Pressure Fall-Off Analysis in

Water Injection Wells Using the

Tiab's Direct Synthesis
Technique
Access to high production efficiency of well must rely mainly on
water injection technique at early stagealso we use injection
tests to assess the efficiency of the filtration equipment and the
injection characteristics of the formation.

Using the Analysis of the bottomhole pressure data recorded

with water injection technique gives the mobility of fluids in the
bottomhole of reservoir between water injected and oil.
Furthermore the direct synthesis is essentialin conditions of
short and early time pressure data missing tests. And it
confirms the results because it uses a lot of equations for the
rating of reservoir parameters like, wellbore storage coefficient,
skin factor, and permeability .

After long discuss they find that the pressure buildup test in
production wells easier than the pressure Falloff and injectivity
tests which is mathematically difficult.

However, after publishing a lot of works on pressure falloff

likeHazebroek and Matthews first In 1974 and Merill and al
.Tsang and Tsang in 1978, Sosa and Raghavan in 1983
Abbaszedah and Kamal in 1989, Bourdetin 1989, Xiang-yan and
De-tangin 1992. Finally, TIAB has developed the Direct
Synthesis technique to analyze pressure, with modern
technique which depends pressure derivative curves for the

pressure tests, And this technique has been applied for a lot of
wells like horizontal wells, hydraulically fractured vertical wells,
naturally fractured vertical wells.

1.

Mathematical Equations of the Technique:

Physically expressed as following:(2)

(1)

2
rw 2
rwb
Ei

E i

4r
4
r

tw
tw

70.6qB w
Pi Pwf

r 2 r 2
2
kwh
wb wb

r
4 rtw 4 rto

Ei w
M e
4r

to

When:
M
Pwf
Ei
Pi
rw
rD
ro
rc

mobility ratio, (kw/w)/(ko/o)

the final bottomhole flowing pressure at the time of shut-in, psi
Exponential integral
Initial pressure, psi
Wellbore radius, ft
dimensionless radius
radius of the initial water bank, ft
radial distance to the cold front, ft
0.000264k wt /( wc1 )

rtw
0.000264k o t /( o c2 )

rto
0.000264k w t /( w c1 )

rtw
0.000264k o t /( o c2 )

rto
r(t+t)w

0.000264k w t t /( w c1 )

0.000264k o t t /( o c2 )

r(t+t)o
at ro2

r2wb
t

kw
t
h
q

test time, hr
viscosity, cp
formation permeability at the invaded zone, md
flow time or testing time, hr
formation thickness, ft
water injection rate, BPD, negative value

1.1Pressure Injection:
In the conditions of x>> 1, Ei(-x) = 0 and x << 1, Ei(-x) ln(x).
The general expression for the pressure buildup, Eq. 1 is
simplifiedto :
i) For early times, when rtw and rto<<rwb but >>rw;
Pi Pwf

162.6qBw w
k wt
log
3.23
2
wc1rw
kwh

c1
total system compressibility for invaded/water
zone, psi-1
(3)
porosity

ii) At later times when rtw and rto>rwb

Pi Pwf

r 2
162.6qBw o
log wb2
r
ko h

c r
o 2 o

kot

M log

3.23M

(4)

Simplifiedwhen t << (ro2/a) and rwbro

Pi Pwf

r2
162.6qBw o
kot
log o 2 M log
2

ko h

rw
o c 2 ro

test time, hr

ko formation permeability at the

oil (uninvaded) zone, md

c2 total system compressibility

of ununinvaded/oil zone, psi-1

3.23M

(5)

iii)At late times, when rtw and rto>>rwb and t >> (ro2/a), and rwb
at, Eq. 5 becomes:
Pi Pwf

at
162.6qBw w
ko
log 2 M log
2
r

kwh

o c 2 ro
w

3.23M

1.2 Pressure Falloff:

(6)

Supposing that the injection time is much longer and (t>>

ro2/a), then Eq. 2 for the pressure falloff simplified to:
i)At early times, when rto and rtw<<rwb but >rw:

k o t
t t
3.23
M log
log

162.6qBw w
o c 2 at
Pi Pws

kwh
k w t

3.23
log

o c1 at

(7)

Pi Pws

162.6qB w w

kwh

kw

3.23M log c a 3.23

o 1

Since t << t this may be further simplified as:

ii)At later times, when rtw and rto >>rwb:
Pi Pws

162.6qB w o t t
log

koh
t

ko
t t

M log

t
o c2 a

log

(8
(9)

flow time or testing time, hr

2. Tiabs Direct Synthesis Technique:

The conclusion from fig.2 that the wellbore storage and skin
effects are the main factors in pressure falloff and injection
tests when the early time line has a unite slope because as we
note thatfalloff like pressure buildup and pressure injection
behaves like pressure drawdown, This unite used specifically in
the early time of those tests, And the experimental equation is :
t
PD D
The derivative of Eqwith log
CD
(tD/CD) is:
(10)

tD
t
PD ' D
CD
CD

(11)
For invaded zone;
t D 2.95 x10 4 k w h t

C D
w
C

(14)

(12) ,

K wh
tD
(t * P ' )
PD '
CD
141.2qBw w

26.826 chrw 2

PD '

(13) ,

qBw

P'

C D 0.08935C /( c1hrw )

CD
P

dimensionless storage coefficient,

pressure difference, psi
t D 0.000264kt /( c rw )
2

tD

dimensionless time,
PD k hP /(141.2qB )

PD
P

dimensionless pressure,
change of rate of pressure with time (pressure derivative), psi

And with combining the main equations that weve seen earlier
we obtain mainly:
Pressure Injection
Combining Equations;
10, 12 and CD:

qBw t
C

24 P

Pressure Falloff
i)Early times, when rto and rtw<<rwb but
>rw and t << t, Eq. 16.18. The derivative
of Eq. 8:
70.6qBw w
dP
dP
* th

dt
d (ln t h )
kwh

(15)

3.Results summary:

(36)

ii) Later times, when rtw and rto >>rwb.

The time derivative and rearrangement of
Eq. 9:

70.6qBw o
k o is similarity
that there
t * P' r , 2 fo h
between the results obtained by typecurve matching and
(38)
conventional semilog analysis and Application of Tiabs Direct
Synthesis to falloff pressure tests.

We conclude from tables 6, 7, 8,

The direct synthesis a practicaltool in the field due to the fact

that we can get the parameters easily from 2 to 3 equations
which verifies & confirms the results obtained.

4. Conclusions:

1. There is estimation between the factors of single phase semilog analysis and those from direct synthesis (Wellbore storage
coefficient, mobility ratio, and water and oil permeability ) at initial water
saturation.
2. Skin factor is similar to the type curve analysis of KamalAbbaszadehwhile pressure falloff test analysis.
3. Wellbore storage effects in Pressure injection tests are
negligible unlike in tight formations where long initial
injection times are observed.
4. When the region around the wellbore is flooded we use Thus
equations of fluid flow which gave precise results.
5. Mathematically the early and late time radial lines are
identical during injection. This is due to the fact that the
reservoir behaves like a water reservoirat late times, 3 rd
radial on derivative plot. The slope of both semi-log and loglog plot during this time is same as that of early time infinite
acting straight line.
6. It is recommended that the injection tests should be run for
long time to estimate the invaded zone properties for both
semi-log and direct synthesis analysis, in case first semi-log
portion is loosed by wellbore storage and skin effects.