will require a detailed knowledge of
the forces applied on every point on the
surface. Such an analysis is very complex.
An easier approach will be to analyze the
Work Done as Shaft Work.
4.8.2 System including water and stirrer
We have converted this case to that of shaft work.

Shaft work has been discussed in an earlier
section.
4.9 Properties of a System

Definition of a Property
Before we can carry out a quantitative analysis of the interactions between a system and the
surroundings, we need to define the Properties of a system.
A Property is any observable

macroscopic characteristic of the
System.
4.9.1 Intensive Property: A
Property whose value for the whole
system is the same as that of any of
its parts is known as an Intensive
Property. The Temperature T is an
Intensive Property.
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4.9.2 Extensive Property

A Property whose value for the whole
system is equal to the sum of the values of
all its parts is known as an Extensive
Property.
Example:
The Volume V is an Extensive Property.
If an Extensive Property is divided by its
mass, it becomes a Specific Quantity and
behaves like an Intensive Property.
4.9.3 The State of a System

A state of a System is the totality of all its Properties.
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4.9.4 Pure Substance
4.10 Displacement Work

Note that in practice if 2 properties of a Pure Substance are fixed, all other properties are
also fixed.
OR
15
"For a Pure Substance, 2 properties are sufficient to define its State."

We can define the state of a Pure Substance by fixing the numerical value of any 2 of its
properties. This enables us to show the State of a Pure Substance in a 2 Dimensional State
Diagram.
The State Point is the point in a State Diagram representing the Properties of the System at a
particular time.
In the State Diagram above, points 1 and 2 show the 2 states of a Pure Substance.
If we carry out a heating experiment as shown below, we can plot the State Points
(Temperature and Pressure) in a State Diagram.
A PROCESS is what that causes a change in the State of a System.

The PATH of a Process is the series of States that is undergone by the System.
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4.10
Displacement Work by a System where the Pressure is the same at all the boundaries.
Boundary
Work done by Piston = pdVs

1
+ pdVs + pdVs +
1
+0
+0
pdV
pdV
+0
1
2
pdV

4.10.1 Constant Pressure Process
Example:
Heating of a gas in a vertical cylinder where the piston is free to move.
Work done by Gas =
pdV
= p(V2 V1 )
= pm (v 2 v1 )
where m is the mass of the gas
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4.10.2 Constant Volume Process

Example: Heating of a gas in a cylinder where the piston is not allowed to move.
Work done by Gas =
pdV
= 0
4.10.3 Constant Temperature Process

Example: Expansion of a gas in a cylinder in a constant temperature container.
Work done by Gas =
pdV
Until we know the relationship between

p and V, we cannot find the work done.
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4.10.4 Adiabatic Process

Example: Compression of a gas in a cylinder where the heat is not allowed to leave the system.
Work done by Gas =
pdV
Until we know the relationship between

p and V, we cannot find the work done
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UEME1112 Goh Sing Yau (June 2015), FES, UTAR

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System and Interactions with the Surroundings

Everything within the boundary

Everything outside the boundary

Work Done by the SYSTEM (person) to the SURROUNDINGS