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4. What is the gradient of a scalar and vector field, derive it? Show that
divergence of a vector field is the trace of gradient of vector field.
Determine the transformation matrix between the two sets of axes, and show
that it is a proper orthogonal transformation.
6. The Lagrangian description of a deformation is given by:
x1 = X1 + X 3 ( e 2 e 2 )
x2 = X 2 X 3 ( e 2 1)
x3 = X 3e 2
8. Show that the following strain field gives continuous, single valued
displacements in a simply connected region only if the constants are related
by A = 2B/3.
13. (a) Determine the principal scalar invariants for the strain tensor given here
at left and
(b) Show that the matrix given at the right cannot represent the same state of
strain.
14. Given x1=X1+3X2 , x2 =X2 , x3=X3. Obtain (a) the deformation gradient F and
the right Cauchy-Green tensor C, (b) the eigenvalues and eigenvector of C,
(c) the matrix of the stretch tensor U and U-1 with respect to the ei-basis and
(d) the rotation tensor R with respect to the ei -basis.
15. Given the following large shear deformation:
x1=X1+2X2, x2=X2, x3=X3
(a) What is the stretch for the element that was in the direction e2?
(b) Find the stretch for an element that was in the direction of e1 + e2.
(c) What is the angle between the deformed elements of dS1e1 and dS2e2?
(d) Show that the eigenvalues of any given symmetric tensor are real.
16. Are the following two velocity fields isochoric (i.e., no change of volume)?
x1e1 + x2 e2
, r 2 = x12 + x22
r2
x e + x e
v = 2 1 2 1 2 , r 2 = x12 + x22
r
v=
17. Derive the strain vs. displacement relations in cylindrical polar coordinates
in 3D.
18. Derive the strain vs. displacement relations in spherical coordinates in 3D.