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4*llJrr-,atl eJ)
(Bar Sereons)
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List
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of contents
Sublea
page no,
Part one prestress
:'1
1-2- Objectives
't
ChapterTVo
21- Introduction
2-2-Coarse Screens
2-4:
APPLICABILITY
10
1
-l
2-6: DESIGN
CRITERIA
11
t2
2-7: RemovalEfficiency
t4
:1
t7
I
't
'l
't
I
wastewater
3-1: General
18
18
19
20
24
96: Capacityfactor
24
25
25
26
,,,|
to
Chapter Four
Design Criteria of Bar Screens
4-1: Bar Screens
28
Chapter 5:
Design of Bar Racks
34
5-2: Assumption
34
to
36
the screen
chamber
38
bar
38
rack chambcr.
....'.':
40
4l
4l
42
42
Clogging
5-5: Bottom Slope of the channel Below
the Rack
44
44
44
44
channel floor
5-7: Quantity
is 0.00
of
screenings
45
46
46
Figures:
I
'1
't
I
'1
1
I
1I
I
psgs
6
9
22
26
28
31
36
37
40
45
45
47
Tables:
pgs
rl
'1
I
l
I
I
I
1
!
1
I
t4
15
l8
19
t9
29
35
0l|llTEn
ffi!
1-l- Introduction:
The first
'nit
consist
of the Great
Lakes-
horizontal.
It
13/4"
frs to
prevent settling and not more than 3.0 fps to prevent forcing material *,rough
the openings.
will be less
with the degree of clogging. If they are not self cleaning; it is imperative
that the operator clean the'm several times each day tLr prevent a darrming
efrect that results in grit behg
de1';r-rsited
of
l-2- Obiectives:
4-
Il|filT[n Tr0
Chanter Two
2-1- Introduction:
ln
the importance of controlling solid and floatable materials under the "nine
for floatables
control.
focuses on screens
of
removing solids and floatables from CSOs. CSO screens are typically
constructed of steel parallel bars or wires, wire mesh (wedgewire), grating,
The amount and size of the solids and floatablc's removed is dependent on
the type of screen and thc size of the screen openings. Solids are retnoved
facilities, with
of
meter (1.5 to 3.0 inch) clear spacing between bars and fine screens generally
have rounded or slotted openings
clear soace.
2-2-Coarse Screens
facilities, coarse screens are usually the first unit of equipment in the system.
These screens are usually set at 0 to 30 degrees from vertical and are cleaned
- Trash racks
Trash racks (also known as trash grates) are intended to remove only very
large objects from the flow stream. Trash racks are generally provided at the
the vertical and the screenings are manually raked onto a perforated plate for
drainage prior to disposal.
will
either continuously or
periodically remove material entrained on the bar screen itself. The t}ree
common types of mechanically cleaned screens are: ( 1) chain driven, (2)
and sprockets are submerged in the flow and are susceptible to blockage
and damage from gpit and other materials. Accelerated chain wear and
conosion can also be a problem.
driven rack and pinion system. The gear drive turns cogu'heels that move
along a pin rack mormted on each side of the bar rack. During the cleaning
cycle, the rake rnechanisrn traverls up and clown the bar rack to remove
materials retained on the bars. Screenings are typically discharged from the
bars at the top of the rack. This type of bar screen has no submerged bearings
flow level in
the
screeninss
Ad
oY&to aadon
futo.$f$ h na.
C||fg
bfn
oDqr
hra
lal bdrrir!l
rih $idotl
Ebr.t
elr I it.a
N0!6tl rircN b!r3
gxt lroll uoa!
h 6oldtar
3SC DoS
Misdnry
gfi
lflCllot,
dmo
orr{ntril
tlriiro$
arcd D6n
Sctgotra{d OorF
oooooo
oooo000c
oocooaoo
O oooooc
G||$ol hYgl
Channel . This in tum reduces the potential for damage and corrosion and
facilitates routine maintenance. During the cleaning cycle, the rakes travel in
a continuous circuit from the bottom to the top of the bar rack to remove
materials retained on the bars. Screenings are typically discharged from the
bars at the top ofthe rack. The cleaning rake is held against the bars by the
weight of its chains, allowing the rake to be pulled over large objccts that are
Iodged in the bars and that might otlerw'ise jam the rake mechanism.
particles from the waste stream, Both fixed (static) and rotaqr screens have
been used in CSO treatnent facilities.
Fixed fine screens are typically provided with horizontal or rounded slotted
openings of 0.02
to
at a slope
on the screen surface. Solids are discharged from the screen surface by
gravity and by washing onto
a conveyer
Rotary fine screens include extemally and intemally fed screens. Externally
fed screens allow wastewater to flow over the top of the drum mechanism
and through the screens while collecting solids on the screen surface. As the
screen rotates,
debris from the drum. Internally fed systems discharge wastewater in the
center
discharge channel, while solids are removed from the screen surface by
cleaning brushes or a water spray. Screened n.raterial is usually washed from
Screen
diameters can range from 0.5 to 2 meters (1.6 to 6.6 feet), while the lengths
(6.6to
of
rpm and
brush at 10 rpm.
In
response
(Figwe 2-2), have been designed for wet weather applications. The
ROI,v{AGrM screen partitions the flow, sending screened
The ROMAGru screen works as follows: excess flow enters the screening
chamber, flows over a
spill weir
line for
combVseparators to
the
7'
of
weir
location. The nominal velocity through the bar openings is approximately 1.5
meters per second (4.9 feet per second).
The hydraulically driven mechanical combs used to clean the screen move
laterally along the front face of the screen when activated by a level control,
which detects rising water. As the screen surface is cleaned, captured material
is transported forward to the end section for storage and subsequent removal.
unit
Irigure (2-2); over the top ofthe screen (RSO typc) or up from under rhe
soeen (RS[D type. This unit has proven useful in remote settings and is
capable of handling flows from 300-6100 L/sec (6-140 MOD).
cSo facilities
and abroad.
There has been less success in removing fine solids from storm water and
this
1997 '
10
those
objects that are larger than the screen openings. Screening systems are very
effective
do not remove a
suspended solids.
In
of
suspended solids
significant amount
of
solids, but
or oxygen
Because screens at CSO control facilities remove debris, rags, and other
floatables that would otherwise be discharged
are vital in preserving water
quality
overflows elsewhere. The screenings and debris that are removed from the
screens are typically not hazardous and can be disposed
of in a licensed
public.
h1-(
where
h1:
velocity offlow through the openings ofthe bar racks, ff/s (m/s)
ff/J
(nvs'?)
Head loss increases as the bar screen becomes clogged, or blinded. For
coarse screens, the approach velocity should be at least 0.38 meters per
second (1.25 feet per second) to minimize deposition, while the velocity
through the bars should be less than 0'91 meters per second (3 feet per
second)
limited to 6 inches.
12
Fine screens using steel wire mesh or perforated panels are very prone
to clogging from ftbrous materials and are not easily cleaned. Plastic
mesh panels have proven to be effective, are resistant to clogging and
are easily cleaned with water sprays.
fine screens. Design parameters for different types of screens are given on
Tables(2- 1)ard(2- 2).
Grit
will
systems.
Backwater from
grooves or slide
100- 180
35
250- 1600
None
l/m/s
13
gates in the channel allows the user to isolate the screen from the flow
for maintenance.
Guards, railings, and gratings should be provided in the area around the
screening equipment
of the solids
typically containing 10-20 percent dry solids will typically ; a bulk density
ranging from 640 to I 100 grams per cubic meter (40 to 70 pounds per c
foot). Typical floatable removal rates for se screens range from 3.5 to 84
liters per 1000 c meters (0.469 to
11
MG).
The quantity ofscreenings can vary greatly and, in general, depends on the
following factors:
.
.
.
.
100-420
stainless steel or plastic
4-167
105 recommended
stainless steel or
14
il.ar., -
plastic
a1
30-65
Speed range
Recommended speed
))
t4-16
Submergence of drum,o/o
Of
60-70
20-50
70-150
submergence
75-90
Hydraulic efficiency,
% of inflow
6-24
Volume,
%o
of inflow
0.5-3
0.02-2.5
30-50
50
Pressure, Ib/in2
Note:
ga7
ftzlminx2,44 = m3ft/mt
: cm
ft X 0.305 : cm; Ib/in.2X 0.0703 = kg/cm2
in. X2.54
Screen aperture.
Field studies performed in Canada and Europe have revealed the following
fl oatable
a 12 week period,
.
.
.
Manual stadstop.
As screens are subject to blinding from grease and the "first flush" in
a CSO event, the screen should be kept clean to minimize headless.
0llt
rTilTlil I
I
I
I
3-l: General
The required treatment is determined by the influent characteristics,
of
samples from the waste stream or from a similar waste strearn, or are
predicted on the basis of standard waste sfreams. Efluent quality requirements
are set by Federal, interstate, State, and local regulatory agencies. Treaftnent
processes are selected according to influent-effluent constraints and technical
and economic considerations.
by adding the total resident and l/3 the non-resident populations and
multiplying by the appropriate capacity factor which allows for variations in
ffective Population
under 5,000
Caprcity Factor
iqqq__
_
rqqgq___ __
1.50
1.50
lli
20,000
lOir{ro
1.10
,11'-._0q_0_--
L-o_:l
50 fr0ll
La)rl
1S
in determining per
because different activities have different water uses. Table 3-2 illusnates
this fact in terms of gallons per capita per day (grcd); table 3-3 shows
how waste loadings vary between resident and nonresident personnel.
The values shown in table 3-3, for that portion of the contributing
population served by garbage grinders,
for
will
be increased by 30 percent
case-by+ase basis.
Hospital units
All other unite
100
35
300-600
100
NOTE: Add 30 gallons per 8-hour shift per capita for nonresident and civilian personnel.
Ib/capita
for 24 hrs
Non-resident Personnel
Ib/capita
for 8-hr shift
Solids
lliochcrnicaI Oxygcn Dt'marrd
0.?0
0.10
0.20
0.10
0 0a)
0.05
Item
Regded_teriqll-el
l9
a.
be
designed for a peak hourly flow rate (i.e., 1.75 times the average daily
rate). Consideration of the minimum rate
of flow is necessary in
the
dosing equrpment; for this purpose, 40 percent of the average flow raie
will be used.
b, Average daily wastewater flow. The average daily wastewater flow
to be used in the design of new treatment plants
will
be computed by
sanitary
20
to these flows, Leakage of storm water into sewer lines often occurs
if
maintained properly. However; leakage into the sewer mains and laterals
through pipe joints ard older brick manholes with increase in groundwater
levels can result in large infiltration. The amornt of water that actually
percolates into the groundwater table may be negligible
if
an area is
tightjoints still displayed infihations at arotnd 1,000 gallons per day per
mile, while older pipes leaked to over 40,000 gallons per day per mile.
Sewers built first usually followed the contour of water courses and are
often submerged while more recent sewers are not only tighter, but are
as
(2) Another method for calculating the infiltration component of total flow is
to multiply the ntiles of a given pipe size and condition by the diameter
in
pipe
lf ffitration
is knowr.r to be negligible at
conditions when pipes are old and joints are composed of jute or
cement. Curve B applies to old pipes with hot or cold asphaltic joints or
for new pipes known to have poorjoints. Curve C is used for new sewers
where groundwater does not cover inverts and when joints and manholes
are modem and quite tight.
of
beds, plus the number of hospital staffeating three meals at the hospital, plus
the number of shift employees having one meal there. This total is the
nnmber
of
Individuals
resident personnel
will
calculations.
ir.r
maintenancefacilities;
vehicle wash areas;
weapons cleaning buildings;
boilerblowdowns;
swimmingpoolbackwashwater;
water treatrnent plant backwash;
coolingtowerblowdown;
tue fighting facility,
photographiclaboratory;
medical or dental laboratories.
design either when combined sewer systems are sen'ed or when significant
inflow enters the sewer system. Combined sewer systems will not be permitted
sanitary flows are to be routed through treatment plants. For existing plants
that are served by combined sewer systems, capacities will be determined by
peak wet-weather flow determined from plant
will
2),
3{:Capacitv factor.
A capaclty factor (CF) taken from table 3-1 is used to make allowances
for population variation, changes in sewage characteristics, and unusual peak
flows. The design population is derived by multipllng the actual authorized
military and civilian persorurel population (called the effective population) by the
appropriate capacity factor. Where additions are proposed, the adequacy
each element of the plant
of
not, according to the best current information, be expanded in the future, the
capaclty factor
will not
serving that area" The following equation may be wed to estirnate total flow to the
sewage plant where domestic, industrial and storm water flows are anticipated.
21
x-a+b
(eq.3-1)
Where
b:
3-7: HvdraulicCapacitv
37-1: Flow Delinitions and ldentification
The following flows for the design year shall be identified and used as a basis
for design for sewers, lift stations, wastewater treatment plants, treatment
units, and other wastewater handling facilities. where any of the terms
defined in this Section are used in these design standards, the definition
contained in this Section applies.
a.
The design average flow is the average ofthe daily volumes to be received for
a
continuous 12 month period expressed as a volume per unit time. However, the
design average
a.
DesignMaximumDayFlow
The design maximum day flow is the largest volume of flow to be received
during a continuous 24 hour period expressed as a volume per unit time.
C. Design Peak Hourly Flow
The design peak hourly flow is the largest volume of flow to be received
dwing
a one
The design peak instantaneous 1'low is the inshntaneous maximum flow rate to
be received.
E
ul
<t
e r-lr* $
tu
H5:FIi
-\z
.{H
ru
dla
JO
tuF
:g{'l"li
3 E$r ii
F8
Crl
Et$'s $,t
si
ii
;Es
!i
E; T
o
F
l,
SE
al
f
;53
o.
ig
r/|-
t:-t
s.i
ea.co
t.,l
o^v vlttoo pr.(rjnog lrog
19 911yg
'lhis
included. It
3-7-3:
Hydraulic Capacity
for
is ecommended
Wastewater Facilities
to
serve
of
100 gallons
(0.38 m3) per capita plus wastewater flow from industrial plants and
major institutional and commercial facilities unless water use data or
other justification upon which to better estimate flow is provided.
b. The 100 gpcd figure shall be used which, in conjunction with a peaking
, is intended to
3 1.
of I/I
- Combined/Sewer Interceptors
27
0ffirTln [0||t
Chapter Four
4-l: Bar
Screens
plants or
All
screens used
in sewage treatnent
classifications:
2)
ll2to
3) Fine
b) Design basis. Screens will be located where they are readily accessible.
will
l-ll2
will
by at least 9 inches,
2)
Size of screen channel. f'he nraxirnum velocity through the screen bars,
based on maximum Dormal daily f1ow,
28
will
will
being entirely free from debris. To select the proper channel size,
knowing the maximum storm flow and the maximum daily normal flow,
the procedure is as follows: the sewage flow (mgd) multiplied by the
factor 1.547
will give the sewage flow (cfs). This flow in cfs divided by
required for the screen channel. The minimum width of the channel
should be 2 feet. and the maximum width of the
2.,
through the plant; therefore, the allowable depth in the channel may be a
factor
in
cross-sectional area in the channel, the width and depth ofthe channel can
Bar Size
Openings
Inches
Inches
u4
0.800
5/16
0.768
3/8
0.728
/16
0.696
U2
0.667
it
is
will
be
flow condition.
channel
5)
will
of the
to
the
is then as follows:
U, s. A.y iorpe of
lovsl/v
Fngrnccrs
cfs
?
= net area through bars for maximum daily flow.
2
cfs
-3- =
Whichever of the above gives the larger value should be used for design'
Net area in square feet
width:4
feet
These figures are based on recessing channel walls 6 inches each side for
chain tracks and screen frame. The overall width of screen frame is 12
inches greater than width of bar rack.
the
Maximum storm
flow:
7 mgd
maximum dailY
flow:2
fps'
Since
Av,6.7BB
=Ax
3.61 square feet. The gross area u'ill be based on the larger
of
of the two net are'as, irr this case 3 .61 square feet. A rack consisting
of 1 inch has an
2-inch by 5/16-inch bars spaced to provide clear openings
IO.82g /3
32
Gross
Area
3.61
- ffi=
The channel width in this case might be established at 3 feet, in which case
, V2 -vz
n=__E_
h:
or:
h=
Again making use of
0.0222
(V'
- v')
Q: Av,
v = !0.829/4.70 =
2.3
fps
Therefore:
h=
0.0222 (32
= 0.222
232)
3.7
If
the screen is half plugged with screenings, leaves, and other debris:
h = 0.0222(62 -232)
0.0222 x 30.7
1/4 inch
The increase in head loss is over one-half foot as the screen becomes half
plugged. The need for accurate control of the cleaning cycle, and protection
against surge loads, is thtts deuronstrated.
33
ilttrTIn
llE
Chaoter 5
Desisn of Bar Racks
5-1: calculation of design flow:
- qvqrageFlow =
Population*
f ,.tr
24+3600
-letP=50000
Av. Flow
=ffi
260'4 =
l/ s = o'261 m3 / s
0.61 * 2'3
/s
5-2: AssumPtion
Population x I /l FIow
:@
b)
0'591104 m3
5ggQQ * 437
24 ',3600
252.89
0'252m"
0'843933
nf
/s
/s
aLI
Table (5
Manuallv cleaned
Mechanicallv cleaned
0.3 -0.6
0.6 -10
-width, mm
4-8
8 -10
-depth,m m
25 -50
50-75
25 -75
10 -s0
45-60
75-85
150
150
800
800
Velocity m/s
Bar size
Clear spacing
between bars .m m
Slope
from horizontal
(degree)
c)
o
c
c
V = 0.9
m/s
--+
- 1.0 m / sec)
35
in
Fig .(5-f)
Storage basin
In coming pipe
To wet well
Sewer line
Bor screen
Qcearc(wet)=V*A
.'. 0.85
m3ls
'+ = 0.6m/ s *1 O'
D
.
use
- 134m
n=
0,01"5
s = 0.0005
0r,,rr
1
L
.'
Lt^
1l
=-'R::AS-/z
n "/+
36
2/s
11.341
=-*l-l
0.015
\ 4/
+ 1342 *
0.0005Y2
Qpu = 7.0!4
From Fig. (5-2 )
j.81
0.83
-Qpeak =
Qluu L'or4 =
-From fig.
- v
V
fuu
X= O.rt
=0.99
d
--=0.78 -+d=0.78*7.34
D
' d = 7.045
o,9
------- ;. i;;aa.;Fdi;;
0-6
;4zt-?/'',
i
; o.
/,:rt --i- ,- t- j
_____-_,i_-
l;::l
t__
-..-i*--i]l------,-i-:--l
,l-- - -i
i ---:, '
H!-c:3!Ll i-' el,rl:1.:,Ls oi'r'irJ;l-tr
7';
_7- ..,
: pe'
:
37
:+
chamber.
r
.
: #ffi,
= I.42mz
7'42
1.045
area
depth of flod
1.35
(30m
c. Provide 50 clear spacing at ( 10-50) mm take an average
m)
from table.(5-l)
-t
50-1=49
f.
#=
l'ggm
of the chamber of
h. The plan longitudinal section the cross section
are shown below .Fig. (5-3)'
38
(a)Plane
datum
Sec.
Sec. 2
Sec. 3
39
Sec. 4
[o'j
?-rt)
Peak design
wet weather
o:*
m
1or:^
Peak design
wet weatner
flow clean
#
Width of Chamber (1'99m)
v3
/2s)
-l
(
Where Ke = coefficient of expansion 0'2 '0)
Use
Ke:0.3
Zr-Zr=10cm-0'1
o.r+ d +Vtcovzdit/2g
=o'*(,,,j@##@A
(Oteok/wt(lin+az)2i
o3(v"t!tt
40
0.6 ,"./gf\+03(.0!-.
- "." 12 *3ET
0.1+ 1.04s- +T"s.sr= e2t
\W )
(1.165=
d2+86.7 87
t2+0.0s -2.6
(0.85/119 * dt)z
2 * 9.81
t4. dL
d2-1.085 d2*84.187=0
7.L5m
."_
"2 -
Qpeak
width
_ 1'799.tu__,==0.4!
* 1'75
dz
flow
""t
*A
"t
thr
r"rk= ;t"""*tdth
0.85
2.35 * 1.15
of
Qpeak m3/s
of th;opening of the rack * dz
0.31 m/s
y2
hL,
-n? r 1 x
-:-Zf(#)
',','
a/3
nr, = F(i)
Where
hL:
rack
V,Vu = velocity through rack and in the channel u/s of the
w__.Max.cross-sectionalwidthofthebarsfacingthedirectionofflou',m
b= Min
g:
2.42)
41.
nr,=ffi#.#=o.o37m
hL2=t.42-
Use
(i*!fY:**sin75
oo26m
hL:0.037 m
5-4-5: Compute the deElh of flow and velocity in the rack chamber below the
rack ds,vs
Energy eq. between sec .2 and sec .3
vZ
ds+v!/29
dz+*,-hL=
Lg
1.rs +
0.412_
2*
os1
(0.85/h * r.79)2
___;;.u0.037 = dz *
0.11
*d!
4.739=fu+:u
q3
d3s
4.739 dz
olr -
dz=
l.l2
4:0.71m / sec
5-4-6: Compute the head loss throush the rack at 50olo cloggins
a) Energy eq.:
v'"2
di++=ds*;;+h50
..4
.a
v"2
d'randvr:
depth of
clogging
42
*l
50Yc
h\ hq. _ Vrackopening-vlz
2a
c) VTACK6psning =
0.85
1
O.?
a
;=
peak
L.25
-t - z
0.85
Deak
width of the chamber*dl 7.79 di
0.475
=-----jj--
o.47s
--;-
e)di=;k= h+
^
v3/2s
di
/r.rs\2-\-/o.+zs\2
l-;- I "i- l
+-ffi
0.097
di- 0.0242
q =1.L2+0.249* q *o,
d';
0.297 42di2
0.0728 = o
di =
1.18 m
vL
V
rack
= 0.57 m/
opetngS0% clogging
H50:0.19 m
43
t" =
1#
= L059 m/s
,,
"=(,,ffi)
/
o'=(ry#)
ulv
\
c) Vc= criticalvelocitY
=o,''
= 7.64 m/s
-;#f
*
d) the critical depth generally occurs at a distance (3-10) dc from
the point of free fall
wet well
a)
23
so
.___ 29
o+d.+'j=*or*Y
",*t,29
o.+1.r2-#^=zc*0.28+
:.
floor is 0'00
5-6: Hydraulic profile through the bar Rack assume channel
Fig (5-4
44
|,40,n
qai
::--::\+--:t::=
crosghr\
Clrrn
.-
Fig.
of
Scregnchrmb.r
0.00 m
5-7: Quantity
ractl
screenings
\
80
\,
!t
:ru
rverQE
d40
E
a
20
Opgni no
Fig.
(5-5)
screenings
45
W.ll tor
tlot
- 40 bdrt, Gddr l0
mm
nrck tnd 50 ,Drn dcap
0O
rl$r $!cinor,
ccch qrlclng ?6 mm
ll.5 m--
In .'"7
Flor!
9fiach
Orivc
0'6
Rak
*lircr
Contltner
ior
rcrooni|lgr
-Ft.*^
SBctioD
AA
9L-l t| '2|
'
3 4
, I I l_,
5
I
$cato. m
Conclusion:
1- The rack chamber is designed
flow.
2- The velocities through the rack and channel and
water).
5- If the large obiects is not removed by screening ,
these obiects may damage the pumping,blockvalves
,nozzles,channels and pipe.
7- The
9- The difference between the depth of flow u/s and d/s of the
rackwas(
)cm.
References
,MCGraw