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Electric Field around
Conductors - Capacitance
We will look at:
• electrostatic systems involving conductors
• stationary state of charge and electric field after
redistributions of charge have taken place in the
conductors.
Electric Field around
Conductors - Capacitance
We will look at:
• electrostatic systems involving conductors
• stationary state of charge and electric field after
redistributions of charge have taken place in the
conductors.
Electric Field around
Conductors - Capacitance
We will look at:
• electrostatic systems involving conductors
• stationary state of charge and electric field after
redistributions of charge have taken place in the
conductors.
Conductors - Capacitance Materials may be divided into insulators glass & plastics
&
conductors metals
Their electrical conductivity differ by factors of 1020
This electrical difference depends on the mobility of the carriers of charge;, electrons or ions. In between, there are semiconductors with internediate conductivities that also change over a wide range, as a function of temperature. 4.1: Conductors in the Electrostatic Field We will look at: electrostatic systems involving conductors stationary state of charge and electric field after redistributions of charge have taken place in the conductors. Any insulators present are assumed perfect. On the other hand, the conductor is a medium that contains charge elements that are free to move under the influence of an applied electric field.
In cases where we do not have other forces acting on
the charge carriers (e.g of other forces: those due to a battery in which a chemical reaction occurs, so that the charges may even move against the general electric field) and for homogeneous, isotropic conducting material, the electric field must be zero. i.e. within a short time after a steady electric field is applied, the freely moving charges will re-arrange their positions so as to annul the effect of the original electric field . The macroscopic electric field in the interior of the conductor will be zero. The following may be concluded: 1. in the interior of the isolated conductor, the macroscopic charge density will be zero. = E = 0 (anywhere) inside the conductor. 0
All regions inside the conductor, including all points just
below its surface, must be at the same potential. 2. A net charge can exist only at the conductor surface. 3. The external electrostatic field at the conductor surface is perpendicular to the surface. Otherwise, forces would be exerted on the charge so as to make it move laterally (i.e. tangential to the surface). It follows that the surface of the conductor must be an equipotential surface of this field.
4.2: System of Charged Conductors
Consider a (static) system of conducting bodies in otherwise empty space. 1. All charges considered are at the surface of each conducting body the only electric fields are those resulting from the charged equipotential surfaces of each body. If the bodies are so close to earth that the field distribution is affected by the earth, the latter will be considered as one of the conducting bodies involved & its potential will generally be assigned the value zero. 2. The charge on each body (conductor) distributes itself so as to produce a uniform potential over each body. 3. Any distribution of charges which gives the requested potential distribution (i.e. the required potential on each conductor) is the ONLY distribution which will do so. This is known as the uniqueness theorem, which holds for any static electric field. It follows that (a) the charges must give the required equipotential surfaces having the required values (b) the potential must satisfy Laplaces equation everywhere outside of the conductors. 4. The potential V of each body depends only and linearly on the excess charge Q on each conductor.