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2.4.1. Cables
AQWA supports four types of cables, each with their own input requirements:
Linear Elastic
Non-Linear Polynomial
Non-Linear Steel Wire
Non-Linear Catenary
To add a Cable, click on the Connections object in the tree. From the Connections
toolbar or the right click menu item Insert Connection, then select Cable.
The type of the cable (Linear Cable, Polynomial Cable, Steel Wire Cable, or
Catenary Cable) can be set in the details panel.
Cables may either be joined between two structures, or a fixed point and a
structure; this option can be changed via the Connectivity field in the Details
panel. In both cases an End Connection Point must exist at the position of the
end of the cable; this can be selected from a dropdown of existing Connection Points
defined on the structures. When the starting point is on a structure, you can define
the start of the cable using Start Connection Point, which again is a dropdown of
existing connection points defined on the structures. When the starting point is a
fixed point, a Fixed Point drop down list of defined fixed points is shown.
Linear Elastic and Polynomial cables can be winched by adding a Cable Winch. All
cable types can also have break conditions based on tension or time, defined by
adding a Cable Failure object.
Set additional options in the Details panel for each cable type as described in the
sections below. The extension of the cable and force applied depend on the
Connectivity defined (the following information is not applicable to catenary cables):
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Pulleys
A Pulley has the effect of intersecting the cable and will effectively extend the cable
to pass via the pulley position. Adding a second pulley will extend the cable further
from the first pulley to the end of the cable, hence the cable will travel from the cable
start point to the first pulley then, if it exists, to the second pulley, and then to the
cable end point.
Along with the pulley position (defined by Connection Point which can be selected
from the dropdown list of existing connection points), you must enter a Friction
Coefficient for the pulley. The friction of the pulley is represented by T2/T1, where
T2 is the larger tension and T1 the smaller. T2/T1 is defined for the situation where
the line turns through 180 around the pulley.
Within the program a friction factor is calculated such that (T2/T1)=e . The
friction is then varied depending on how far around the pulley the line passes.
T2/T1 must be in the range 1 T2/T1 2, with 1 being no friction.
Where:
P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 = polynomial coefficients.
E = Extension of the mooring line, as defined in the linear cable section.
Once the cable is fully defined, the initial tensions at the start and end of the cable
(Initial Cable Tension @ Start, Initial Cable Tension @ End) are reported in
the Details panel.
To avoid the iterative calculation of the mooring forces, the program establishes a
database covering all the expected configurations of the cable.
Additional controls enable fine control over the cable. The availability depends upon
if the cable is attached between a fixed point and a structure, or between two
structures.
For cables attached between a fixed point and a structure ( Connectivity set to
Fixed Point & Structure), the range of the possible end points of the cable is
determined by Negative dZ (measured from the lowest anticipated database point
to the connection point in the definition position) and Positive dZ (measured from
the connection point in the definition position to the highest anticipated database
point) along with the slack and maximum tension positions (including the effects of
the Sea Bed Slope). This area is then divided up to form a database of cable end
positions and corresponding tensions which is used in the analysis. It is
recommended that the full size of this grid is used, of 600 points, which is formed by
the multiplication of Number of Vertical Partitions and Number of X
Coordinates.
For cables attached between two structures (Connectivity set to Structure &
Structure), the range of the possible end points of the cable is determined by the
relative positions of the two structures along with the slack and maximum tension
range. It is assumed that the cable does not contact the sea bed. It is recommended
that the full size of the database is used, of 600 points, which is formed by the
multiplication of Number of Vertical Partitions and Number of X Coordinates.
For cables attached between two structures the database uses a radial coordinate
system in which Number of X Coordinates becomes the number of radial
distances and the Number of Vertical Partitions is the number of angular
positions.