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30th Hands
Hands-On
On Relay
School
Generation Track
Overview Lecture
1/29/2013
Rotor
Shaft
Poles
Slip rings
Stator Core
Source: www.alstom.com/power/fossil/gas/
1/29/2013
1/29/2013
1/29/2013
Source: Maughan, Clyde. V., Maintenance of Turbine Driven Generators, Maughan Engineering Consultants
1/29/2013
Series connection
Source:www.ansaldoenergia.com/Hydro_Gallery.asp
Rotor
1/29/2013
Classification of Synchronous
Generators
Synchronous Generator Classification
Cylindrical rotor
Rotor design
Salient-pole rotor
Direct
Cooling: Stator and
rotor
Indirect
Field winding
Brush
connection to dc
Brushless
source
Rotor Design
Salient-Pole Rotor
Cylindrical Rotor
1/29/2013
Source: www.alstom.com
Source:www.ansaldoenergia.com/Hydro_Gallery.asp
1/29/2013
Directly Cooled
Cooling Ducts,
Water Cooled Bar
Directly Cooled
1/29/2013
10
1/29/2013
11
1/29/2013
Increasing Ground
Fault Current
12
1/29/2013
Ungrounded Neutral
High-Resistance Grounding
13
1/29/2013
Low-Resistance Grounding
Effective Grounding
14
1/29/2013
15
1/29/2013
Generator
Capability
Curve for a
Salient Pole
Generator
16
1/29/2013
P V I cos( )
E 0 sin( ) Xd I cos( )
V
E 0 sin(
i ( ) V I cos(( )
Xd
V
( BC ) V I cos( )
Xd
E0
E0
P
Xd I
Q V I sin( )
( E 0 cos(( )) V Xd I sin(
i ( )
V
(( E 0 cos( )) V ) V I sin( )
Xd
V
( AB) V I sin( )
Xd
17
1/29/2013
Xd I
Xd I
E 0
Xd I
E0
E0
V
B
Q
Xd 1.6
V 1.00
I 1 36.87 E 0 2.3433.15
I 1.6 60 E 0 3.46621.7
I 1.1345 E 0 1.3178.5
18
1/29/2013
E 0 2.3433.15
E 0 3.46621.7
E 0 1.3178.5
V-Curves
I ( p.u )
cos cap.
cos inductive
E 0 (p.u.)
Excitation Current
19
1/29/2013
E0
Xd I
Xd 1.6
V 1.00
I 1 36.87
E0
Xd I
C
E0
I
Xd I
20
1/29/2013
P (Real Power)
V
(( E 0 cos( )) V ) V I sin( )
Xd
E0 0
- VV
Q
Xd
V
E 0 sin( ) V I cos( )
Xd
E0 0
P0
max.
Xd 1.6
Q (Reactive Power) V 1.0
- VV
0.625
Xd
21
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22
1/29/2013
Dual-Slope Characteristic
23
1/29/2013
http://www.polycastinternational.com/old_cat/pdfs/Section4/Section4-Part2.pdf
24
1/29/2013
25
1/29/2013
Low-impedance-grounded generators
Ground overcurrent
Ground directional overcurrent
Restricted earth fault (REF) protection
26
1/29/2013
Fault Location/
% of Winding
Voltage V
F1 / 3%
Vnom
3
Vnom
85%
3
F2 / 85%
3%
27
1/29/2013
Total Flux
Fundamental
Harmonics
Generator Flux Distribution in Air Gap
F1
(3)
59GN
OR (2)
27TN
Full Load
Full Load
No Load
VN3
No Load
VN3
VP3
VP3
No Fault
Fault at F1
28
1/29/2013
GSU
(3)
(3)
59GN
VN3
VP3
k VP3 VN 3
Pickup Setting
59THD
Winding pitch
Full pitch = 216/18 = 12 slots
Actual pitch = 128 120 = 8 slots
Actual pitch / full pitch = 8/12 = 2/3
29
1/29/2013
Full-Pitch Winding
30
1/29/2013
(3)
OR (2)
I
R
59GN
V
64S
Coupling
Filter
Low-Frequency
Voltage Injector
Protection
Measurements
31
1/29/2013
Low-Impedance-Grounded Generator
Ground Overcurrent and Directional Overcurrent
Low-Impedance-Grounded Generator
Ground Differential
32
http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot235.nsf/ve
eritydisplay/beaaeb0123376541832573460062a765
5/$file/1vap428561-db_byz.pdf
1/29/2013
Low-Impedance-Grounded Generator
Self-Balancing Ground Differential
Zero-Sequence CTs
Zero-sequence CT
33
1/29/2013
34
1/29/2013
Source:www.ansaldoenergia.com/Hydro_Gallery.asp
35
1/29/2013
Source: www.alstom.com
36
1/29/2013
Source: www.alstom.com
Source: www.alstom.com
37
1/29/2013
Retaining Ring
Copper Winding
Winding Short
Winding Ground
Turn Insulation
End Windings
Winding Ground
Slot Armor
38
1/29/2013
Winding
g Short
Pole Collar
* Strip-On-Edge
39
1/29/2013
40
1/29/2013
Voltage Divider
Field Breaker
R3
+
R2
Exciter
Brushes
R1
Sensitive Detector
Grounding Brush
DC Injection
Field Breaker
+
Exciter
Brushes
Sensitive Detector
+
DC Supply
G
Grounding
di
Brush
41
1/29/2013
AC Injection
Field Breaker
+
Brushes
Exciter
Sensitive Detector
G
Grounding
di
Brush
AC Supply
+
Brushes
Exciter
R1
Grounding
Brush
R2
Rs
Measured Voltage
42
1/29/2013
Voscn
Vrs
Rx
Cfg
Vosc
R
Measured Voltage (Vrs)
Vrs
Rs
43
1/29/2013
44
1/29/2013
Overvoltage
Current
unbalance
Abnormal
frequency
Loss-of-field
Out-of-step
Motoring
Inadvertent
energization
Overexcitation
Backup
45
1/29/2013
I 2 I P2
T ln 2
2
I k I
NOM
46
1/29/2013
Rotor-Induced Currents
47
1/29/2013
I2 Max %
10
10
48
1/29/2013
I22t Max %
40
30
30
10
49
1/29/2013
NegativeSequence
Overcurrent
Protection
T
K2
I2
I NOM
50
1/29/2013
Damper
Windings
51
1/29/2013
52
1/29/2013
53
1/29/2013
0.53%
0.22+%
525%
50+%
54
1/29/2013
P1
P2
Overexcitation Protection
V f NOM
f VNOM
55
1/29/2013
Source: Maughan, Clyde. V., Maintenance of Turbine Driven Generators, Maughan Engineering Consultants
Source: Maughan, Clyde. V., Maintenance of Turbine Driven Generators, Maughan Engineering Consultants
56
1/29/2013
Overexcitation Protection
Dual-Level, Definite Time Characteristic
Overexcitation Protection
Inverse- and Definite Time Characteristics
57
1/29/2013
Overvoltage Protection
Overvoltage most frequently occurs in
h d l t i generators
hydroelectric
t
Overvoltage protection (59):
Instantaneous element set at 130150
percent of rated voltage
Time-delayed element set at approximately
110 percent of rated voltage
58
1/29/2013
59
1/29/2013
60
1/29/2013
61
1/29/2013
Backup Protection
Directly Connected Generator
Voltage-Restrained Overcurrent
Element Pickup Current
62
1/29/2013
Synchronism-Check Element
63
1/29/2013
64
1/29/2013
+/ 10
+/10
Generator-side voltage
relative to system
100% to 105%
Frequency difference
+/0.067 Hz
Synchronism
Check relay
Synchronism
Check relay
65
1/29/2013
66