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Practices
By
Er. J. M. Pardhi
Superintending Engineer,
Testing Circle, MSEDCL,
Nagpur.
1
Objectives of Earthing
To dissipate electric currents into the
earth without exceeding operating &
equipment limits.
To ensure human safety from electric
shock.
To prevent hazardous voltage for
reducing risk of fires and personal
injuries.
2
Earthing Systems
Basically 6 grounding systems in use:
Equipment grounds.
Static grounds.
Systems grounds.
Maintenance grounds.
Electronic grounds.
Lightning grounds.
Equipment Grounds
It is the physical connection to earth
of non current carrying metal parts.
All metal parts of equipments that
personal may come into contact to
be at zero potential with respect to
ground.
All metal parts must be
interconnected and grounded to
ensure path of lowest impedance for
flow of ground fault current.
4
Equipment Grounds
Static Grounds
Connection made between a piece of
equipment and earth for the purpose
of draining off electricity charges
before a flashover potential is
reached.
Utilized in dry materials handling,
flammable liquid pumps and delivery
equipments, plastic piping and
explosive storage facilities.
6
System Grounds
Refers to the point in an electrical
circuit that is connected to earth
through electrical neutral.
The sole purpose is to protect
equipment.
Provides low impedance path for fault
currents improving ground fault
coordination.
Ensures longer insulation life of
7
TEAMWORKnet, Inc.
10
10
Distribution
Transformer Double
Pole Structure.
- as per REC
Construction
Standard.
11
Typical
arrangement of
earthing to
railway traction
system.
12
HT Metering Cubicle
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Maintenance Grounds
Utilized for safe work practices.
It is a temporary ground.
Electronic Grounds
Equipment ground and system ground are
combined and applied in unity.
Must not only provide a means of stabilizing input
voltage levels, but also act as zero voltage
reference point.
Must be able to provide effective grounding and
bonding functions well into the high frequency
MHz range.
24
System Grounds
Methods of System
Grounding
Characteristics
Ungrounde
d
Solid
Ground
Low Resistance
Ground
High Resistances
Ground
Susceptible to Transient
overvoltages
WORST
GOOD
GOOD
BEST
POOR
BEST
GOOD
POOR
WORST
POOR
GOOD
BEST
Personnel Safety
WORST
POOR
GOOD
BEST
Reliability
WORST
GOOD
BETTER
BEST
WORST
POOR
POOR
BEST
FAIR
POOR
POOR
BEST
WORST
GOOD
BETTER
BEST
System coordination
NOT
POSSIBLE
GOOD
BETTER
BEST
WORST
GOOD
BETTER
BEST
NOT
POSSIBLE
POSSIBL
E
NOT POSSIBLE
NOT POSSIBLE
GOOD
BEST
WORST
BETTER
TEAMWORKnet, Inc.
BEST
WORST
GOOD
25
BETTER
Lightning Grounds
Earthing of LA
Straight risers
Separate earth rod
per phase
Rods connected to
each other & to Earthgrid.
No G.I. pipe for riser.
26
27
28
35
UNEQUALLED SPACED OR
SCHLUMBERGER PALMER
ARRANGEMENT:
36
37
-15 C
0 C
TEMPERATUR
E
50C
39
Transferred Potential
It is a special case of the touch voltage
where a voltage is transferred into or out of
the sub-station from or to a remote point
external to the sub-station site.
A person standing in a sub-station coming
in contact with say rails/water
pipeline/neutral coming from an adjacent
sub-station at the time of occurrence of
earth-fault at that sub-station gets exposed
to the transferred potential which equals
difference in GPRs of the two sub-stations.
40
Transferred Potential
root[
T cap x 10-4 x ln Ko + Tm ]
tc r x Pv
Ko + Ta
Maintenance Schedule
Watering of earth pit
- Daily
Measurement of earth resistance
of individual earth pit
- Half yearly
Measurement of combined earth
resistance at all the pits
- Half yearly
Checking of inter connections
between earth pits and tightness
of bolts and nuts
- Quarterly
45
Case Study
Fatal Electrical Accident to farmer at
Kholapur (Amravati) dtd:06/06/2012.
Bird fault occurred at 11kV cut point.
Support insulator not provided for cut
point jumpers.
High resistance arcing fault.
Sufficient fault current not developed.
Feeder protection not operated.
High soil resistivity and high impedance.
Electric pole, stay and soil acted as load.
46
47
48
49
50
Faul
t
Grid current Ig through
earth
51
A.C. Current
range (mA)
Called as
Effect
1.0
Threshold
Tingling
1 to 6
Let-go
9 to 25 >
More than 25
>
Painful
breathlessne
ss.
Difficult to
release
116
alarm
Ventricular
fibrillation,
heart failure.
52
EARTHING OF EHV
TRANSMISSION LINE
57
System of earthing
Ground-wire strung on tower peaks & bonded
to tower body.
Earthing at tower bases by Pipe type or
Counter-poise type.
Surge Arresters provided at wide creek
crossings.
Electrode line with special earthing station for
HVDC line for Single pole earth return mode.
Earth resistance below 10 ohms to avoid back
flash.
58
THANK YOU!
59