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Displacement efficiency
Fraction of oil displaced
from rock swept with water
Oil available = (1 - Sor Swi)
Total oil = (1- Swi)
Not target for water control
Sor can be changed by
surfactant flood
3 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
Sor
Swi
5 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
M=1.4
65%
Breakthrough
M=0.4
6 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
83%
WOR = 0.5
WOR = 2
70%
82%
WOR = 0.6
WOR = 4.7
87%
96%
Ea at breakthrough
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.1
7 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
0.2
0.3
0.5
1
2
Mobility Ratio
10
Proposed injector
8 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
9 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
Homogeneous zone
Producer
10 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
Producer
Injector
Discontinuous Zones
Injector
11 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
Producer
Injector
Producer
Injector
Sandstone Geology
Vertical stacking
12 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
Lateral stacking
Isolated stacking
Depth, ft
(9,200)
(9,300)
(9,400)
(9,500)
(9,600)
(9,700)
13 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
2
4
6
8 10
Permeability, Darcies
12
RFT Pressures
(9,000)
Depth, ft
(9,200)
(9,300)
(9,400)
ssure
oir pre
reserv
Initial
(9,100)
(9,500)
14 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
Tarbut
Ness
Etive
(9,600)
(9,700)
Upper Jurassic
Rannoch
5,200
5,600
6,000
6,400
5,400
5,800
6,200
Pressure, psi
Coarse
po
e
D
ion
t
i
s
Fine
Gamma
Perm
Injector
Oil
Producer
15 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
Eros
ion
Coarse
Fine
ition
s
o
p
De
Gamma
Perm
Injector
Oil
Producer
16 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
"Good" Water
Needs to be produced with oil
Cannot be shut-off without shutting off oil
Down-hole separation may be a solution
Injector
t1
t2
t3
t4
17 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
Producer
Relative Permeability
relative permeability fraction
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
18 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
0.2
Swi
0.4
0.6
0.8
Water saturation, fraction pore space
Simple
1
2
Complex
9
10
Good Water
Produced with hydrocarbon
Cannot be shut-off
without loosing hydrocarbon
19 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
Shut-off fluids
Leak
Matrix
Mechanical shut-off
20 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
Near-Wellbore Flow
Problem in or near
wellbore
Poor cement
Cave due to
sanding
Channel in
formation
Solution is case
specific
Cement in channel
Gel in formation
Resin
21 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
02
OWC moving up
Bottom water uniform
sweep
OWC move up
slowly
Low vertical
permeability
Solution
Abandon
perforations from
the bottom
Bridge plug
(through tubing)
22 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
Cement plug
03
problem
Edge water
Water flood or
aquifer
Thief layer
High perm streak
Shut off layer
Producer or Injector
Mechanical or fluid
23 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
04
Fissures to an Injector
05
Areal sweep problem
Rapid breakthrough
Test with tracers
Treat at injector
24 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
Natural fissures
Hydraulic fracture
Fault
Water flow in
fissures
Oil in matrix
Treat producer
Flowing gel
Over displace
25 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
06
Water Coning
Bottom water
Near oil/water
contact
Critical oil rate
Depends on Kv
Depends on gel
radius
Laterals
Treat with layer of gel
Near bottom
perforations
Large volumes
26 WC Reservoir and
Problems required
14-Jun-02
07
problem
Heterogeneous
Anisotropic
Sand channel
Fingering due to
mobility
Treat at injector
Polymer flood
Often not
economic
27 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
08
Aquifer
Gravity
Segregated
Layer
Vertical sweep
problem
Edge water
Water flood or
Aquifer
One main zone
High vertical
permeability
Local coning
Laterals
Modify profile
Producer
28 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
09
Edge water
Water flood or
aquifer
Thief layer
High perm streak
Shut off layer
Deep gel
penetration
Difficult to place
Often not economic
29 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02
10
Which Reservoir?
30 WC Reservoir and
Problems
14-Jun-02