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Nomenclature
auc
Young's modulus
V]LS
to
Fibre angle
fi,L/L
RT
Room temperature
Indices
Matrix
Fibre
e
eUT
Strain
Ultimate tensile strain
Composite
X
/x
Thermal conductivity
Poisson's ratio
Polymers
cr
Stress
PC
Polycarbonate
cruT
PSU
Polysulfone
0011-2275/84/011639-09
CRYOGENICS. NOVEMBER 1984
Materials
Table 1.
Fibre properties
Fibres
T 300
Carbon fibre M 4 0 A
A S-4
Fibre glass (E-glass)
Kevlar 49
oUT II ,
8UTII
GPa
GPa
3.5
2.4
2.8
3.0-3.4
2.8
1.5
0.6
230
400
210
70
140
3.1
2.1
EFII
EF *,
GPa
~ 24
70
~ 11
* - a t T = 4.2 K
carbon fibres (T300. Toray and AS4, Hercules) and
Kevlar-49 fibres (Du Pont). The principal fibre
properties are shown in Table 1.
Material samples were produced by filament
winding, for tubes, as well as wet lay-up and prepreg
techniques. Three epoxy resin systems were used to
form the polymeric matrices. All three are based on
bi,phenol-A and manufactured by Ciba Geigy. The
system Cy 221/Hy 979 is a flexible laminating resin:
the two others, Ly 556/Ht 972 and My 740/Hy 917, are
rigid at room temperature and are used in prepreg
techniques.
Epoxy resins are cross-linked polymers and show
brittle behaviour at low temperatures. The tensile
fracture strain for flexibilized laminating resins is of
the order of BUTM ~ 2% at 4.2 K. The systems used in
prepreg techniques are much more brittle and exhibit
an even lower fracture strain. Some types of
thermoplastics (eg PC, PSU) are ductile in their
behaviour even at low temperatures and show a
Table 2.
Fibre anisotropy
Fibre glass consists of an isotropic material with
strong covalent bonding between atoms which results
in a high strength in three dimensions. Carbon fibres
are anisotropic and have strong covalent bonding only
UT,
%
E,
G Pa
Cuc,
G Pa
t'lLS,
M Pa
dr/O'uT'b
%
0.18
2.2
0.37
4 0 at 7 7 K
140
240
130
0.8-1.3
-
0.32
0.32
-
110
90
140
85
85
-
0.7-1.0
170 a
0.32
38 a
0.07
0.1
M A T R I X A T 4.2 K
Epoxy resin Cy 2 2 1 / H y
979
2.0
1.5
-
1.5
0.5
-
W i t h fibre glass
(E-glass)
1.1-1.8
1.5-1.8
45
W i t h Kevlar 4 9
1.3-1.5
1.2-1.3
100
0.05-0.06
0.4-0.5
13
0.5
< 0.2
1.1
< 0.3
53
65
O.31
0.3
65
65
0.35
1.1
38
0.35
50
fibre
T 300
M 40A
A S4
65
Unidirectional 1
W i t h carbon
fibre
T 300
W i t h Kevlar 4 9
9.5
A n g l e - p l y (0 =, 4- 4 5 , 9 0 )
W i t h carbon
fibre
W i t h Kevlar 4 9
T 300
M 40A
640
CRYOGENICS. N O V E M B E R 1 9 8 4
FIBRE ANISOTROPIES
FIBRE-GLASS
CARBON - FIBRES
KEVLAR- FIBRES
-t ..... t
N-H O=C
"-
"
C=O H-N
N-H
Oo
..0
PAN-
strong:
3-dimensional
fransversally
STRONG
Fig. I
strong
strong:
weak :
based
PITCH-
"'.
2-dimensional
l-dimensional
I (vn der Weals)
fransversol[y
medium weak
strong
BOND
[medium
WEAK
strong I dlmenslono[
weak : 2 - d i m e n s i o n a l
(van der Weals,H-bonds)
frcmsversolly weak
BOND---
Io ~
~
~_....
E~,
~
Kevlar-fibre
~UO
8 ~
[L v ~ ' " ~ , ~
composite
~Q~ronsverse)
E,,
" ~
Epoxyresin
Y_
cD
~
"~,,~
''1~
I
0
I
50
I
I00
[
~50
I
200
I
z50
I
300
Temperature,K
Fig. 2 Transverse stiffness of UD Kevlar fibre composites and stiffness
641
z +HtC-/CH
Fibre
-R~
Finish
eg
ominosilone
epoxy
resin
0 ~
OH
~
\0/ ~
~//~/C- 0 - CH z - CH - R ~
oxidotion
epoxy resin
OH
loading~
(1)
above).
fibre
stress a n d s t r a i n
CRYOGENICS. NOVEMBER 1 9 8 4
(2)
(3)
Young's modulus
EctI(T) -~ EM(T ) ( l - F ) +EFII " F
(4)
Fatigue characteristics
The highest fatigue endurance limit has been
found for carbon fibre UD composites; in tensile
o]
stress
Oc.L(T) ~-- aM(T) --~ OF ~ o B
(5)
strain
ecj.(T) ~ eM(T ) ( l - F ) +eF.L F
(6)
Young's modulus
1
EL(T)
,~ ( l - F )
E~(T)
F
+ ~
E~,j.(T)
(7)
ol
!~
Fig. 4a - - Fractograph of (0"; :t: 45*; 90") angle-ply composite with
M 40A carbon fibres at 77 K. b - - Fractograph of UD carbon fibre
composites at 77 K (M 40A-carbon fibres)
643
Fibre composites
6o vol*/,
2
1.8
- -
77 K
~_
i.4
j
~1
~1 b
"
#-
'~
+-45~
t~ I
t~] ~ 9 0 " )
t~
0
I00
85*/0
b5
85%~
lill
IIII s~*/,
~
5o _
zs*/,
M
65*/,
"~ 50"1,
NI ~
4o*/,T
|
,.
o
E-Gloss
roving
T300
M40A
Kevlor49
Corbonfibres
Thermalconductivity
A survey of thermal conductivity of UD fibre
composites is given in Fig. 6. Fibre-glass and Kevlar
fibre composites do not show a great temperature
dependence of thermal conductivities) H3 their values
being five to ten times higher than that of the epoxy
matrix. By contrast, carbon fibre composites show a
very large temperature dependence due to freezing out
of electron thermal fibre conductivity at low
temperatures.
In Fig. 7 the thermal conductivity of carbon fibre
composites is shown with different types and
arrangements of fibres. At RT all UD composites with
HM fibres (M 40A) show a higher conductivity
(so vol %)
644
19140A
/ - ~
/
Io 1~
(Steel)
/,/"
!/'/"
poxy . . . ~ . - -
x,, __
'l[]/_....-~-I
......_~_
.......-~
Interlaminarshearstrength(ILS)
?11.~.__
Composites
~ io-I I
__ -- --
T 300
Kevlor/epoxy
Gloss/epoxy
Epoxy
162
i63
I I
Fig. 6
I I
I I
too
zoo
Temperoture,K
I ~ ~ i i
i ~ i
3o0
temperature
CRYOGENICS.
NOVEMBER
1 984
Carbon fibres/epoxy
60 vol %
150
M40A II
~E
xlO -4
M40A_+450
ooo
///,""
/ f
///~"
~
/
f
T 3 0 0 II
TSO0 0", +-45",90
T:50045
Kevlar fibre-composite
Fibre content 60 vol%
~-E.~ox~yr
-
oo i
50
- ~'~,~
~,,~ransver se
m ~0
~" "~
~" "... "-.
I
-,o
~///~'///
~ / /
I0- I
Epoxy resin
CY221 HY979
xtO"5
-I00
--
6
4
5
16 2
Fig. 7
I I I I II I II I
20 40 60 80 IO0
150
200
250
500
7", K
Thermal conductivity of different carbon fibre composites versus
temperature
expansion
CRYOGENICS.
NOVEMBER
1984
I ~
I00
I I
200
I
300
Tempereture, K
Fig. 8 Longitudinal and transverse integral thermal expansion for UD
Kevlar fibre composites versus temperature
(8)
1 + 1.1 F/(1-1.1/7) (Evlp/EM)
AL/L =
e c dT
293
on angle-ply fibre glass composites are shown in Fig. 9.
The parameter of the curves is the fibre angle __. to
related to the direction of measurement) 4
645
Fibre gloss/epoxy
70 -',c5_ vol%
Fibre gloss/epoxy
70 -+ 3 vol %
I~'~x
= 90
Directionof
measurement
~_
:500
+<~
Direction of
+~_~_+~
measurement
(d
= 60 =
300
(
Thicknesses of plies
,
Is=tso./t
1
;~0
200
0)=45
200
--~=0.1
"~
a3
~t3=0.5
oJ= 450
~
0)=30 `
to=(
I00 --
o I
t
I00
t
200
300
Temperature, K
lay-up
646
I
I00
I
200
IkL
300
Temperoture,K
Fig. 10 Integral thermal expansion of balanced angle-ply fibre glass
composites versus temperature. The parameters are the fibre angles to
Conclusions
An important advantage of polymeric fibre
composites is their great variability in matching
mechanical and thermal properties. In cryogenic
applications the brittleness of the epoxy resin matrix
reduces the mechanical strength, especially under
multiaxial load conditions. The study of degradations
of composite properties under fatigue cycling is a
subject of further investigations. For future developments a substitution of brittle epoxy resins by special
low-temperature ductile thermoplastics would help to
reduce thermal residual stresses and stress concentrations within fibre composites. This requirement
becomes more stringent with the improvement of fibre
properties. Carbon fibres with ultimate tensile strains
of 1.8% will be available in the near future. An
additional advantage is that thermoplastics can be
welded by solvent agents or by heat. This improves the
quality of vacuum tight connections of members made
from thermoplastic fibre composites. After curing
Authors
The authors are from the K e r n f o r s c h u n g s z e n t r u m
Karlsruhe, Institut ftir Reaktorbauelemente, D7500,
Karlsruhe, F R G . Paper received J u n e 1984.
Most of the samples were prepared by
Messerschmit-B61kow-Blohm, M u n i c h . T h e
c o l l a b o r a t i o n of B. Vogeley a n d Dr. Weiss is greatly
acknowledged.
References
1
2
647