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StrengthofMaterials/Unit10/Module1Column-I
ProblemSet[ProfessorVideo-1][ProfessorVideo-2][ProfessorNote]
[FacultyVideo][FacultyNote]
1. TworigidbarsACandBCareconnectedasshowntoaspringofconstantk.
Knowingthatthespringcanactineithertensionorcompression,determinethe
criticalloadP forthesystem.
cr
2. Determine(a)thecriticalloadforthesteelstrut,(b)thedimensiondforwhichthe
aluminum strut will have the same critical load. (c) Express the weight of the
aluminumstrutasapercentoftheweightofthesteelstrut.
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3. Acompressionmemberof1.5-meffectivelengthconsistsofasolid30-mm-diameter
brassrod.In orderto reduce the weightofthe memberby25%,the solid rod is
replaced bya hollow rod ofthe crosssection shown.Determine (a)the percent
reductioninthecriticalload,(b)thevalueofthecriticalloadforthehollowrod.Use
E=105GPa.
AdditionalProblemSet
1. TherigidABisattachedtoahingeatAandtotwosprings,eachofconstantk=2
kips/in.thatactineithertensionorcompression.Knowingthath=2ft,determinethe
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criticalload.
2. Acolumnof6-meffectivelengthistobemadefromthreeplatesasshown.UsingE
=200GPa,determinethefactorofsafetywithrespecttobucklingfroacentricload
of16kN.
Examples
1. Tworigidbars,eachoflengthL,formingastraightverticalmemberasshownin
Fig(a),have torsionalsprings of stiffness k at idealpinnedjoints B andC.
DeterminethecriticalverticalforceP andtheshapeofthebuckledmember.
cr
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Solution:
InordertodeterminethecriticalbucklingforceP ,thesystemmustbegivena
cr
displacementcompatiblewiththeboundaryconditions.Suchadisplacement
withpositivesenseisshownasA'B'CinFig.(a).BarBCrotatesthroughan
angle and bar AB independently rotates through an angle .
1
2
Therefore,thissystemhastwo degreesoffreedom.Free-bodydiagramsfor
members AB and BC in deflected positions are drawn in Fgs.(b) and (c).
Then, assuming that the member rotations are infinitesimal, equations of
equilibriumarewrittenforeachmember.Inwritingtheseequations,itshould
benotedthatM =k( - ),wherethetermsinparenthesesconstitutethe
1
2
1
infinitesimalrotationanglebetweenthetwobars.Onthisbasis,
and
Rearranging,
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Thesetwohomogeneouslinearequationspossessatrivialsolution, 1=
2=0,aswellasanonzerosolutionifthedeterminateofthecoefficientsis
zero,i.e.,
Onexpandingthisdeterminant,oneobtainsthecharacteristicequation
Therootsofsuchanequationarecalledeigenvalues,thesmallestofwhichis
thecriticalbucklingload.Inthiscase,therearetworoots:
andP =P .
cr
2/ 1=1.62,andforP2, 2/ 1=-0.62.Thecorrespondingdeflected
modesareshowninFigs.(d)and(e).TheoneinFig(d)correspondstoP .
cr
where 1 isanarbitraryconstant.
2. A2-m-longpin-endedcolumnofsquarecrosssectionistobemadeofwood.
AssumingE=13GPa, =12MPa,andusingafactorofsafetyof2.5in
all
computingEuler'scriticalloadforbuckling,determinethesizeofthecross
sectionifthecolumnistosafelysupport(a)a100-kNload,(b)a200-kNload.
Solution:
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(a)Forthe100-kNLoad.Usingthegivenfactorofsafety,wemake
P =2.5(100kN)=250kNL=2mE=13GPa
cr
inEuler'sformula(Eq.10)andsolveforI.Wehave
Recallingthat,forasquareofsidea,wehaveI=a /12,wewrite
4
-6
a /12=7.794X10 m a=98.3mm100mm
Wecheckthevalueofthenormalstressinthecolumn:
Since issmallerthantheallowablestress,a100X100-mmcrosssectionis
acceptable.
(b)Forthe200-kNLoad.SolvingagainEq.(10)forI,butmakingnowP =
cr
2.5(200)=500kN,wehave
-6
I=15.588X10 m
4
-6
a /12=15.588X10 a=116.95mm
Thevalueofthenormalstressis
Sincethisvalueislargerthantheallowablestress,thedimensionobtainedis
notacceptable,andweselectthecrosssectiononthebasisofitsresistance
tocompression.Wewrite
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-3
a =16.67X10 m a=129.1mm
A130X130-mmcrosssectionisacceptable.
3. AnaluminumcolumnoflengthLandrectangularcrosssectionhasafixedend
B and supports a centric load at A. Two smooth and rounded fixed plates
restrainendA from movinginone ofthe verticalplanes ofsymmetry ofthe
column,butallowittomoveintheotherplane.(a)Determinetheratioa/bofthe
two sides of the cross section corresponding to the most efficient design
againstbuckling.(b)Designthe mostefficientcross sectionfor the column,
6
knowingthatL=20in.,E=10.1X10 psi,P=5kips,andthatafactorofsafety
of2.5isrequired.
Solution:
BucklinginxyPlane.ReferringtoFig.14wenotethattheeffectivelengthof
thecolumnwithrespecttobucklinginthisplaneisL =0.7L.Theradiusof
e
gyrationr ofthecrosssectionisobtainedbywriting
z
I =(1/12)ba A=ab
x
and,since
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Theeffectiveslendernessratioofthecolumnwithrespecttobucklinginthexy
planeis
(1)
Buckling in xz Plane. The effective length of the column with respect to
bucklinginthisplaneisL =2Landthecorrespondingradiusofgyrationis
e
Thus,
(2)
a.MostEfficientDesign.Themostefficientdesignisthatforwhich
thecriticalstressescorrespondingtothetwopossiblemodesofbucklingare
equal.Wenotethatwillbethecaseifthetwovaluesobtainedaboveforthe
effectiveslendernessratioareequal.Wewrite
and,solvingfortherationa/b,
b.DesignforGivenData.SinceF.S=2.5isrequired,
P =(F.S)P=(2.5)(5kips)=12.5kips
cr
Usinga=0.35b,wehaveA=ab=0.35b and
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crintoEq.(10)wewrite
e y
b=1.620in.a=0.35b=0.567in.
FacultyNotes
1Introduction
Theselectionofstructuralandmachineelementsisbasedonthreecharacteristics:
strength,stiffness,and stability.The proceduresofstressand deformation analysisin
stateofstableequilibriumwerediscussedinsomedetailintheprecedingchapters.But
notallstructuralsystemsarenecessarilystable.Forexample,considerasquare-ended
metalrodofsay10minindiameter.Ifsucharodweremade20mmlongtoactasan
axiallycompressedmember,noquestionofinstabilitywouldenter,andaconsiderable
forcecouldbeapplied.Ontheotherhand,ifanotherrodofthesamematerialweremade
1000mmlongtoactincompression,then,atamuchsmallerloadthantheshortprice
couldcarry,thelongrodwouldbucklelaterallyandcouldcollapse.Aslendermeasuring
stick, if subjected to an axial compression, could fail in the same manner. The
considerationofmaterialstrengthaloneisnotsufficienttopredictthebehaviourofsuch
members.Stabilityconsiderationsareprimaryinsomestructuralsystems.
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firing,thethincasingsofrocketsarecriticallyloadedincompression.Thesearecrucially
importantproblems for engineering design.Moreover,often the buckling or wrinkling
phenomenaobservedinloadedmembersoccurrathersuddenly.Forthisreason,many
structuralinstabilityfailuresarespectacularandverydangerous.
A vastnumber ofthe structural instability problems suggested by the preceding
listingofproblemsarebeyondthescopeofthistext.Essentially,onlythecolumnproblem
willbeconsideredhere.
Forconvenience,thischapterisdividedintotwoparts.PartAisdevotedtothetheory
ofcolumnbuckling,andpartBdealswithdesignapplicationsFirst,however,examplesof
possible instabilitiesthatmayoccurin straightprismaticmemberswith differentcross
sectionswillbediscussed.Thiswillbefollowedbyestablishingthestabilitycriteriafor
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staticequilibrium.Thepurposeofthenexttwointroductorysectionsistoclarifyforthe
readertheaspectsofcolumninstabilityconsideredintheremainderofthechapter.
2ExamplesofInstability
Analysisofthegeneralinstabilityproblemofevenstraightprismaticcolumnsdiscussed
inthischapterisrathercomplex,anditisimportanttobeaware,atleastinaqualitative
way, of the complexities involved to understand the limitations of the subsequently
derivedequations.Bucklingofstraightcolumnsisstronglyinfluencedbythetypeofcross
sectionandsomeconsiderationsofthisproblemfollow.
In numerousengineering applications,compression membershave tubularcross
sections.Ifthewallthicknessisthin,theplate-likeelementsofsuchmemberscanbuckle
locally.AnexampleofthisbehaviorisillustratedinFig.2(a)forasquarethin-walledtube.
Ata sufficiently large axial load,the side walls tend to subdivide into a sequence of
alternatinginwardandoutwardbuckles.Asaconsequence,theplatescarryasmaller
axialstressintheregionsoflargeamountofbucklingdisplacementawayfromcorners;
see Fig 2(b). For such cases, it is customary to approximate the complex stress
distribution bya constantallowable stressacting overan effective width w nextto the
cornersorstiffeners.Inthistext,exceptforthedesignofaluminum-alloycolumns,itwill
be assumed thatthe thicknesses ofa column plate elementare sufficiently large to
excludetheneedforconsideringthislocalbucklingphenomenon.
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ThecrosssectionsshowninFigs.4(b)and(c)havecentroidsCandshearcentersS
in differentlocations.Flexural buckling would occurforthe sectionsin Fig.4(b)ifthe
smallest flexural stiffness around the major principal axis is less than the torsional
stiffness.Otherwise,simultaneousflexuralandtorsionalbucklingwoulddevelop,withthe
membertwistingaround S.Forthe sectionsin Fig.4(c),buckling alwaysoccursin the
lattermode.Inthesubsequentderivations,itwillbeassumedthatthewallthicknessof
membersaresufficientlylargetoexcludethepossibilityoftorsionalortorsional-flexural
buckling.CompressionmembershavingcrosssectionsofthetypeshowninFig.4(c)are
notconsidered.
The following interesting casesofpossible buckling ofstraightmembersare also
excludedfromconsiderationinthistext.OneoftheseisshowninFig.5,wheretwobars
withpinnedjointsattheendsfromaverysmallanglewiththehorizontal.Inthiscase,itis
possiblethatappliedforcePcanreachamagnitudesuchthatthedeformedcompressed
barsbecomehorizontal.Then,onaslightlyfurtherincreaseinP,thebarssnap-through
to a new equilibriumposition.Thiskind ofinstabilityisofgreatimportance in shallow
thin-walledshellsandcurvedplates.AnotherpossiblebucklingproblemisshowninFig.
6,whereaslendercircularbarissubjectedtotorqueT.WhenappliedtorqueTreachesa
criticalvalue,thebarsnapsintoahelicalspatialcurve.Thisproblemisofimportancein
thedesignoflongslendertransmissionshafts.
3CriteriaforStabilityofEquilibrium
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P =k/L(3)
cr
InthepresenceofhorizontalforceF,theP-curvesareasshownbythedashed
linesinFig.7(b)becomingasymptotictothehorizontallineatP .Similarcurveswould
cr
resultbyplacingtheverticalforcePeccentricallywithrespecttotheaxisofthebar.In
either case,even for unstable systems, cannotbecome infinitely large,as there is
alwaysapointofequilibriumatsomewhatlessthan.Theapparentdiscrepancyinthe
graphiscausedbyassuminginEqs.1and2thatissmallandthatsin,andcos
1.The condition found forneutral equilibriumwhen F=0 can be furthereleborated
uponbymakingreferencetoFig.8.
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Inthefirstcase,Fig.8(a),theballwouldrollbacktoitsinitialposition,andtheequilibrium
isstable.Inthesecondcase,Fig.8(b),theballoncedisplcedwillnotreturntoitsinitial
position,andtheequilibriumisunstable.Inthelastcase,Fig.8(c),theballcanremainin
itsdisplaced position,where itisagain in equilibrium.Such an equilibriumisneutral.
Therefore,byanalogy,astructuralsystemisinastateofneutralequilibriumwhenithas
at least two neighboring equilibrium positions an infinitedimal distance apart. This
criterion forneutral equilibriumisapplicable onlyforinfinitesimal displacements,asat
largedisplacements,differentconditionsmayprevail(Fig.5).
Basedonthepreviousreasoning,thehorizontallineforF=0showninFig.7(b)is
purelyschematicfordefiningP .Theoreticallyithasmeaningonlywithinaninfinitesimal
distancefromtheverticalaxis.
cr
Todemonstatethisagain,considertherigidverticalbarshowninFig.7(a)andsetF
=0.Then,inordertodetermineneutralequilibrium,displacethebarineitherdirection
through an angle (notthrough the angle shown in the figure)and formulate the
equationofequilibrium:
PL-k=0or(PL-k)=0(4)
Thisequationhastwodistinctsolutions:first,when=0andPisarbitrary,FIg.7(b),
and,second,whentheexpressioninparenthesesvanishes.Thissecondsolutionyields
P = k/L. For this value of the axial force, is arbitrary. Therefore, there are two
cr
inclinedatanangle.SinceatP ,therearethesetwobranchesofthesolution,sucha
cr
pointiscalledthebifurcation(branch)point.
Inthepreviousillustration,therigidbarhasonlyonedegreeoffreedom,sinceforan
arbitraryinfinitesimaldisplacement,thesystemiscompletelydescribedbyangle.A
problemwithtwodegreesoffreedomisanalyzedinthefollowingexample.
Beforeproceedingwiththederivationforcriticalcolumnloadsbasedontheconcept
ofneutralequilibrium,itissignificanttoexaminethemeaningofsuchanalyses.Critical
loadsdonotdescribethepostbucklingprocess.However,byusingtheexact(nonlinear)
differentialequationsforcurvature,itcanbeshownthatforelasticcolumns,onecanfind
equilibriumpositionsaboveP .TheresultsofsuchananalysisareillustratedinFig9.
cr
Note,especially,thatincreasingP bymere1.5percentcausesamaximumsideways
cr
columncapacityisacceptable.Thiscontrastswiththebehaviorofplatesandshellwhere
significantpost-bucklingstrengthmaydevelop.
AnotherillustrationofthemeaningofP
cr
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inrelationtothebehaviorofelasticand
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extentoftheintialcurvature.However,regardlessofthemagnitudeof ,criticalloadP
o
cr
serves as an asymptote for columns with a small amount of curvature, which are
aommonlyencounteredinengineeringproblems;seeFig10(b).Itistobenotedthata
perfectly elastic initially straight long column with pinned ends, upon buckling into
approximatelyacomplete"circle,"attainstheintolerabledeflectionof0.4ofthecolumn
length.Behaviorofelastic-plasticcolumncanreachP andthereafterdropprecipitously
cr
BUCKLINGTHEORYFORCOLUMNS
4.EulerLoadforColumnswithPinnedEnds
Atthe critical load,a column thatiscircularortubularin itscross-sectional area may
bucklesidewaysinanydirection.Inthemoregeneralcase,acompressionmemberdoes
notpossessequalflexuralrigidityinalldirections.Themomentofinertiaisamaximum
around tone centroidal axis and of the cross-sectional area a minimum around the
other;seeFig.11.ThesignificantflexuralrigidityEIofacolumndependsontheminimum
I,andatthecriticalloadacolumnbuckleseithertoonesideortheotherintheplaneof
themajoraxis.TheuseofaminimumIinthederivationthatfollowsisunderstood.
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Considertheidealperfectlystraightcolumnwithpinnedsupportsatbothends;see
Fig.12(a).The leastforce atwhich a buckled mode ispossible isthe critical orEuler
bucklingload.
(5)
byletting
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=P/EIandtransposing,gives
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(6)
Thisisan equation ofthe same fromasthe one forsimple harmonicmotion,and its
solutionis
v=Asinx+Bcosx(7)
where A and B are arbitrary constants that must be determined from the boundary
conditions.Theseconditionsare
v(0)=0andv(L)=0
Hence,v(0)=0=Asin0+Bcos0orB=0
andv(L)=0=AsinL
(8)
ThisequationcanbesatisfiedbytakingA=0.However,with Aand Beach equal to
zero,ascan be seen fromEq.7,thisissolution fora straightcolumn,and isusually
referredtoasatrivialsolution.Analternativesolutionisobtainedbyrequiringthesine
terminEq.8tovanish.Thisoccurswhennequalsn,wherenisaninteger.Therefore,
,thenthcriticalforceP thatmakesthedeflected
since wasdefinedas,the
n
shapeofthecolumnpossiblefollowsfromsolving
(9)
L=n.Hence,
onlytheleastvalueofP isimportance,nmustbetakenasunity,andthecriticalorEuler
n
loadP foraninitiallyperfectlystraightelasticcolumnwithpinnedendsbecomes
cr
(10)
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AccordingtoEq.7,atthecriticalload,sinceB=0,theequationofthebuckledelastic
curveis
v=Asinx(11)
This is the characterstic,or eigrnfunction,ofthis problem,and since =n /L,n can
assumeanyintegervalue.Thereisaninfinitenumberofsuchfunctions.Inthislinearized
solution,amplitudeAofthebucklingmoderemainsindeterminate.FOrthefundamental
case n = 1,the elastic curve is a half-wave sine curve.This shape and the modes
correspondington=2and3areshowninFIg.13.Thehighermodeshavenophysical
significanceinbucklingproblems,sincetheleastcriticalbucklingloadoccursatn=1.
5.EulerLoadsforCOlumnswithDifferentEndRestraints
Thesameprocedureasthatdiscussedbeforecanbeusedtodeterminethecriticalaxial
loadsforcolumnswithdifferentboundaryconditions.Thesolutionsoftheseproblemsare
verysensitivetotheendsrestraints.Consider,forexample,acolumnwithoneendfixed
and the other pinned,as shown in FIg.14,where the buckled column is drawn in a
deflectedposition.HeretheeffectofunknownendmomentM andthereactionsmustbe
o
consideredinsettingupthedifferentialequationfortheelasticcurveatthecriticalload:
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(12)
Letting2 =P/EIasbefore,andtranposing,gives
(13)
Thehomogeneoussolutionofthisdifferentialequation,i.e.,whentherightsidezero,is
thesameasthatgivenbyEq.7.Theparticularsolution,duetothenonzerorightside,is
2
givenbydividingthetermonthatsideby .Thecompletesolutionthenbecomes
v=Asinx+Bcosx+(M /P)(1-x/L)(14)
o
whereAandBarearbitraryconstants,andM istheunknownmomentatthefixedend.
o
Thethreekinematicboundaryconditionsare
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v(0)=0v(L)=0andv'(0)=0
Hence,v(0)=0=B+Mo/P
v(L)=0=AsinL+BcosL
andv'(0)=0=A -M /PL
o
L=tanL(15)
whichmustbesatisfiedforanontrivalequilibriumshapeofthecolumnatthecriticalload.
thesmallestrootofEq.15is
L=4.493
fromwhichthecorrespondingleasteigenvalueorcriticalloadforacolumnfixedatone
endpinnedattheotheris
(16)
Itcanbeshownthatinthecaseofacolumnfixedatbothends,Fig.15(d),thecriticalload
is
(17)
The last two equations show that by restraining the ends the critical loads are
substantiallylargerthanthoseinthefundamentalcase,Eq.10.Ontheotherhand,the
criticalloadforafree-standingcolumn,Fig15(b),withaloadatthetopis
(18)
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Inthisextremecase,thecriticalloadisonlyone-fourthofthatforthefundamentalcase.
Allthepreviousformulascanbemadetoresemblethefundamentalcase,provided
thattheeffectivecolumnlengthsareusedinsteadoftheactualcolumnlength.Thislength
turns outto be the distance between the inflection points on the elastic curves.The
effectivecolumnlengthL forthefundamentalcaseisL,butforthecasesdiscusseditis
e
lengthfactor,whichdependsontherestraints.Hence,amoregeneralformoftheEuler
formula,incorporatingtheconceptoftheeffectivecolumnlengthL
e
(19)
InconstrasttotheclassicalcasesshownFig.15actualcompressionmembersare
seldom truly pinned or completely fixed againstrotation atthe ends.Because ofthe
uncertaintyregardingthefixityoftheends,columnsareoftenassumedtobepin-ended.
With the exception of the case shown in Fig. 115(b), where it cannot be used, ths
procedureisconservative.
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ProcedureSummary
Column buckling loads in this and the preceding section are found using the same
curvature-momentrelation thatwasderived forthe deflection ofbeams.However,the
bendingmomentsarewrittenforaxiallyloadedcolumnsinslightlydeflectedpositions.
Mathematicallythisresultsinentirelydifferentkindofsecondorderdifferentialequation
thanthatforbeamflexure.Thesolutionofthisequationshowsthat,forthesameload,two
neighboring equilibrium configurations are possible for a column. One of these
configurationscorrespondstoastraightcoumn,theothertoaslightlybentcolumn.The
axialforceassociatedsimultaneouslywiththebentandstraightshapeofthecolumnis
thecriticalbucklingload.Thisoccursatthebifurcation(branching)pointofthesolution.
Inthedevelopedformulation,thecolumnsareassumedtobelinearlyelastic,andto
have the same cross section throughout the column length. Only the flexural
deformationsofacolumnareconsidered.
Forthe second orderdifferential equationsconsidered in thistreatmentthe same
kinematicboundaryconditionsareapplicableasforbeamsinflexure.
Elasticbucklingloadformulasaretrulyremarkable.Althoughtheydonotdepenon
the strength ofa material,they determine the carrying capacity ofcolumns.The only
material property invoved is the elastic modulus E, which physically represents the
stiffnesscharacteristicofamaterial.
The previous equations do not apply if the axial column stress exceeds the
proportionallimitofthematerial.
ProfessorNote
Elasticstability:Euler'sBucklingloadAxialloadingshaytoa
columnisverticalcomparedtoabeamwhichishorizontal.A
columnislongandslender.
AcolumncanbesubjectedtoconstrainsatendsA&B.
TheconstrainsonsupportA&Barehingedsupports.They
restrictlateralmovementsinYdirectionatthesupport.
TheyalloebendingofbeamanaxialforcepactsattheendA
withareactionforceatendB
IntiallythecolumnisinstraightlineAB
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When load p isapplied also itisin a pointC.When thisforce isapplied the column
deflectsfromstraightlinetoadeflectedposition
WhenloadQINYdirectionactsatpointC.Whenthisforceisappliedthecolumndeflects
fromstraightlinetoadeflectedposition.
When load Qisremoved the deffromed column revertsbackto itsoriginal position of
straightlineAB
IfwekeepincreasingtheaxialloadPandtestthecolumnelasticloadPQwefindthethe
columnisnoelasticanymore.ThecolumnremainsinthedeformedshapewhenQis
removedanddoesnotreverback.
TheloadPQwhichcausescolumntobeinstableunderaxialloadiscalledEuler'scritical
loadorthebucklingload
Wecomeacrosscompressiveloadsonmembersasinbuildings,longtowers,reentering
spacevehicleetc.Thedifferentnamestheareknownbyare
Columnsandstanchionsareverticalmembersofbuildingframes.
Apostisageneraltermusedforacompressionmember
AStrutisacompressivememberoftruss.
A boom is the principal compression member ofa crane Minar Qutub,
charminar:Inmiddleeastbuilding
Axiallyloadedcompressionmembers
Thestressinthecolumnis
Ifataloadthecolumncrushesitiscalledthecrushingload.Iff bethe
c
ultimatecrushingstrengththencompressivecrushingloadp =f A
c
Ashortcolumncrushesincompression
Permissiblestress=
Example1
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Wroughtironbucklingstressof
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andstrongtimberhas
Itsfactorofsafetyrequiredis2.Findthecrosssectionalareaofthecolumniftheloadis
20KN.Toavoidtrussing.
Permissiblecrushingstress
Load=20KN;
compressingstress
Crosssectionalarea
Timber
TimberAssumeacolumnbuckledunderloadperareaiscalledbucklingloadorcritical
load orcrippling load Aisthe area ofcrosssection orcolumn oflength,l,which has
deflectedbye,atthemiddleofthecolumn.
Axialstressoncolumn=
Bendingstressoncolumn=
TotalStress
WhenZ=sectionalmodulesofsectionaboutaxisofbend
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WhenP
max
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reachesthecrushingstressf ,thecolumnmemberwillfail.Thereasonfor
c
failure is not compression stress P , alone but the combined compression P and
c
bendingP .
b
Euler'sTheoryoflongcolumns:
Lookfromcentrelikeconcave+ve
EndsAandBcanhavekindofB.C's
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bothendspinned
Oneendfixedothersendfree
Whenbothendsarefixed
Whenoneendisfixedtheotherispinned
Case1:
Whenbothendsofthecolumnarepinnedorfixedbendingmomentequationatpointx
onthebeam
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Solutiontoaboveequationis
Deflection
Atx=0,Bdeflectioniszeroy=0
cos(0)=1,sin(0)=0
y=c +0=0orc =0
1
Atx=l,y=0
Trivalsolution
PisthecriticalEulerloadbeyondwhichthegivencolumnwillbuckle.
AssumptionsmodeinEuler'stheoryforcripplingload
1.
2.
3.
4.
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columnisintiallyaxiallyloadedandhasaxialcompressiveload
columnhasuniformsection
columnmaterialisperfectlyelastic,homogeneous,isotropicandobeyshooke's
Thelengthofthecolumnisverylargecomparedtolateraldimensions
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5. SelfweightIignorable
6. columnwillfairbybucklingalone
Example2:
Amildsteeltube4mslong,30mminternaldiameterand4mmthickisusedasastrut
withbothendshinged.Findcollapsingloadtake
Forbothendshinged
Forhollowpipe
Example3:
Findtheshortestlengthforpinendedsteelcolumnhavinga
crosssection of60mmX10mmforwhich Euler'sformula
5
Weneedtotaketheminimumofmomentofinertia
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Euler's
http://10.20.3.1:8080/engineering/I_YEAR/EM/M36...
=Criticalstress=
Criticalproportionalitylimitiswhen
CriticalproportionallimitisthestresswhencriticalEulerstressisreached
'l'is15.39timelargestlateraldimensionof100mm=15.39fortheloadPG=250X60X
100=1500KNcolumnwillcrush.
EffectiveLengthofacolumn
Fora given end condition the effective length ofan column ofthe same material and
sectionwiththehingedendshavingthevalueofthecripplingloadequaltothatofthe
givencolumnl=actualcolumnlength;L=effectivelength
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http://10.20.3.1:8080/engineering/I_YEAR/EM/M36...
EquivalentlengthLfordifferentboundaryconditions
Fixed-freeboundaryconditionsmakesAflexiblecolumncantakecriticalload1/4times
thatthestiffFixed-Fixedcolumn
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http://10.20.3.1:8080/engineering/I_YEAR/EM/M36...
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