12.

PIPE SIZING AND SPRINKLERS ARRAY DESIGN

12.1

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

12.1.1 SUPPLY MAINS: The nominal size of supply trunk mains and
branch mains shall be not less than the size of any installation
main distribution pipe, at its main installation control valve,
supplied by the trunk main.
12.1.2 INSTALLATION PIPEWORK: Individual sprinklers shall not be
connected directly to distribution and main distribution pipes,
except in the case of light-hazard installations where sprinkler
may be connected directly to pipes not exceeding 50mm
nominal bore.
12.1.3 In ordinary or high-hazard installations arm pipes or drop pipes
not exceeding 32 mm nominal bore shall be used to connect
individual sprinklers where these are fed from pipes larger than
65mm nominal bore,
12.1.4 Where upright or pendent conventional or spray sprinklers are
fitted within 400 mm of the pipe axis alongside a pipe of
nominal size greater than 65mm, the deflector shall be not more
than the appropriate distance given in Table 14 above the lower
edge of the pipe.
12.2

ORIFICE PLATES:

12.2.1 An orifice plate used to hydraulically balance an installation, or

to accommodate pump characteristic, shall:
a) have an orifice diameter not less than one-half of the internal
diameter of the pipe into which it is fitted;
b) be fitted only in pipes of 50 mm nominal bore or greater;
c) be of brass or stainless steel with a plain central hole without
burrs, and of a thickness complying with Table 15;
d) have an identification tag, projecting beyond any flanges
between which it is clamped, on which is clearly stamped the
nominal pipe diameter and the orifice "K" factor. (also see
rule 13.6)
12.2.2 The orifice plate shall be fitted not less than two pipe internal
diameters downstream of the outlet from any elbow or bend.
12.2.3 The relationship between orifice size, flow rate and the pressure
loss shall be calculated using the data given in Tables 31 and 32.

TABLE 14
Location of sprinklers alongside feed pipes
larger than 65 mm nominal size
Minimum
horizontal
distance from
pipe centre
line to the
sprinkler
centre line
(mm)

Maximum height of sprinkler deflector

above lower edge of pipe
(mm)
Conventional
sprinkler installed
upright

Spray sprinkler upright/

pendent and
conventional sprinkler
pendent

00
17
34

17
40
100

100
200
400

NOTE: Dimensions may be interpolated.

TABLE 15
Orifice Plate thickness according to pipe nominal bore Pipe
nominal bore
Pipe nominal bore
(mm)

Orifice plate
thickness (mm)

Over

Not greater than

-80
150

80
150
200

3
6
9

12.3

CONCEALED SPACES

12.3.1

PROTECTION IN CONCEALED SPACES: Where there are

concealed spaces above ceilings or below floors, and where the
space below the ceiling or above the floor is classified as
ordinary or high-hazard for which protection is specified in rule
11.8, the concealed spaces shall be protected as follows:
a) if the concealed space contains only water pipes, electric
wiring or air-conditioning trunking of non- combustible
material by 10 mm sprinklers with a maximum area of
coverage 21 M2 per sprinkler and a design density
discharged of 5mm / min; or

b) otherwise as specified for ordinary hazard.

The maximum area of sprinkler coverage and pipework design
shall be as given in Table 16.
TABLE 16
SPRINKLER PROTECTION OF CONCEALED SPACES
Class of protection
in room
Pipework
design
method

Precalculated

Fully
calculated

Concealed space
pipework
design

Concealed space
maximum area
per sprinkler, or
treat as hazard
class listed
(in m2)

Hazard
class

Nominal
size as for
hazard
class listed

AMAO as
for
hazard
class
listed

Light

Light

---

Light

Ordinary

Ordinary

---

21

High

Ordinary
Ordinary
Ordinary

---

Light

Light

Ordinary
21
Ordinary
Light

Ordinary

Ordinary

21

High

Ordinary
Ordinary
Ordinary

Ordinary
21
Ordinary

12.3.2 The feed pipe to the sprinklers in the concealed space shall be
arranged and sized as follows:
12.3.2.1 LIGHT HAZARD: The concealed space above or below shall be
protected by a separate pipe from the installation valve.
12.3.2.2 ORDINARY HAZARD: If the concealed space above a precalculated installation are fed individually from the pipework
below, the range and distribution pipes in the installation shall
be sized by taking the room and concealed space sprinklers
cumulatively. Alternatively if two feed pipes are used, one for
the concealed space and one for the room sprinklers, the
common feed pipe shall have a nominal bore of not less than 65
mm.
The concealed space below a pre-calculated installation shall be
fed by two feed pipes, one for the concealed space and one for
the room sprinklers, the common feed pipe shall have a nominal
bore of not less than 65 mm.

12.3.2.3 HIGH HAZARD: If the concealed space above or below a precalculated installation shall be fed by a separate feed pipe from
that feeding the sprinklers in the room. The concealed sprinkler
feed pipe shall be connected outside the room between the
installation valve set and any 48-sprinkler design point for a
high hazard sprinkler array outside the room concerned.
12.3.2.4 FULLY HYDRAULICALLY CALCULATED INSTALLATION: The
pressure and flow characteristics of the installation shall be
satisfactory under each of the following operating conditions:
i)

When the appropriate density and AMAO are needed

wholly in the room.
ii)
When the appropriate density and the AMAO given in
Table 16 are needed wholly in the concealed space.
12.4

PRE-CALCULATED SPRINKLER ARRAYS:

12.4.1 GENERAL:
12.4.1.1 The size of distribution feed pipes, including in light-hazard
installations any which are partly range pipes because of the
three sprinkler limitation, shall be as specified in the tables from
the terminal point(s) up to the design point(s).
12.4.1.2 The feed pipe between the installation main control valves and
the design point shall be hydraulically calculated on the basis of
a maximum flow loss (specified in the appropriate sub-clause),
corrected for static head gain for design points not at the
highest level, at a particular flow rate.
12.4.1.3 Where the number of sprinklers in an array in a room, or in an
area protected by a distinct group of sprinklers having its own
distribution pipe spur, is less than or equal to the number of
sprinklers for which the distribution pipes are hydraulically
designed, the design point shall be positioned at the point of
connection to the distribution pipe of the range of the array
which is hydraulically nearest to the installation control valves.
12.4.1.4 Where the number of sprinklers in an array in a room on a
distribution pipe terminal spur exceeds the number for which
the distribution pipes are hydraulically designed, the design
point shall be positioned at the point of connection to the range
or ranges immediately upstream of the group of ranges
containing not more than the maximum specified number of
sprinklers beyond the design point.

12.4.1.5 Risers or drops, connecting ranges to distribution pipes and

pipes longer than 300 mm connecting single sprinklers to
distribution pipes, shall be considered to be distribution pipes
and sized accordingly. The design point shall be positioned at
the point of connection of the riser, drop or single sprinkler pipe
to the horizontal distribution pipe run when designing the
hydraulically determined length of feed pipe.
12.4.1.6 Pipe diameters shall not increase in the direction of flow of
water to any sprinkler.
12.4.2 LIGHT HAZARD:
12.4.2.1

RANGE AND TERMINAL SPUR DISTRIBUTION PIPES: The

nominal size of range pipe and terminal distribution pipes, i.e.
distribution pipes downstream of the design point, shall be as
given in table 17.
NOTE: It is possible only under light hazard risks that sprinklers
can be fed directly from the distribution pipes.

12.4.2.2

DISTRIBUTION PIPES (OTHER THAN TERMINAL SPURS): All

pipework between the installation main control valves and the

design point at each extremity of an installation array at the
highest level shall be sized by hydraulic calculation using the
values of the tables 18 and 19.
12.4.2.3

DESIGN POINT: Normally it shall be two-sprinkler point.

However, under the following circumstances, it shall be three
sprinkler point. (see figure 20)
a) If the range pipe caters to 4 or more sprinklers; and
b) When the range pipe runs along the apex of the ridge roof; or
c) When the range pipe is the only line along a narrow room or
corridor.

12.4.2.4 Maximum number of sprinklers that can be fed from a range

pipe shall not be more than six.
12.4.2.5 The pressure loss between the design point and the entry point
from the distribution pipe to the range (where more than two
sprinklers are provided in the range) shall be calculated as per
the table 19 (column A).
12.4.2.6 The pressure loss from the entry point as said above at the
extremity of the installation and the installation valve shall be
calculated as per the table 19 (column B).
12.4.2.7 In case of sprinklers in different levels in the same risk,
allowance can be given to the static pressure gain in the
successive levels below the top most level. The nominal size of
the distribution pipe shall however not be less than the

minimum size specified in table 17 for the range pipe fed from
the design point.
12.4.2.8 The layout of the sprinkler installation shall, by and large,
conform to the method shown in the Figure 20.
TABLE 17
Light hazard range and terminal distribution pipe sizes
Pipe

Size
(mm)

Maximum
length (in m)

Maximum
number of

20

25

N.A

Steel

*The limit of 3 sprinklers does not preclude the use of 25 mm

pipe between the 2/3 sprinkler design point and the installation
valve if hydraulic calculation shows it is possible nor does it
follow that 25 mm pipe may be used between the 3rd and 4th
sprinklers where the two sprinkler point is the design point.
TABLE - 18
MAXIMUM PIPE FLOW LOSS BETWEEN EACH DESIGN POINT AND
THE
INSTALLATION CONTROL VALVE IN LIGHT HAZARD
INSTALLATION
DISTRIBUT
ION AND
RANGE
PIPE LOSS

MAXIMUM FRICTION
LOSS INCLUDING
CHANGES OF DIRECTION
(BARS)

DESIGN POINT

Two sprinkler point

0.9

See Column A
and B of table
19

Three sprinkler point

0.7

See Column B
of table 19

Two sprinkler point in a

narrow room or range at
roof apex each with a
single line of three
sprinklers

0.7

See Column B
of table 19

TABLE 19
Pressure loss per unit length for design flow rates in light
hazard installation
Pressure loss per unit length

Pipe
Material

Nominal size
(mm)

Steel
(IS-1239)

25
32
40
50
63

(in m bar/m)
Column A

Column B

44.0
12.0
5.5
1.7
0.5

200.0
51.0
25.0
7.8
2.2

NOTE-1

The equivalent length of an elbow, bend or tee where

the water is turned through an angle shall be taken as 2M in
using the data or in using Table 29 or Table 30.

NOTE-2

Where heavy grade steel as per IS-1239 is used, flow

rate shall be taken as 100 LPM for column B.

12.4.3

ORDINARY HAZARD.

12.4.3.1 RANGE PIPE AND TERMINAL DISTRIBUTION PIPE SIZES:

The size of the nominal bores shall be as shown in the table 20
below.

TABLE - 20

RANGE PIPE NOMINAL SIZES FOR VARIOUS PIPE LAY OUTS IN

ORDINARY HAZARD INSTALLATIONS
Pipe
nominal
bore
(mm)

Maximum number
of sprinklers to be
fed by pipe of size
listed

1. Last two ranges in two

end-side layout

25
32

1
2

2. Last three ranges

three end-side layout

in

25
32

2
3

3. Last range in all other

layouts

25
32
40
50

2
3
4
9

25
32
40
50

3
4
6
9

Range pipe layout

a) Ranges at remote end of

each distribution pipe
spur -

b) All other ranges

12.4.3.2 A single sprinkler shall be fed by pipe of not less than 25 mm

nominal bore.
12.4.3.3 There shall be not more than six sprinklers on any range,
including apex range where the ranges run under a roof
longitudinally, sloping at an angle that is greater than 6 o .
12.4.3.4 Distribution pipe (except terminal pipe) : The main distribution
and distribution pipes (including all risers and drops) between
the highest design point and the installation valve shall be sized
by hydraulic calculation based on table 21. The maximum
friction loss shall not exceed 0.5 bars at a flow rate of 1000 LPM.
The distribution pipes downstream the design point shall comply
with sizes stated in table 22. The layout of the installation shall,
by and large, be in the same fashion as shown in Figure 21
(particularly for large installations) to enable hydraulic balance.

TABLE - 21

PRESSURE LOSS PER UNIT LENGTH FOR DESIGN FLOW

RATES IN
ORDINARY HAZARD INSTALLATION
Pipe nominal bore
(IS-1239, Medium)
(mm)

Pressure loss per unit

length
(m-bar/m)

65
80
100
150
200

35
16
4.4
0.65
0.16

Note 1: The equivalent length of an elbow, bend or tee where

the water is turned through an angle shall be taken as 3 M when
using the data or in using Table 29 or 30.
Note 2: Where heavy grade steel as per IS-1239 is used, flow
rate shall be taken as 1000 LPM.
Pre- calculated distribution pipe nominal bores downstream of
the design point shall comply with Table 22.
TABLE - 22
DISTRIBUTION PIPE NOMINAL SIZES IN ORDINARY HAZARD
INSTALLATIONS AND MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS
DOWNSTREAM OF DESIGN POINT
Distribution pipe
nominal size
(mm)

Maximum number of
sprinklers to be fed by
pipe listed below

a) Two end -side

32
40
50
65

2
4
8
16

b) All other types

32
40
50
65

3
6
9
18*

Pipe layout

*This does not preclude the use of 65 mm nominal bore pipe between
the 16/18 sprinkler point and the installation valves if hydraulically
found in order.

10

12.4.3.5 The feed pipe for all the other design points (except the
highest design point) shall be similarly sized by hydraulic
calculation. In case of friction loss in any part of the feed pipe
not common with that feeding the highest design point,
allowance can be given to the static pressure gain in the
successive levels below the top most level. The nominal size of
the distribution pipe shall however not be less than the
minimum size specified in table 22 for the range pipe fed from
the design point.

11

12.4.3.6 DESIGN POINT: The design point shall be 16-sprinkler point

for two end-side sprinkler range pipe and the 18-sprinkler point
for all other layouts. (Figure 21)
12.4.4 HIGH HAZARD
12.4.4.1 Range pipe and terminal distribution pipe sizes: Range pipes
and nominal bores shall be as given in the table 23 or 24
depending on the sprinkler nominal size and the table in which
the water supply-pressure flow characteristic is specified ( i.e.
tables 5, 6, 7 or 8).
TABLE - 23
RANGE PIPE NOMINAL SIZES FOR VARIOUS PIPE LAYOUTS FOR
HIGH HAZARD INSTALLATIONS WITH SPRINKLERS OF 15MM
NOMINAL
BORE AND PRESSURE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
AS GIVEN IN TABLES 5 OR 6.

Range pipe lay out

Pipe
Maximum number
nominal size of sprinklers to be
(mm)
fed by pipe listed
below

a) Ranges at remote end of each distribution pipe spur 1. Last two ranges in two
end-side layout

25
32

1
2

2. Last three ranges in two

end- side layout

25
32

2
3

3. Last range in all other

directions

25
32
40

2
3
4

25
32

3
4

b) All other ranges

12

TABLE - 24
RANGE PIPE NOMINAL SIZES FOR VARIOUS PIPES LAYOUTS
FOR HIGH HAZARD INSTALLATIONS WITH SPRINKLERS OF 15
MM NOMINAL BORE AND PRESSURE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
AS GIVEN IN TABLE 7 OR OF 20 MM NOMINAL
SIZE AND PRESSURE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AS GIVEN IN
TABLE 8
Pipe nominal
size
(mm)

Maximum number
of sprinklers to be
fed by pipe listed

1. Last three ranges

40
50
65

1
3
6

2. Other ranges

32
40
50
65

1
2
4
6

Range pipe layout

a) End-side arrangements -

b) End-center arrangements
1. Two end center layout
i)

Last three ranges

ii)

Other ranges

2. Three and four end center

layouts, all ranges

32
40
32
32
40
50

1
2
2*
1
2
4

*32 mm feed to each

12.4.4.2 No range pipe shall be connected to a distribution pipe

exceeding 150 mm nominal bore.
12.4.4.3

Pre-calculated distribution pipe nominal bores downstream of

the design point shall be as given in table 25 or 26 depending
upon the sprinkler head nominal size and the table in which the
water supply pressure flow characteristic is specified (ie tables
5, 6, 7 or 8)

12.4.4.4

DISTRIBUTION PIPE UPSTREAM OF THE DESIGN POINT:

The main distribution and distribution pipes between each
sprinkler design point and the installation valve shall be sized by
hydraulic calculation using the pipe friction loss per unit length
given in the table 27 for the flow specified in rule 8.2.3.2.

13

TABLE - 25
DISTRIBUTION PIPE NOMINAL SIZES FOR VARIOUS
NUMBERS OF SPRINKLERS DOWNSTREAM OF THE DESIGN
POINT IN
HIGH HAZARD INSTALLATIONS WITH SPRINKLERS
OF 15 MM NOMINAL BORE AND PRESSURE
FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AS
GIVEN IN TABLE 5.
Distribution pipe nominal Maximum number of sprinklers
size listed (mm)
to
be fed by the pipe of size
32
40
50
65
80
100

2
4
8
12
18
48*

*This does not preclude the use of 100 mm nominal size pipe
between the design point and the installation valve if it is
possible by hydraulic calculation requirements.( 12.4.4.4)
TABLE - 26
DISTRIBUTION PIPE NOMINAL SIZES FOR FEEDING VARIOUS
NUMBERS OF SPRINKLERS DOWNSTREAM OF THE DESIGN
POINT IN THE HIGH
HAZARD INSTALLATIONS WITH SPRINKLERS OF 15 MM
NOMINAL
SIZE AND PRESSURE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AS GIVEN IN
TABLE 6 OR 7 OR SPRINKLERS OF 20 MM NOMINAL SIZE
AND PRESSURE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AS
GIVEN IN TABLE - 8.

Range pipe layout

Four end side layout

All other layouts

Distribution pipe
nominal size
(mm)

Maximum number of
sprinklers to be fed
by pipe listed

65

50
65
80
100
150

4
8
12
16
48*

14

*This does not preclude the use of 100 mm nominal size pipe
between the design point and the installation valve if it is
possible by hydraulic calculation requirements.
TABLE - 27
PRESSURE LOSS PER UNIT LENGTH OF PIPE FOR DESIGN FLOW
RATES
IN HIGH HAZARD INSTALLATIONS.
Pressure loss per unit length
(m bar/m)
Flow rate
LPM
2800
4550
5600
6750
9000

100 mm
nominal size
medium
grade pipe
(IS-1239)

150 mm
nominal
size
medium
grade pipe
(IS-1239)

200 mm
nominal
size
medium
graded
pipe (IS1239)

250 mm
nominal size
medium
grade pipe
(IS-1239)

34
72
115
160
250

5.1
11.0
16.0
23.0
36.0

1.3
2.7
4.1
5.8
9.1

0.43
0.90
1.40
1.85
3.00

NOTE-1 Where other grades of pipes are used, pressure loss data shall
accordingly change.
NOTE-2 The equivalent length of an elbow, bend or tee where the
water is turned through an angle shall be taken as 3 M when
using the data or in using Tables 29 or 30.

12.4.4.5 DESIGN POINT: The design point shall be the 48-sprinkler

point or if appropriate as specified in rules 8.2.3.2, 8.2.3.3 or
12.4.1.3 (Figures 22, 23, 24)
12.4.4.6 The highest sprinkler shall be either downstream of a sprinkler
design point or in an array with its own terminating distribution
spur.
12.4.4.7 The layout of the sprinkler installation shall, by and large,
conform to the methods shown in the Fig. 22,23,24.
12.4.4.8 The pressure loss in the distribution pipe to any particular
section of the installation valve shall be adjusted to that needed
to match the water supply characteristic by either:
a) suitably sizing the distribution pipe spur feeding the
particular section when the distribution pipe nominal size

15

shall not be less than that of the first length, sized by the
pipe tables, of distribution pipe downstream of the design
point to which it is connected, or b) fitting an orifice plate
complying with rule 12.2 in the particular distribution pipe.
( see figures 22, 23, 24).

16

17

12.5

FULLY HYDRAULICALLY CALCULATED PIPE ARRAYS

12.5.1 GENERAL
The requirements of this clause apply to pipe arrays sized by full
hydraulic calculation.
12.5.2 MINIMUM PIPE SIZES: The nominal bore of main and other
distribution pipes, and range pipes shall be not less than as
follows:
a) in a light-hazard installation

as given in table 54 for

single sprinklers.

18

b) in an ordinary
installation
12.5.3

or

high-

hazard

25mm

MAXIMUM RANGE PIPE SIZE: The nominal bore of range

pipes shall be not more than 65mm, except where individual
sprinklers are connected to pipes exceeding 65mm nominal bore
when the arrangement shall comply with 12.1.

12.5.4 DENSITY OF DISCHARGE - The minimum density of discharge

from each AMAO, or the entire protected area, whichever is the
smaller, containing the relevant group of four sprinklers with
each water supply or supply combination available shall be not
less than the design density specified in Tables 2, 3 and 4.
Where possible the density of discharge shall be taken as the
total flow from a group of four sprinklers which are most closely
adjacent (in standard layout four sprinklers lying on the corners
of a matrix cell square or rectangle, or in a staggered layout four
sprinklers on the corners of a notional parallelogram), in L/min
divided by four times the area (in M 2) of the notional square,
rectangle or parallelogram on the corners of which the sprinklers
lie.
Where fewer than four sprinklers are in open
communication, the minimum density shall be taken as the
lowest value of the flow from any sprinkler divided by the area
covered by the sprinkler. The area covered shall be taken as
that defined by the centre lines drawn midway between
adjacent sprinklers at right angles to the line joining the
sprinklers and by the boundary of the area covered (see figure
25).
12.5.5 MINIMUM SPRINKLER FLOW PRESSURE.
The calculated
discharge pressure at roof or ceiling sprinkler, or an
intermediate sprinkler, other than a rack or shelf sprinkler, when
all the sprinklers in an AMAO plus the required number of any
intermediate sprinklers are discharging simultaneously, and the
predicted pressure at the 'C' gauge is available from the supply,
shall be not less than as given in Table 28.
12.5.6 NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS IN AMAO
The AMAO shall be either:
a) as specified for each layout in section 8; or
b) the area in open communication (i.e. where sprinklers may
be expected to operate during the same fire incident) of the
hazard class concerned;
(whichever is the smaller)

19

Where different hazard classes are in adjacent areas and in open

communication the AMAO of the highest class shall apply and
any excess area specified in clause 8.2.3.4 shall be assumed to
be in operation in the hydraulically least favourable position in
an adjacent part of the lesser hazard area.
Where the total area in open communication is less than the
AMAO specified in section 8, the whole area shall be assumed to
be in simultaneous operation.
12.5.7 NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS IN AMAO.
The number of
sprinklers in simultaneous operation shall be integral and not
less than N, given by the equation:
N

= (A/a) + R

where

A is the roof or ceiling sprinkler AMAO (in m 2); a is the mean

floor area covered by each roof or ceiling sprinkler in the AMAO
under consideration (in m 2); R is the number of sprinklers
located under obstructions in the area of operation.

20

12.5.8 AREA COVERED BY INDIVIDUAL SPRINKLER. In a square or

rectangular matrix array the area covered by an individual
sprinkler not on the boundary of the array shall be the floor area
contained by the notional square or rectangle formed by the two
centre lines between the sprinkler and the two adjacent
sprinklers on the range, and the two centre lines between the
range pipe carrying sprinkler and the two adjacent range pipes
{see figure 26(a)}.

21

In a staggered array the area covered by an individual sprinkler

shall be that of the floor area contained by a notional
parallelogram formed by the centre lines between the range
pipe carrying the sprinkler and the two adjacent range pipes and
the lines joining points on the range pipe sections midway
between the sprinkler and each of the two adjacent sprinklers
on the range and the corresponding positions on the two
adjacent ranges {see figure 26(b)}.

22

12.5.9

LOCATIONS OF AMAO
a) HYDRAULICALLY MOST UN-FAVOURABLE LOCATION:
Changes in sprinkler spacing, array design, elevation, range
centres, sprinkler nominal orifice size and pipe sizes, as well
as all possible locations, whether on the distribution pipes or
between distribution pipes where these are connected by
range pipes, shall be considered when determining the
hydraulically most un-favourable location of the AMAO.
b) HYDRAULICALLY MOST FAVOURABLE LOCATION:
All possible locations, whether on the distribution pipes, or
between distribution pipes where these are connected by
ranges, shall be considered for the hydraulically most
favourable location of the AMAO.

12.5.10

SHAPE OF AMAO
a) HYDRAULICALLY MOST UN-FAVOURABLE LOCATION.

The following shall be considered.

Terminal spur and looped distribution pipe installations with spur ranges in
the hydraulically most un-favourable location the shape of the maximum
AMAO shall be as near as possible rectangular. One side shall be defined by
the range, or range pair where there is an end-centre arrangement.
Sprinklers not constituting a full range or range pair shall be grouped as
close as possible to the distribution pipe on the next upstream range row to
the rectangular area {see figures 27(a), 27(b) and 27(c)}.
b) HYDRAULICALLY MOST FAVOURABLE LOCATION:
The following shall be considered.
TERMINAL SPUR AND LOOPED DISTRIBUTION PIPE
INSTALLATIONS WITH SPUR RANGES:
In the
hydraulically most favourable location the shape of the AMAO
shall be as near as possible square, and shall where possible
comprise sprinklers on one distribution pipe only.
The
number of sprinklers calculated to be operating on ranges, or
range pairs in end-centre installations, shall be located on
each range or range pair at the hydraulically most favourable
location. Sprinklers not constituting a full range or range pair
shall be located on the next range row at the hydraulically
closest locations {see figures 27(b) and 27(c)}.

23

24

25

26

12.6

INTERMEDIATE LEVEL IN-RACK SPRINKLERS

12.6.1 Where more than 50 intermediate level sprinklers are installed

in the racks, roof and/or ceiling sprinklers in the concerned area
along with the intermediate level sprinklers shall be installed
with a separate installation control valve set.
12.6.2 For hydraulic calculation purpose, it shall be assumed that
minimum of three sprinklers are operating simultaneously on
each level up to a maximum of three levels at the hydraulically
remote position. The minimum operating pressure in any
sprinkler shall not be less than 2 bars.
12.6.3 In-rack sprinklers in association with the ceiling sprinklers shall
always be fully calculated for the purpose of hydraulics.

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