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PREFACE
Renewable energy is becoming an increasingly
important element of Indias national energy mix.
The huge potentials of the country in renewable
energy are recognized as an additional important
energy source which can contribute to the key
policy objectives of the energy sector, given the ever
increasing prices and the shortages in fossil fuel
supplies. By diversifying the energy mix in a climate
friendly way and by increasing the energy security at
the same time, the main benefits of renewable energy
for India become obvious. In addition, renewable
energy allows for increased energy access to the
Indian people, especially in the rural and remote
areas, catering to their basic energy needs.
In the early 1980s, India became the worlds first
nation to have a Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy (MNRE). Due to the heavy power shortage
and the ever increasing prices of fossil fuels,
the nation has taken up an ambitious target
of augmenting the current energy supply with
renewable sources. Notable achievements have
already been made in this direction with a total of 29
GW of electricity generated from renewable sources,
whose total potential has been estimated by MNRE
to be around 245 GW. Today India has the worlds 5th
largest installed capacities of renewables, including
small and large hydro, solar, wind and biomass.
Opportunities exist for both grid connected and
off-grid applications in residential urban and rural
areas, as well as in the agricultural, commercial and
industrial sectors all across the country. The Indian
government has come up with favourable policies
to promote renewables, namely the Electricity Act
in 2003, the National Electricity Policy in 2005, the
National Tariff Policy in 2006, and the latest is the
National Solar Mission in 2008. The institutional
structure is well suited for this, with every Indian
state having its own renewable energy development
agency, apart from a federal level agency (IREDA)
guided by the MNRE and Ministry of Power (MOP).
Innovative
financing
mechanisms,
including
Generation Based Incentives (GBI) and the Renewable
Purchase Obligations (RPO) make the renewable
energy sector an interesting investment opportunity
Martin Schpe
Alok Srivastava
Joint Secretary,
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE),
Government of India
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
India has been ranked by the IMF as the worlds
tenth largest economy and the third largest by
purchasing power parity. The Indian economy has
been growing at an annual average rate of around
8 percent, coupled with an increasing urbanisation
and an ever increasing demand for energy. The
Integrated Energy Policy of India, which is geared
towards an annual GDP growth rate of 9 percent
through 2031-32, estimates the increase in primary
energy supplies to 4 to 5 times and the increase in
electricity generation to 6 to 7 times from the 200304 levels. Despite a 52 GW capacity addition during
the implementation of the nations 11th Five Year
Plan, there is a 12 GW shortage to electrify all the
unelectrified rural areas inhabited by more than
300 million people. This has resulted in extreme
pressures on the nations energy resources, making
India one of the largest importers and producers of
coal. Similar is the story for oil and natural gas as
well as for nuclear power.
The total potential for renewables in India, as per
the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE),
is around 245 GW, while the current installed
capacity is 29 GW. Only around 12% of the countrys
potential has been exploited so far. In the wake of
power deficits and increasing costs of conventional
sources of power, Indias energy security is at
a major issue for the government, especially to
sustain long term economic growth of the country.
Moreover, with millions of rural Indian households
without access to electricity, decentralized usage
of renewables provides ample opportunities for the
country to increase energy access and improve the
standards of living of the citizens. The Government
of India has, therefore, made considerable efforts
towards the development of renewables.
The most prominent move in this regard has been
the setting up of an independent ministry in the early
1980s to look into the development of renewables
- a first of its kind in the world. Further, the target
set by the National Action Plan on Climate Change
(NAPCC) in 2008 to increase the share of renewable
energy in the countrys energy mix by up to 15 %
by 2020, signalled the countrys firm commitment
towards a sustainable future.
Due to the shortage and the ever increasing prices
of fossil fuels, the nation has taken up an ambitious
target of augmenting the current energy supplies
CONTENTS
OVERVIEW1
1.1 Status of renewable sources of power in India
WIND POWER
10
10
SOLAR POWER
13
13
14
14
17
BIO ENERGY
19
19
19
21
22
24
24
25
26
26
Figure 2
Figure 3
Table 1
Table 2 (A) : State specific policies for wind (December 31, 2012)
Table 2 (B) : State specific policies for wind (December 31, 2012)
Table 3
11
Table 4
13
Table 5
16
Table 6
19
Table 7
20
Table 8
22
Table 9
24
Table 10
: State wise projects and capacity additions for small hydro as on December 31,2012
24
Table 11
26
GLOSSARY
AD
Accelerated Depreciation
AHEC
BOOT
BPGP
CHP
CSP
DISCOM
Distribution Company
ERC
FiT Feed-in-Tariffs
GBI
IEX
IGEN
JPNATC
LBNL
NAPCC
NBMMP
NGO
Non-Government Organisation
NSM
PLF
PPA
PSS
PV Photovoltaic
PXIL
RE
Renewable Energy
REC
RPO
RVE
SERC
SPO
VGF
CEA
GIZ
IREDA
IEA
MNRE
MOP
Ministry of Power
NOWA
NVVN
SECI
OVERVIEW
1.1 Status of renewable
sources of power in India
India, with 1.2 billion inhabitants, is the second
most populous country in the world. She also has
a fast developing economy,with an average GDP
Growth of 6.5% during 2011-12 and around 5.4%
in the first half of 20133. As a result of Indias
rapid economic growth, energy demand is also
rising rapidly. However, Indias energy supply is
lagging behind the economic growth, creating a
structural energy deficit. For power alone (around
2/3 of Indias energy requirements - is in the form of
electricity), the supply shortfall between April 2012
and March 2013 (FY 2012-13) was 8.7%, according
to the Central Electricity Authority (CEA). The CEA
projects the supply shortfall for 2013 (FY 2013-14)
to be around 6.7% of the energy demand.The total
demand for power is anticipated to be 1,048 billion
kWh, while the supply would be 978 billion kWh,
which would leave a deficit of 70 billion kWh4. At
the same time, the costs of conventional sources
of electricity are rising rapidly, with the value of oil
imports being 3.5%5 higher and the value of coal
imports being 13.5%6 higher in April 2013 than the
value in the corresponding period last year.
It addition to the costs and the supply challenges of
the power generation sector, there are significant
challenges associated with the reach, the capacity,
the maintenance and the governance of the Indian
power grid infrastructure. This resulted in a
massive grid failure affecting around half of country
in July 20127.
Renewables are increasingly playing an important
role in improving Indias power supply. They are
additional sources of power that can help reduce
Source: Ministry of Finance; Report Mid-Year economic analysis 20122013 accessed athttp://bit.ly/16cPyrl on June 12,2013
4
Source: CEA ; Report Power Scenario at a Glance, November 2012
accessed at http://bit.ly/1bvkaVm on June 12, 2013
5
Source:Article by Commodity Online accessed at http://bit.ly/13ZKF2S on
June 12, 2013
6
Source: Article by Business Standard accessed athttp://bit.ly/1fBN0K9on
October 16,2013
7
Source: Article by The Hindu accessed at http://bit.ly/13BCitZ on June
12, 2013
3
4,449
SOlar
Bio Energy
Small Hydro
1,891
19,565
Wind
SOlar
Bio Energy
17,000
Small Hydro
49,130
Source: MNRE
20,000
Details about the policy can be accessed at the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy website athttp://bit.ly/PjLscl
12
OVERVIEW
160
140
Small Hydro
120
Bioenergy
100
Wind
80
60
Solar PV
40
CSP
WIND POWER
180
20
1990
2010
2020
2030
As the figure for small hydro was not available, it has been roughly
assumed to be around 7.5% of that of Total Hydro; Figures for 2020 and
2030 are projections made by the IEA.
14
Hydro power installations of capacity less than 25 MW each.
15
Information about processes of project development accessed from
Solarguidelines.in at http://bit.ly/1dLtojr on June 12,2013
13
BIO ENERGY
SOLAR POWER
Through State
Nodal Agency
REGISTRATION
Through Central
Agency (NLDC)
ISSUANCE
Through Central
Agency (NLDC)
TRADING &
REDEMPTION
Through Power
Exchanges
WIND POWER
2.1 Installed capacity
India, with a total of 19,565 MW as of June 30,
201317, has the fifth largest installed capacity of
wind power in the world. She is just behind China,
USA, Germany and Spain. For comparison, as of
June 2013, Germany had an installed capacity of
(32,422 MW) for wind power18. The targeted capacity
addition in India for the period between April 2012
and March 2013 was 2,500 MW. The total capacity
added during FY2012-2013 was around 1,700 MW19.
Table 1: State wise installed capacity and growth rate of wind in India
WIND: State wise installed capacity (up to June 30th 2013)
State
Installed capacity as of
December 31st 2012
(MW)
Installed capacity as of
June 30th 2013 (MW)
Growth (%)
Tamil Nadu
7,153
7,196
1%
Gujarat
3,093
3,250
5%
Maharashtra
2,976
3,294
10%
Karnataka
2,113
2,170
3%
Rajasthan
2,355
2,717
15%
Madhya Pradesh
386
386
0%
Andhra Pradesh
435
514
18%
Kerala
35
35.1
0%
Others
4.3
8%
18,550
19,565
5%
Total
Source: MNRE
Table 2 Part A: State specific policies for wind (December 31, 2012)24
State
RPO
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
4%
N/A
N/A
Andhra Pradesh
5%
Haryana
2% of energy transmitted
2.75%
Karnataka
5% of energy transmitted
7-10%
West Bengal
Madhya Pradesh
4%
N/A
N/A
N/A
Maharashtra
4%
5.50%
7%
N/A
Rajhastan
8%
9%
9%
9%
Tamil Nadu
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Gujarat
9%
Kerala
5% of energy transmitted
17%
N/A
N/A
N/A
Punjab
2% of energy transmitted
Odisha
On actual basis
2.37%
3.37%
3.81%
N/A
Source: MNRE
Definition of Open Access in the Electricity Act, 2003: The nondiscriminatory provision for the use of transmission lines or distribution
system or associated facilities with such lines or system by any licensee
or consumer or a person engaged in generation in accordance with the
regulations specified by the Appropriate Commission.
21
Wheeling charges are the charges for using the grid for transporting
electric power over the transmission lines
23
Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy; Annual Report 20122013 accessed at http://bit.ly/18wOgvG on June 12, 2013
24
Banking and Open access is allowed by all of these states
22
Buy back
Andhra Pradesh
Haryana
N/A
Karnataka
West Bengal
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Particular
N/A
N/A
Wind zone 1
Wind Zone
2
Wind Zone
3
INR 5.81
INR 5.05
INR 4.31
INR 5.46
INR 4.74
INR 4.05
Tamil Nadu
Gujarat
Kerala
Punjab
Odisha
9%
17%
N/A
N/A
2.37%
3.37%
3.81%
SOLAR POWER
Rajasthan
WIND POWER
State
OVERVIEW
Table 2 Part B: State specific policies for wind (December 31, 2012) 25
25
BIO ENERGY
Source: MNRE
10
Table 3: Comparison: old and repowered wind farm in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Parameter
Before repowering
After repowering
Installed Capacity
8 MW
8.5 MW
Annual generation
10.4 GWh
22 GWh
14.70%
29.50%
OVERVIEW
11
SOLAR POWER
BIO ENERGY
WIND POWER
SOLAR POWER
3.1 Installed capacity
Grid connected solar power, until the end of 2010,
when the installed capacity was still less than 50
MW, had played a relatively insignificant role as
compared to other renewable sources of energy in
India, such as wind. Since then, however, the solar
power industry has grown rapidly. Installed capacity
for solar power reached 1.2 GW by the end of 201234
and more than 1.9 GW by the end of July 201335. Grid
connected photovoltaic (PV) contributed around
1,850 MW to this capacity and off grid photovoltaic
amounted to 130 MW. Germany, by comparison, had
an installed capacity of 34,558 MW by July 201336.
Gujarat was the first to release a state specific solar
policy back in 2009. In 2010, the MNRE launched
the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (NSM)
with an aim to add 20GW of solar installations
in India by 2022. Following the launch of the
NSM, several states such as Karnataka, Gujarat,
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
published state specific solar policies, driven by
RPOs. The growth in installations since 2010 can
primarily be attributed to allocations under the
NSM, Gujarat Solar Policy, Karnataka Solar Policy
and direct allocations by states such as Madhya
Pradesh and Maharashtra. Details about the
states policies are given in the section New Policy
Developments.
As of June 30, 2013, India had 131.86 MW of offgrid solar systems (PV) with a capacity of more than
1 kW each37. The MNRE formulated the Remote
Village Electrification Policy (RVE). In this scheme,
the government entities received a 90% capital
subsidy and the non-government organizations
(NGO), individuals and private companies received
a 30% capital subsidy to set-up off-grid solar PV
systems. As of April 2012, the RVE policy has been
discontinued since it had reached the end of its
Source: IEA; PVPS Report, A Snapshot of Global PV 1992-2012
Source: MNRE; MNRE Achievements accessed at http://bit.ly/14woYJX
in July, 2013
36
Source: FraunhoferInstitue of Solar Energy Systems accessed at http://
bit.ly/ZBPMSR in July, 2013
37
Source: MNRE
34
35
Commissioned
CSP (MW)
Andhra Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Haryana
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
Andaman & Nicobar
Delhi
Lakshadweep
Total
63
4
851
8
32
24
45
172
13
12
567
21
17
5
2
5
3
1
53
Source: MNRE
38
PV (MW)
1,900
14
39
40
15
WIND POWER
SOLAR POWER
BIO ENERGY
OVERVIEW
May 2013
June 2013
July 2013
Volume Traded
3,183
1,479
2,029
Price (INR)
11,490
9,300
9,300
Price (EUR)
177
143
143
9,300
9,300
9,300
143
143
143
13,400
13,400
13,400
206
206
206
16
17
WIND POWER
SOLAR POWER
BIO ENERGY
OVERVIEW
BIO ENERGY
4.1 Installed capacity
Bio energy can be categorized into biomass, bio
fuels and biogas. In India, a total of 4,449 MW
has been installed under bio energy, both in grid
connected and off-grid capacities. Table 645 gives
the details of the installations under the different
categories of bio energy up to June 2013.
Grid
connected
Capacity
installed
(MW)
Biomass Power
On-grid
1,265
Bagasse
Cogeneration
On-grid
2,337
Waste to Power
(urban)
On-grid
96
Off-grid
116
Biomass (nonbagasse)
cogeneration
Off-grid
475
Biomass gasifiers
(rural)
Off-grid
17
Biomass gasifiers
(industrial)
Off-grid
143
Total
4,449
Table 7: State/ UT: Break up of number of family type biogas plants installed
under National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP) during
2009-10 to 2012-13 (up to January 2013)
State/ Union Territories
Installations (plants)
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
13,699
16,275
15,346
10,488
162
175
150
14
Assam
10,450
6,732
6,581
4,335
Bihar
200
350
3,285
Goa
31
18
65
21
Gujarat
10,556
6,105
2,631
2,482
Haryana
1,422
1,386
1,819
929
Himachal Pradesh
245
445
426
243
155
114
136
193
Karnataka
10,323
14,464
12,363
8,778
Kerala
4,085
3,941
3,483
2,047
Madhya Pradesh
15,114
16,742
12,415
6,584
Maharashtra
11,235
21,456
22,220
9,262
Meghalaya
825
1,275
1,390
170
Mizoram
50
100
100
461
Nagaland
605
1,171
1325
396
Orissa
5,296
6,050
7,186
2,828
Punjab
7,250
23,700
14,173
6,735
Rajasthan
176
275
498
73
Sikkim
555
358
635
136
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Manipur
20
Installations (plants)
2011-12
1,740
1,493
1531
391
47
89
117
68
Uttar Pradesh
3,252
4,603
4,759
1,282
West Bengal
16,748
17,000
19,986
7,135
Delhi
Pondicherry
Chhattisgarh
3,433
3,832
4,779
Jharkhand
1,030
913
750
150
Uttarakhand
1,225
2,082
2,114
687
119,914
151,138
140,264
Tripura
TOTAL :
1,254
WIND POWER
Tamil Nadu
2012-13
67,142
Source: MNRE
21
SOLAR POWER
2010-11
BIO ENERGY
2009-10
OVERVIEW
Installed capacity
Andhra Pradesh
2,510
Chhattisgarh
13
Gujarat
60
Haryana
30
Maharashtra
210
Uttarakhand
50
West Bengal
500
Total
3,373
Source: MNRE
Information related to Bio diesel plants installed after May 2012 is not
available yet
52
22
Type
Grid
Connected
Capacity
Installed
On-grid
3,686 MW
Water mills/Micro
hydro
Off-grid
2,131 plants
Table 10: State wise projects and capacity additions for small hydro as on
December 31,2012
State
Projects Installed
Nos.
Capacity (MW)
Nos.
Capacity (MW)
Andhra Pradesh
66
218
15
35
Arunachal Pradesh
143
102
65
31
Assam
31
15
Bihar
29
71
18
Chhattisgarh
27
140
Goa
0.1
Gujarat
16
Haryana
70
Himachal Pradesh
142
537
47
183
J&K
35
131
35
Jharkhand
35
Karnataka
132
915
41
322
Kerala
25
158
11
53
Madhya Pradesh
11
86
Maharashtra
47
295
20
81
Manipur
Meghalaya
31
Mizoram
18
36
55
Ibid
State
Projects Installed
Capacity (MW)
Nos.
Capacity (MW)
Nagaland
10
29
Orissa
64
Punjab
46
155
12
21
Rajasthan
10
24
Sikkim
17
52
0.2
Tamil Nadu
21
123
21
Tripura
16
Uttar Pradesh
25
Uttarakhand
98
171
47
178
West Bengal
23
98
17
84
A&N Islands56
939
3,495
327
1,274
TOTAL
WIND POWER
Nos.
OVERVIEW
58
BIO ENERGY
Source: MNRE
25
SOLAR POWER
Source: MNRE
Incentives
26