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b.
9. Write the expression for COP of a heat pump and a refrigerator?
Source Temperatur e
Source Temperatur e - Sink Temperatur e
COP of Refrigerat or
Source Temperatur e
Source Temperatur e - Sink Temperatur e
For
isothermal process the piston moves very slowly and for adiabatic process the piston
moves as fast as possible. This speed variation during the same stroke of the piston is
not possible.
c. It is not possible to avoid friction moving parts completely.
12. Name two alternative methods by which the efficiency of a Carnot cycle can be
increased.
a. Efficiency can be increased as the source temperature increases.
b. Efficiency can be increased as the sink temperature decreases.
13. Why a heat engine cannot have 100% efficiency?
For all the heat engines there will be a heat loss between system and surroundings. Therefore we
cant convert all the heat input into useful work.
14. When will be the Carnot cycle efficiency is maximum?
Carnot cycle efficiency is maximum when the initial temperature is 0K.
15. What are the processes involved in Carnot cycle.
Carnot cycle consist of
Reversible isothermal compression
isentropic compression
reversible isothermal expansion
isentropic expansion
16. State carnot theorem?
No heat engine operating in a cyclic process between two-fixed temperatures can be more
efficient that a reversible engine operating between the same temperature limits.
17. Define PMM of second kind?
Perpetual motion machine of second kind draws heat continuously from single reservoir and
converts it into equivalent amount of work, Thus it gives 100 percentage efficiency.
The part where the heat to be rejected to work absorbing or work developing device is
called source.
Sink: The part which receives heat from work absorbing or work developing device is called sink.
Reservoir:
The part which supplies or receives heat continuously without change in its
The assumptions made for describing the working of the Carnot engine are as follows :
The piston moving in a cylinder does not develop any friction during motion.
The walls of piston and cylinder are considered as perfect insulators of heat.
The cylinder head is so arranged that it can be a perfect heat conductor or perfect heat
insulator.
The transfer of heat does not affect the temperature of source or sink.
Working medium is a perfect gas and has constant specific heat.
Compression and expansion are reversible.
rreversible processes. Also in case of fans, compressors, refrigerators and pumps less power input is
required when reversible processes are used in place of corresponding irreversible ones
35. Write the equation for Clausius inequality
Clausius inequality is given by,
The steam which fully in evaporated state and is not having any water particles is called dry
steam.
12. What is meant by superheated steam? And indicate its use.
If the dry steam is further heated, then the process is called superheating and steam obtained
is known as superheated steam.
Uses:Superheated steam has more heat energy and more work can be obtained using it.
Thermal efficiency increases as the temperature of superheated steam is high.
13. Define triple point and critical point for pure substance?
Triple point:
Triple point is the state at where all the three phases that is, solid, liquid and
vapour to exist in equilibrium. The triple point is merely the point of intersection of
sublimation and vapourisation curves. It must be understood that only on p-T diagram is the
triple point represented by a point.
Critical point:
It represents the highest pressure and temperature at which the liquid and
vapour phases coexist in equilibrium. At the critical point the liquid and vapour phases are
indistinguishable that is liquid directly converted into vapour.
14. Explain the terms: Degree of superheat, Degree of subcooling.
Degree of superheat: It is the difference between superheated temperature and saturated
temperature at the same pressure.
Degree of subcooling:It is the amount by which the water is cooled beyond the saturated
temperature at the same pressure.
15. Define Saturation temperature and saturation pressre
The phase change temperature corresponding to the saturation pressure. Sometimes called the
boiling temperature.
The pressure at which phase change occurs is called saturation pressure.
16. What is Compressed liquid ?
Liquid whose temperature is lower than the saturation temperature. Sometimes called a subcooled liquid.
17. What is Saturated liquid ?
It is the liquid at the saturation temperature corresponding to the saturation pressure. That is
liquid about to commence evaporating.
18. What is Dry (saturated) vapour , wet vapour and superheated vapour ?
Dry Vapour is the vapour which has just completed evaporation. The pressure and temperature
of the vapour are the saturation values.
Wet vapour is the mixture of saturated liquid and dry vapour during the phase change.
Superheated vapour is the vapour whose temperature is greater than the saturation
temperature corresponding to the pressure of the vapour.
Work ratio is defined as the ratio of network transfer to the positive work transfer.
Work ratio affects the actual efficiency comparing two cycles with the same ideal
efficiency, the cycle having smaller work ratio would have smaller actual efficiency.
Higher the work ratio, the SSC is lower, resulting in smaller size plant for the given
output.
23. What are the effects of condenser pressure on the Rankine cycle?
By
lowering the condenser pressure, we can increase the cycle efficiency.The main
disadvantage is lowering the back pressure increases the wetness of steam. Isentropic
compression of a very wet vapour is very difficult.
24. A vapour cycle inherently has two advantages over gas power cycle. What are they?
25. Mention the improvements made to increase the ideal efficiency of ranking cycle.
26. Name the different components in steam power plant working on a rankine cycle.
Boiler, Turbine, Cooling Tower or Condenser, and Pump.
27. What are disadvantages of reheating?
The cost of plant increases due to the reheater and its long connections. It also increases the
condenser capacity due to increased dryness fraction.
28. List the advantages of reheat cycle.