LSC Volume 33, Number 3, December 2010

Cover
Tools Name : Measurement of CBM Gas Content in Rambutan Field
ISSN : 0126 - 3501
Volume 33, No. 3, December 2010

LEMIGAS SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS (LSC) is a printing media to promote research and development
activities which have been done by LEMIGAS Research and Development Centre for Oil and Gas Technology.
Chief Editor
: Dra. Yanni Kussuryani, M.Si. (Kimia)
Managing Editor
: Agus Salim, S.H., M.H. (Economic Law)
Ass. Managing Editor : Drs. Heribertus Joko Kristadi, M.Si. (Geophysic)

Peer Group
: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Prof. Dr. Ir. Septoratno Siregar (Petroleum Engineering)

Prof. Dr. Wahjudi Wisaksono (Energy and Environment)
Prof. Dr. R.P. Koesoemadinata (Geological Engineering)
Ir. E. Jasjfi, M.Sc, APU. (Chemical Engineering)
Dr. Ir. M. Kholil, M.Kom. (Management of Environment)
Senior Editors
: 1.
2.
3.
4.
Dr. Ir. Noegroho Hadi Hs., APU. (Chemical Engineering)

Prof. (R). Dr. Maizar Rahman (Chemical Engineering)
Prof. (R). Dr. Suprajitno Munadi (Geophysics)
Prof. (R). Dr. E. Suhardono (Industrial Chemistry)
Editors
1. Ir. Bambang Wicaksono T.M., M.Sc. (Petroleum Geology)

2. Dr. Ir. Ego Syahrial, M.Sc. (Petroleum Engineering)
3. Prof. (R). M. Udiharto (Biology)
4. Drs. Mardono, MM. (Chemical Engineering)
5. Dr. Ir. Usman, M.Eng. (Petroleum Engineering)
6 Abdul Haris, S.Si., M.Si. (Chemistry and Environment)
7. Ir. Yusep K Caryana, M.Sc. (Gas Engineering and Management)
Secretariat
: 1. Ngadimun
2. Rasikin
Publisher
: LEMIGAS Research and Development Centre for Oil and Gas Technology
Afilliation Division
Printed by
: Grafika LEMIGAS
Address
LEMIGAS Research and Development Division for Afilliation, Jl. Ciledug Raya, Kav. 109, Cipulir, Kebayoran
Lama, P.O. Box 1089/JKT, Jakarta Selatan 12230 INDONESIA, STT: No. 348/SK/DITJEN PPG/STT/1987/
May 12, 1977, Phone: 7228614, 7394422 - Ext. 1222, 1223, Fax : 62 - 21 - 7228614 and 7246150, e-mail:
management@lemigas.esdm.go.id
Lemigas Scientific Contributions has been published since 1977, 3 times a year. The editor receives scientific
articles about research results, related to the oil and gas research.
Lemigas Scientific Contributions is published by LEMIGAS Research and Development Centre for Oil and
Gas Technology. Chief Editor : Dra. Yanni Kussuryani, M.Si. Managing Editor: Agus Salim, S.H., M.H.
ISSN : 0126 - 3501
Volume 33, Number 3, December 2010
Page
ii
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
iii
APPLICATION OF NEW COMPOSITIONAL SIMULATION APPROACH

TO MODEL GRAVITY SEGREGATION IN VOLATILE OIL RESERVOIRS
By: Ego Syahrial
155 - 164
AN INVESTIGATION OVER ROCK WETTABILITY AND ITS

ALTERATION ON SOME INDONESIAN SANDSTONES
By: Bambang Widarsono
165 - 179
TRACER TESTS FOR HETEROGENEITY CHARACTERIZATION

AND SATURATION DETERMINATION ON CORE FLOODING
By: Sugihardjo, Usman, and Utomo Pratama I.
180 - 187
MODELING GRAVITY SEGREGATION IN STRATIFIED

AND DIPPING RESERVOIR OF VOLATILE OIL
By: Ego Syahrial
188 - 197
INTEGRATING PETROGRAPHY WITH CORE-LOG-WELL TEST DATA FOR

LOW PERMEABILITY SANDSTONE RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION:
PRELIMINARY RECOMMENDATION FOR PRODUCTION OPTIMIZATION
By: Junita Trivianty Musu, Hadi Prasetyo and Bambang Widarsono
198 - 203
PERFORMANCE TESTING ON MIXTURE OF KISAMIR PURE PLANT OIL

(PPO) AND KEROSENE AS WICK STOVE FUEL
By: Emi Yuliarita
204 - 211
STUDY ON COMPONENTS RATING OF GASOLINE ENGINE

AS A PERFORMANCE QUALITY INDICATOR OF API SL LUBRICANT
By: Setyo Widodo, Shinta Sari H., Catur Yuliani R., and Subiyanto
212 - 219
ISSN : 0126 - 3501
Date of issue: 2010 - 12
The descriptions given are free terms. This abstract sheet may be reproduced without permission or charge
Ego Syahrial (Technological Assessor at LEMIGAS
R & D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology)
APPLICATION OF NEW COMPOSITIONAL
SIMULATION APPROACH TO MODEL GRAVITY SEGREGATION IN VOLATILE OIL RESERVOIRS
LSC, December 2010, Vol. 33, No. 3, p. 155 - 164
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we investigate the recovery performance of gas injection from volatile oil reservoirs.
Cross-sectional reservoir studies for investigating
the gravity segregation during depletion and gas
cycling in volatile oil reservoirs is discussed. Furthermore the effects of vertical permeability on
gravity segregation in a homogeneous and horizontal reservoirs are investigated.
A new efficient compositional simulation approach
was used in this study to investigate the influence
of gravity segregation and their magnitude in the
case of lean gas injection into a volatile oil reservoir. The new compositional simulation approach
was validated through analytical and numerical
methods, and it is unconditionally stable and as
stable as fully compositional model.
The results show that an increase in vertical to horizontal permeability ratios results in an increase in
the effect of gravity segregation and yield early
gas breakthrough. On the other hand, the smaller
the permeability ratios (vertical to horizontal), better
are the recoveries due to resulting even layer
sweeps. Gravity forces have a considerable effect
on volatile oil recovery via gas injection and the
need for determining not only the fluid characteristics but also the reservoir heterogeneities was significant.
(Author)
Key words: compositional, equation of state, gravity segregation, volatile
Bambang Widarsono (Researcher at LEMIGAS R

& D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology)
AN
INVESTIGATION
OVER
ROCK
WETTABILITY AND ITS ALTERATION ON
SOME INDONESIAN SANDSTONES
ABSTRACT
Wettability is a reservoir rock property that is not
easy to measure and quantify but has a crucial effect on other rock properties such as relative permeability, capillary pressure, and electrical properties. Problem that may occur with regard to this
matter is that those properties are often measured
on already cleansed core samples as part of the
standard procedure. Having undergone the normally utilized heated cleansing process alteration
in the rocks original wettability was often reported.
Under such condition, unrepresentative wettability
certainly leads to unrepresentative measured data
with all of consequences. This article presents a
study that uses 363 sandstone samples retrieved
from 28 oil and gas fields in Indonesia. The study
consists of two stages of analysis. First analysis is
performed on data obtained from three wettability
tests results while the second one is made with using water-oil relative permeability data, that is usually measured on cleansed core samples. Original
wettability data shows that the sandstones varry in
wettability from water-wet to oil-wet (48.2% and
30.2% of total samples, respectively). Comparison
between data of the two analyses shows that original wettability tends to degrade in strength after
cleaning down to neutral wettability, among which
neutral wettability appears to be the largest in number (49.1% of total sample). Results also show that
weak wettability tends to endure more than stronger ones. The overall results have demonstrated
the need for caution in core handling and for measures that can minimize the risk.
(Author)
Key words: wettability, sandstones, alteration, core
cleansing, wettability degradation, misleading
petrophysical data, cautious core handling
iii
Sugihardjo1), Usman1), and Utomo Pratama I.

Researcher1) at LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil
and Gas Technology
TRACER TESTS FOR HETEROGENEITY CHARACTERIZATION AND SATURATION DETERMINATION ON CORE FLOODING
ABSTRACT
Low sweep efficiency is the common problem in
displacement process due to heterogeneity, high
permeability streaks, fractures, and thief zones
existing in the formation. Similarly, the success or
failure of EOR implementations are always affected
by those problems which causes displacing fluids
fingering and early breakthrough. Factors of this
type, unless properly identified and understood
before the start of EOR process, will likely cause
a project failure.
Core flooding as the model of small scale of fluids
movements in reservoir undergoes similar circumstances. Approximately one foot long of four 3.5
inches stacked native and synthetic cores are normally used in core flooding experiment. Tracer test
was performed to characterize the core in addition of CT scan analysis. On this experiment,
lithium solution was selected as tracer solution to
be then injected into core at constant rate, 4 ft/
day. Afterwards, the effluents were collected by
Gilson sample collector in each tube for further
determinination its concentration using Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry (AAS).
Response curves of lithium tracer were able to
determine core heterogeneities and this should be
done to avoid misleading interpretation of core
flooding results. Besides, lithium concentration
reported in some extent and subsequently analyzed
by employing method of temporal moments. This
method provides numerical calculation to estimate
effective core pore volume (PV) and fluid saturation. Weighing method was also used to compare
the PV with aforementioned method and the results were comparable.
(Author)
Key Words: Tracer, heterogeinity, fluid saturation,
and core flooding
iv
Ego Syahrial (Technological Assessor at LEMIGAS

R & D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology)
MODELING GRAVITY SEGREGATION IN
STRATIFIED AND DIPPING RESERVOIR OF
VOLATILE OIL
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we investigate gravity segregation
in stratified and dipping reservoir of volatile oil
under gas injection. A new efficient compositional
simulation approach was used in this study to investigate the influence of gravity segregation
and their magnitude in the case of gas injection
into a volatile oil reservoir. The results show that
in stratified and dipping reservoirs where the permeability decreases with depth, smaller the vertical to horizontal permeability ratio, lesser is the
effect of gravity segregation, better is the sweep
efficiency and hence better is the recovery. In the
case of increasing permeability with depth in
stratified dipping reservoirs, an up-dip gas injection into a volatile oil reservoir was found to be a
favourable condition in term of recovery. Gravity
forces have a considerable effect on volatile oil
recovery via gas injection and the need for determining not only the fluid characteristics but also
the reservoir heterogeneities was significant.
(Author)
Junita Trivianty Musu1), Hadi Prasetyo2) and Bambang

Widarsono1) (Researcher1) at LEMIGAS R & D
Centre for Oil and Gas Technology, Badan Pelaksana
Hulu MIGAS (BPMIGAS)2))
INTEGRATING PETROGRAPHY WITH CORELOG-WELL TEST DATA FOR LOW PERMEABILITY SANDSTONE RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION: PRELIMINARY RECOMMENDATION FOR PRODUCTION OPTIMIZATION
ABSTRACT
Integrating petrographic core information into
combined core petrophysics, log, and well test data
for understanding facies and environmental deposition in rock characterization has proved itself
useful to improving quality and reliability of the
required conclusions. This integrated approach
has specifically shown its use in the cases of complex reservoirs such ones characterized as lowpermeability sandstone reservoirs. It is in this spirit
that this paper demonstrates how this virtually cost
efficient analysis provides preliminary recommendations for the exploitation of such reservoirs. As
case study, two types of producing reservoirs
(Bekasap, Bangko, Pematang, and Tanjung Formations) have been taken in 2009. The first type
is strongly controlled by depositional environment.
It is found in the upper part of Bekasap and
Bangko formations (1900 - 2300 ft-ss), deposited
in estuarine system, and made of very fine to fine
grained sand with low to moderate bioturbation.

This mostly feldspathic and lithic greywackes
have permeability of up to 200 mD. The second
type is strongly dominated by diagenesis process
and is mainly found in the Upper Pematang and
Tanjung Formations (6200 - 7400 ft-ss). This reservoir type is characterized by its coarse-grained
and conglomeratic sandstones resulted from fandelta and braided channel depositional system.
Diagenetic events such as compaction, recrystallization of matrix into microcrystalline clay
minerals, precipitation of authigenic minerals in
pore system are also well identified from the performed petrographic analysis. This is dominated
by sublitharenite and litharenite sandstones exhibit horizontal permeability of up to several
dozens mD. The two producing reservoir types
have undergone carefully planned exploitation
and stimulation operations, and the horizontal
drilling and fracturing job for the type-1 and
type-2 reservoirs, respectively, are acknowledged
as two success stories of their own. These successes would not prevail without application of
well integrated core-log-well test approaches in
reservoir characterization, in which information
from core petrography plays an important contribution.
(Author)
Keywords: reservoir characterization, sandstone,
low permeability, petrography
Emi Yuliarita (Researcher at LEMIGAS R & D

Centre for Oil and Gas Technology)
PERFORMANCE TESTING ON MIXTURE OF
KISAMIR PURE PLANT OIL (PPO) AND
KEROSENE AS WICK STOVE FUEL
ABSTRACT
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) which is made from
kisamir seed has smaller kinetic viscosity value
than jatropha and coconut oil. So it has potential
to be used as alternative fuel/mixed kerosene.
The test result of some main physical/chemical
characteristics of fuel made from kerosine and
pure plant oil (5% to 20% volume) are still in the
limit of kerosene specification as decided by the
government. However, the maximum power test
result of the mixture of PPO and kerosene that
has been tested on 16 wicks stove shows that the
higher content of PPO in kerosene will decrease
the maximum stove performance as well as stoves
efficiency value. But the blue color of fire gets
clearer, because of less amount of sulfur by adding PPO in kerosene. The use of PPO up to 20%
will reduce sulphur content up to 20%.
(Author)
Key Word: PPO, Kerosine Alternatif fuel,
Spesification, Maksimum Power, Efficiency stove
vi
Setyo Widodo1), Shinta Sari H.2), Catur Yuliani R.1),

and Subiyanto1) (Researcher1), Lubricant analyst2) at
LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology)
STUDY ON COMPONENTS RATING OF GASOLINE ENGINE AS A PERFORMANCE QUALITY
INDICATOR OF LEMIGAS FORMULATED API
SL LUBRICANT
ABSTRACT
Poor lubrication may cause wear on the surface
moving parts of engine components such as bearings due to the metal-to-metal contact. Engine components utilized on the road-test of gasoline
engines lubricating oil API SL showed wear and
tear on some parts of them. The sum of wear occurred during the road test were varied. Therefore, an analysis of wear quantity of engines components was a necessity in order to get information about lubrication condition on engine. Analysis of wear was conducted by components rating
based on the standard specifications set out for
performance level of lubricant oil API SL and
ILSAC GF-3 (SNI 06-7069-2005). Analysis based
on Seq. IIIF showed that average value of the piston skirt varnish is 10, low temperature viscosity
is 4673 cP, and cam wear lifter is 0.002 mm. It was
also showed that the minimum kinematics viscosity increase was managed to be stay-in-grade.
Analysis based on Seq. IVA showed that the average value of cam wear is 0.0015 mm. Analysis
based on Seq. VII showed that the value of bearing weight loss was 0.010 g and there was no deposit at high temperatures. Shear stability analysis based on Seq. VIII showed that the viscosity of
lubricant oil is still in the range of allowed values.
(Author)
Key words: rating; gasoline engine components;
API SL lubricating oil
APPLICATION OF NEW COMPOSITIONAL SIMULATION
LEMIGAS SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 155 - 164

APPROACH TO MODEL GRAVITY SEGREGATION IN
VOLATILE OIL RESERVOIRS
By: Ego Syahrial
Technological Assessor at LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology
Jl. Ciledug Raya Kav. 109, Cipulir, Kebayoran Lama, Jakarta Selatan 12230, INDONESIA
Tromol Pos: 6022/KBYB-Jakarta 12120, Telephone: 62-21-7394422, Faxsimile: 62-21-7246150
First Registered on 27 September 2010; Received after Corection on 5November 2010;
Publication Approval on : 31 December 2010
ABSTRACTS
In this paper, we investigate the recovery performance of gas injection from volatile oil
reservoirs. Cross-sectional reservoir studies for investigating the gravity segregation during depletion and gas cycling in volatile oil reservoirs is discussed. Furthermore the effects
of vertical permeability on gravity segregation in a homogeneous and horizontal reservoirs are investigated.
A new efficient compositional simulation approach was used in this study to investigate
the influence of gravity segregation and their magnitude in the case of lean gas injection
into a volatile oil reservoir. The new compositional simulation approach was validated
through analytical and numerical methods, and it is unconditionally stable and as stable
as fully compositional model.
The results show that an increase in vertical to horizontal permeability ratios results in
an increase in the effect of gravity segregation and yield early gas breakthrough. On the
other hand, the smaller the permeability ratios (vertical to horizontal), better are the recoveries due to resulting even layer sweeps. Gravity forces have a considerable effect on
volatile oil recovery via gas injection and the need for determining not only the fluid
characteristics but also the reservoir heterogeneities was significant.
I. INTRODUCTION
A volatile oil is defined as a high shrinkage crude
oil near its critical point (Moses, 1986). In a phase
diagram, it is recognised as a type between a blackoil and a gas-condensate fluid. With deeper drilling,
more reservoirs containing volatile crude oil and gas
condensates have been found and the need for accurate and economic methods for studying the performance of such reservoirs has become important. In
the early 1950s several material balance methods
were used for reservoir performance predictions (e.g.,
Cook et al., 1951; Jacoby & Berry, 1957;
Reudelhuber & Hinds, 1957). Cook et al. (1951) presented a method of estimating future reservoir performance and oil recovery of highly volatile type oil
reservoirs. Later, Woods (1955) applied Cook et al.
method to real field case study of that particular type

of reservoirs. Reudelhuber & Hinds (1957) presented
a compositional material balance method for the prediction of recovery from volatile oil depletion-drive
reservoirs. Fluid compositions were determined from
laboratory data and the actual reservoir study was
conducted. Jacoby & Berry (1957) developed a tanktype model which used vapour-liquid equilibrium
(VLE) and composition dependent densities and viscosities. This method used relative permeability data
and multi-component flash calculations to predict oil
and gas production as a function of reservoir pressure. Later, Cordell & Ebert (1965) showed that the
greater accuracy of the volatile oil material balance
was due to the consideration of the oil recovered from
the gas phase.
155
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 155 - 164
During the late of 1960s, the use of numerical

compositional methods increased significantly with the
rapid evolution of large scale, high speed, digital computers and the development of numerical mathematical methods. Numerical simulators, in general, utilise
finite difference approximations to the rather complex partial differential equations that mathematically
describe the physics and the thermodynamics of fluid
flow in porous media. Simultaneously solving the continuity equations (after applying Darcys Law), and
the Equations of State for each phase, under the prescribed initial and boundary equations has become a
standard method of developing a model for two-phase
fluid flow in a porous media. Black oil simulators are
used to simulate and predict reservoir performance
by considering hydrocarbon fluids as two lumped
components (phases) namely oil and gas. In this approach, inter-phase mass transfers were assumed to
be a function of pressure only. For volatile oils, and
gas condensates, this assumption may not be valid
(Daltaban, 1986). Compositional models are used to
simulate adequately the inter-phase mass transfer and
predict reservoir performance when compositional
effects cannot be neglected.
The development of compositional simulators can
be classified into three categories. The first category
concerns with the new formulations and efficient
solution schemes for the mass conservation equations. In this category the formulations are divided
into two basic schemes, namely IMPES and fully
implicit schemes. The primary difference between
these two schemes is in the treatment of the flow
coefficient. The second category concerns with the
efficiency of the phase equilibrium calculation
schemes. In this category, the formulation is
differenced whether or not they use the Equations of
State for phase equilibrium and property calculations.
The last category concerns the representations of
physical phenomena, such as the effect of interfacial
tension to the shape of relative permeability curves.
In general, the IMPES is inherently unstable and
the fully implicit can overkill the problem
computationally. To realise the problems, it is therefore intended to propose a new formulation in order
to minimise the cost of the computational simulation
while maintaining the thermodynamic consistency of
the prediction. The formulation must be able to model
recovery from volatile oil reservoirs in the presence
156
of heterogeneity under different recovery

mechanicms. In this paper the new compositional
simulation approach is used to investigate the influence of gravity segregation and their magnitude in
the case of lean gas injection into a volatile oil reservoir.
II. COMPOSITIONAL SIMULATION
A new compositional simulation approach for a
volatile oil reservoir modeling was presented in previous publications (Syahrial & Daltaban, 1998; Syahrial
& Daltaban, 1998; Syahrial 2010). The new formulation has an implicit equation for the oil-phase pressure and water saturation, an explicit equation for
the hydrocarbon saturation, and explicit equation for
the overall composition of each hydrocarbon component that satisfies thermodynamic equilibrium. The
formulation uses an Equation of State for phase equilibrium and property calculations. Interfacial tension
effects are included in the formulation characterise
the thermodynamically dynamic nature of the relative permeability. A two-dimensional relative permeability algorithm is included which handles lumped
hydrocarbon phase as well as individual phase flows.
For each grid block two equations are required,
namely total hydrocarbon and water-phase flow equations. These equations are highly non-linear and they
are linearised by using Newton-Raphson method. The
resulting set of equations are solved by an efficient
Conjugate Gradient based iterative technique to obtain pressures and saturations simultaneously, and
hydrocarbon-phase saturations are deduced from their
respective equations.
A. Generalised Flow Equations
The general flow equation used in the formulation can be found equations by summing up all the
equations, applying mole constraint, and converting
the resulting expressions into finite difference form
namely:
- Water equation:
Tw w w qw
Vr
w Sw n 1 w Sw n ,
t
(1)
- Oil equation:
To o o qo
Vr
o So n 1 o So n ,
t
(2)
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 155 - 164
- Gas equation:
Tg g g qg
- Water Equation:
Vr
g Sg
t
n 1
g Sg
, (3)
n
WPi , j ,k 1 Poi , j ,k 1 WPi , j 1,k Poi , j 1,k WPi 1, j ,k Poi 1, j ,k

WPi , j ,k Poi , j ,k
WPi 1, j ,k Poi 1, j ,k WPi , j 1,k Poi , j 1,k
where transmissibility term Tl in the x-direction,
WPi , j ,k 1 Poi , j ,k 1 WS i , j ,k 1 S wi , j ,k 1 WS i , j 1,k S wi , j 1,k
k A k
Tl rl l , l o, g , w
x l
WS i 1, j ,k S wi1, j ,k WS i , j ,k S wi , j ,k
WS i , j 1,k S wi , j 1,k WS i , j ,k 1 S wi , j ,k 1 Crw
The same expression exists for y- and zdirection. In this formulation, all transmissibility
term are treated implicitly. To obtain the hydrocarbon equation, both sides of oil and gas equations (Eqs. (2) and (3)) are multiplied by n1
g
- Hydrocarbon equation:
T
n 1
o
n 1
o
T
n 1
o
n 1
g
n 1
g
n 1
g
oqo g qg
Vr
o gSh n1 gn1oSo n on1g Sg n
t
n 1
o
- Hydrocarbon Equation:
H Pi , j ,k 1 Poi , j ,k 1 H Pi , j 1,k Poi , j 1,k H Pi1, j ,k Poi 1, j ,k
H Pi , j ,k Poi , j ,k
H Pi 1, j ,k Poi 1, j ,k H Pi , j 1,k Poi , j 1,k
H Pi , j ,k 1 Poi , j ,k 1 H S i , j ,k 1 S wi , j ,k 1 H S i , j 1,k S wi , j 1,k
(7)
H S i 1, j ,k S wi 1, j ,k H S i , j ,k S wi , j ,k H S i 1, j ,k S wi1, j ,k
H S i , j 1,k S wi , j 1,k H S i , j ,k 1 S wi , j ,k 1 Crh
and n1
respectively, and combined, hence:
o
n 1
g
(6)
WS i 1, j ,k S wi 1, j ,k
The system of equations above can be written in matrix

form:
A x k 1 b k
(8)
where,
S h n1 S o n1 S g n1
This particular matrix form can be solved in each

Newtonian iteration by either direct, or iterative methods in
order to obtain the required changes in pressure and saturation.
- Water equation:
C. Composition and Saturation Equations
(4)
Twn 1 nw1 wqw

n
Vr
wSw n 1 wSw n
t
(5)
Compositions are computed explicitly by a method developed by Tsutsumi and Dixon (1972). The overall compositions of the components can be expressed as:
B. Linearisation and Discretisation

It is clear that both water and hydrocarbon
equations (Eqs. (4) and (5)) are highly non-linear and analytical solutions are not possible.
Consequently, numerical methods are required.
To implement numerical techniques, however,
the flow equations must be linearised and the
results are water and hydrocarbon equations in
the oil-phase pressure and the water saturation
forms. Effects of capillary pressure are treated
explicitly.
The discretisation of water and hydrocarbon equations is carried out by applying a finite
difference scheme using backward difference
in time and central difference in space
(Peaceman, 1967). This results in water and
hydrocarbon equations having the form:
n1
m
Vr n
n1 n1 n1 n1 n1 n1
n
n
xm To o ym Tg g xmo qo ym g qg t z o So g Sg
V
n
n
Ton1no1 Tgn1ng1 o qo g qg r o So g S g
t
(9)
Oil and gas saturations are calculated as the final result of a
series of computations form:
Vr
n
n
n 1
n 1
To o o qo t o S o
S on 1
Vr
o n1
t
n 1
g
Vr
n
n
n 1
n 1
Tg g g q g t g S g
Vr
g n1
(10)
(11)
D. Validation Procedures
The equations presented in the previous section were
coded into a computer program that provides a field-scale
157
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 155 - 164
reservoir simulator which models the behaviour of

compositional processes and in particular the
behaviour of volatile oil reservoirs. The results from
the simulation procedure are validated by comparing
them against both analytical and numerical models.
The Buckley-Leverett method (Buckley & Leverett,
1942) was used as the analytical model. Numerical
validation was provided by Eclipse300 (a fully compositional simulator that is the de rigour industry standard (GeoQuest, 1996)). The validation tests have
shown that this formulation gives sufficiently close
approximations to the analytical Buckley-Leverett
solution and other numerical methods (Syahrial, 2010).
The new model requires less number of equations to
be solved per time step than the fully implicit method
and only needs one to two iterations per time step,
this formulation is as cheap as IMPES and is as accurate as fully implicit methods.
III. APPLICATIONS
After validating against
analytical and numerical methods, the simulator was used to
model recovery from volatile
oil reservoirs. The objective of
this section is to carry out a
theoretical investigation into
the recovery performance Gas
Injection from volatile oil reservoirs. Cross-sectional studies for investigating the gravity segregation during depletion
and gas cycling in volatile oil
reservoirs is discussed. Furthermore the effects of vertical permeability on gravity segregation in a homogeneoues
and horizontal reservoirs are
investigated.
injection into volatile oil reservoirs. The recovery efficiencies of immiscible and miscible gas displacement due to gravity segregation are affected by:
1. Increased permeability (either horizontal or vertical).
2. Increased density difference.
3. Increased mobility ratio.
4. Decreasing production rates.
A compositional simulation approach is fully implemented to investigate the influence of gravity segregation and their magnitude in the case of lean gas
injection into a volatile oil reservoir. Well production
performance, gas saturation distribution and the composition of the production stream will be monitored in
view of gravity segregation in order to explore the
ways of maximising recovery. By knowing the factors and the magnitude of the influence of gravity
segregation, design considerations of the injection fluid
into reservoir fluid can be properly evaluated.
Table 1
Data used for cross-sectional studies
Property
Field Units
SI Units
Grid System
40x1x20
40x1x20
Reservoir Length, L
3000 ft
914.40 m
Reservoir Width, w
50 ft
15.24 m
Thickness of the Pay Zone, h
100 ft
Area of Cross-Section, A
Dip Angle,
Horizontal Permeability, k h
5000 ft
0
30.48 m
2
464.52 m
0
-13
200 mD
Porosity,
Connate Water Saturation, S wc
15%
1.97x10 m
15%
20%
20%
Residual Oil Saturation, S or
30%
30%
Residual Gas Saturation, S gr
5%
5%
Initial Oil Saturation, S oi
80%
80%
Initail Gas Saturation, S gi
0%
0%
A. Cross-Sectional Studies
Initial Water Saturation, S wi
20%
20%
In this section, two-dimensional studies in which flow is

permitted in only the horizontal and vertical directions are
discussed. These studies are
intended to illustrate the effect
of gravity segregation on the
oil recovery in the case of gas
Initial Reservoir Pressure at Datum, P i
2800.0 psia
19.31 Mpa
Datum
Reservoir Temperature, T r
8500 ft
2591 m
234F
112.2C
158
Production Point, Grid Block No.
Injection Point, Grid Block No.

Rock Compressibility, c r
40
40
4x10 psi
Water Compressibility, c w
3x10 psi
-6
-1
5.80x10 kPa
-7
-1
-6
-1
4.35x10 kPa
-7
-1
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 155 - 164
Table 2
Fluid compositions and properties at reservoir conditions
Component
Mole Frac.
T c (F)
p c (psia)
Zc
MW
P ch
CO 2
0.0103
88.79
1071.33
0.2741
44.01
0.225
78.0
N2
0.0055
-232.51
492.31
0.2912
28.01
0.040
41.0
C1
0.3647
-116.59
667.78
0.2847
16.04
0.013
77.0
C2
0.0933
90.10
708.34
0.2846
30.07
0.099
108.0
C3
0.0885
205.97
618.70
0.2775
44.10
0.152
150.3
C4
0.0600
295.43
543.45
0.2772
58.12
0.196
187.2
C5
0.0378
378.95
487.17
0.2688
72.15
0.241
228.9
C6
0.0356
461.93
484.38
0.2754
84.00
0.250
271.0
0.3043
836.63
266.33
0.2398
200.00
0.648
520.0
C7
B . Gravity Segregation in
Homogeneous and
Horizontal Reservoirs
Table 3
Compositions of the lean injection gas
Lean Gas
The reservoir domain selected for

the purposes is a two-dimensional
Mole Frac.
cross-section reservoirs. The length
of the reservoir is 3000 ft, width is
50 ft and the thickness of the pay zone
is 100 ft. The average horizontal permeability and porosity are 200 mD
and 15% respectively. Initial reservoir pressure at the datum is 2800
psia with 20% water and 80% oil
saturations yielding 0.324 MMBBL
of hydrocarbon pore volume. Initial
oil-in-place, calculated by flashing the
oil at stock-tank conditions of 14.69
psia and 60F is 208 MSTB and
stock-tank GOR is 922 SCF/STB.
Table 1 shows the other relevant data
of this study.
The fluid used in this study is that
of OIL-6 (Coats & Smart, 1982) and
Table 2 shows the composition and
properties of that fluid. The fluid data
exhibits bubble point pressure of 2733 psia and the oil
density is 36.9 lb/ft3. The relative permeability curves
are shown in Figures 1 & 2. The reservoir domain is
discretised by 4020 grid blocks with a production
well and a injector well at the extremas. Total number of active grid blocks is 800 and each gridblock
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C 7+
0.85
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.08
Figure 1
Water-oil relative permeability curves
contains 401 RBBL of hydrocarbon pore volume. It

was assumed that production and injection wells penetrate all layers with oil production rate of 200 STB/
Day and minimum bottom hole pressure of 2000 psia.
Lean gas injection with a composition listed in Table
3 is used as the gas cycling processes, and assumed
159
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 155 - 164
that miscibility occurred during the injection. To compare the relative performance of gas cycling with different values of vertical to horizontal permeability ratio, natural depletion is also
conducted in this study.
C. Effect of Vertical
Permeability on Gravity
Segregation
In this section the effect of vertical permeability on gravity segregation in homogeneous and horizontal
reservoirs is investigated. Three different ratios of vertical to horizontal
permeability kv/kh: 1.0, 0.1 and 0.01
respectively are used in the modelling
procedure. Also, the depletion processes is modelled with a ratio of vertical to horizontal permeability of 0.1.
Figures 3 through 5 show the
methane saturation distribution for
each case studied after 18.8% HCPV
(300 days) of lean gas injection. It is
clear from these Figures that an increase in vertical to horizontal permeability ratios results in an increase in
the effect of gravity segregation and
yield early gas breakthrough. Table 4
shows the relative breakthrough times
(defined as approximately 2% Methane increase in the producing stream)
and the corresponding C7+ (a component that characterises the liquid) recoveries. It is also clear from this Table
that smaller the permeability ratios
(vertical to horizontal) better are the
recoveries due to resulting even layer
sweeps.
Table 5 shows the comparison of
C7+ recoveries and gas-oil ratios after
600 days (37% HCPV) of gas injection. Figures 6 & 7 show the temporal
variations of C7+ production rate and
gas-oil ratio respectively for the same
period. The C7+ recovery for kv/kh:
0.01 is about 1.6 times that can be obtained from kv/kh: 1.0. The gas-oil ra160
Figure 2
Gas-oil relative permeability curves
Figure 3
Gas saturation in a horizontal reservoir, kv/kh = 1.0
Figure 4
Gas saturation in a horizontal reservoir, kv/kh = 0.01
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 155 - 164
Table 4
C7+ recovery at breakthrough
Table 5
C7+ recovery and GOR after 600 days
1.00
130
0.31
1.00
C7+
Re cove ry
(fra c.)
0.16
0.10
250
0.32
0.10
0.18
5.40
0.01
340
0.33
0.01
0.25
4.43
k v /k h
Breakthrough C 7 + Recovery
Time (Days)
(frac.)
tio for Figure 7 shows dramatic

increase after the breakthrough
for each injection case as expected. At 600 days, their values
as given in Table 5 demonstrate
that the smallest permeability
case exhibit marked difference
than others. For the cases of kv/
kh: 1.0 and kv/kh: 0.1, the results
are similar due to not only the less
contrast in the permeabilities but
also to the balance between viscous to gravity forces. For a kv/
kh of 0.01, the viscous forces
have more control on the results.
k v /k h
GOR
MSCF/STB)
5.50
Figure 5
Gas saturation in a horizontal reservoir, kv/kh= 0.01
Figure 6
Temporal variation of C7+ in a horizontal reservoir
161
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 155 - 164
Figure 7
Gas-Oil ratio versus time in a horizontal reservoir
Figure 8
Total mole fraction of methane after 300 days
Figure 9
Total mole fraction of methane after 1000 Days
162
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 155 - 164
Figures 8 & 9 show the distribution of Methane

mole fraction after 300 and 1000 days respectively
at the top and bottom of the reservoir for each case
studied. The Figure 8 shows that the total mole fraction of Methane increases rapidly in the top layer for
kv/kh of 1.0 and 0.1 in all grid blocks. As injection
proceeds, the total mole fraction of Methane with kv/
kh: 0.01 reached the same level as the model with kv/
kh is 1.0 and 0.1. Figure 9 confirms that situation.
In the case studies presented in this section, it
was demonstrated that the gravity forces have considerable effect on volatile oil recovery via gas injection and the need for determining not only the fluid
characteristics but also the reservoir heterogeneities.
3.
4.
5.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
1. The model formulation developed has an implicit
transmissibility term, an implicit for oil-phase pressure and water saturation and explicit equation
for the overall composition of each hydrocarbon
component that satisfies thermodynamic equilibrium. It is unconditionally stable like the Fully
Implicit approach and can be as cheap as IMPES.
2. The new model requires less number of equations to be solved per time step than the fully implicit method and only needs one to two iterations
per time step, this formulation is as cheap as
IMPES and is as accurate as fully implicit methods.
3. An increase in vertical to horizontal permeability
ratios results in an increase in the effect of gravity segregation and yield early gas breakthrough.
The smaller the permeability ratios (vertical to
horizontal), better are the recoveries due to resulting even layer sweeps.
4. Gravity forces have a considerable effect on volatile oil recovery via gas injection and the need for
determining not only the fluid characteristics but
also the reservoir heterogeneities was significant.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
REFERENCES
1. Buckley, S.E. and Leverett, M.C.: Mechanism
of Fluid Displacement in Sands, Trans., AIME
146, (1942) 107-116.
2. Coats, K.H. and Smart, G.T.: Application Of A
Regression Based EOS PVT Programe To Laboratory Data, paper SPE 11197, Proc. 57th Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition of
13.
the SPE of AIME, New Orleans, Los Angeles,

(Sept. 26-29, 1982).
Cook, A.B., Spencer, G.B. and Bobrowski F.P.:
Special Considerations in Predicting Reservoir
Performance of Highly Volatile Type Oil Reservoir, Trans., AIME (1951) 192, 37-46.
Cordell, J.C. and Ebert, C.K.: A Case History Comparison of Predicted and Actual Performance
of a Reservoir Producing Volatile Crude Oil, JPT.
(Nov. 1965).
Daltaban, T.S.: Numerical Modelling Of Recovery Processes From Gas Condensate Reservoirs,
Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Mineral Resources Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology
and Medine, London (1986).
GeoQuest, Schlumberger : Eclipse 300: Reference Manual, Version 96A, (1996).
Jacoby, R.H. and Berry, V.J. Jr.: A Method for
Predicting Depletion Performance of a Reservoir Producing Volatile Crude Oil, Trans., AIME
(1957) 210, 27-33.
Moses, P.L.: Engineering Applications of Phase
Behaviour of Crude Oil and Condensate Systems, J.P. Tech., (July 1986), 38, 715-723.
Peaceman, D.W.: Fundamentals of Numerical
Simulation, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.,
Amsterdam Nedertland (1967).
Reudelhuber, F.O. and Hinds, R.F.: A Compositional Material Balance Method for Prediction
Revovery from Volatile Oil Dpletion Drive Reservoirs, Trans., AIME (1957) 210, 19-26.
Syahrial, E. and Daltaban, T.S.: A New Compositional Simulation Approach to Model Recovery
from Volatile Oil Reservoirs, paper SPE 39757,
the 1998 SPE Asia Pacific Conference on Integrated Modelling for Asset Management held in
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 23-24 March 1998.
Syahrial, E. and Daltaban, T.S.: Development
of A Novel Compositional Simulation Approach
to Model Recovery from Volatile Oil Reservoirs,
presented in the 26th Annual Convention & Gas
Habitats of SE Asia and Australia Conference
held in Jakarta, Indonesia, 27-29 October 1998.
Syahrial, E. : A New Approach of Compositional
Simulation for a Volatile Oil Reservoir Modeling.
Lemigas Sientific Contribution, Vol 33, Number
1, May 2010.
163
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 155 - 164
14. Tsutsumi, G. and Dixon, T.N.: Numerical Simulation of Two-Phase Flow With Interphase Mass
Transfer In Petroleum Reservoirs, paper SPE,
Proc. SPE-AIME 47th Annual Fall Meeting, San
Antonio (Oct. 8-11, 1972).
164
15. Woods, R.W.: Case History of Reservoir Performance of a Highly Volatile Type Oil Reservoir, Trans., AIME (1955) 204, 156-59.
BAMBANG WIDARSONO
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 165 - 179
AN INVESTIGATION OVER ROCK WETTABILITY AND

ITS ALTERATION ON SOME INDONESIAN SANDSTONES
By: Bambang Widarsono
Researcher at LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology
Jl. Ciledug Raya, Kav. 109, Cipulir, Kebayoran Lama, P.O. Box 1089/JKT, Jakarta Selatan 12230 INDONESIA
First Registered on 27 September 2010; Received after Corection on 3 December 2010
ABSTRACT
Wettability is a reservoir rock property that is not easy to measure and quantify but has
a crucial effect on other rock properties such as relative permeability, capillary pressure,
and electrical properties. Problem that may occur with regard to this matter is that those
properties are often measured on already cleansed core samples as part of the standard
procedure. Having undergone the normally utilized heated cleansing process alteration in
the rocks original wettability was often reported. Under such condition, unrepresentative
wettability certainly leads to unrepresentative measured data with all of consequences.
This article presents a study that uses 363 sandstone samples retrieved from 28 oil and gas
fields in Indonesia. The study consists of two stages of analysis. First analysis is performed
on data obtained from three wettability tests results while the second one is made with using
water-oil relative permeability data, that is usually measured on cleansed core samples.
Original wettability data shows that the sandstones varry in wettability from water-wet to
oil-wet (48.2% and 30.2% of total samples, respectively). Comparison between data of the
two analyses shows that original wettability tends to degrade in strength after cleaning
down to neutral wettability, among which neutral wettability appears to be the largest in
number (49.1% of total sample). Results also show that weak wettability tends to endure
more than stronger ones. The overall results have demonstrated the need for caution in
core handling and for measures that can minimize the risk.
Key words: wettability, sandstones, alteration, core cleansing, wettability degradation,
misleading petrophysical data, cautious core handling
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the most important properties of reservoir rocks is wettability. Wettability is basically an
inclination of reservoir rocks to be wetted by certain
fluids, either oil or water, due to which other rock
physical properties such as capillary pressure and
relative permeability are influenced. Reservoir rocks
that tend to be water-wet respond differently to oil
flow compared to what is shown by oil-wet ones,
which in turn controls capillary pressure and relative
permeability behavior hence governing hydrocarbon
displacement and ultimate hydrocarbon recovery.
In oil saturated water-wet rocks the oil rests on
thin film of water spread over the rocks interior sur-
face area. When the rock is in contact with water

the water imbibes and displaces the oil out. Water
tends to fill all pores including the smallest ones. On
the contrary, in oil saturated oil-wet rocks the oil tends
to act as water in a water-wet system. The oil displaces water and enters into the finest pores. The
two different tendencies shown by the two different
preferences to wettability certainly have different
consequences on any attempt to produce the oil out
from the rocks.
The fact stated above has been long studied by
engineers and earth scientists. It is known that sandstones tends to exhibit neutral to water-wet characteristics (e.g. Block and Simms, 1967, as quoted in
165

BAMBANG WIDARSONO
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 165 - 179
displacement is followed by water forced displacement to yield total produced oil volume of Vod (includes Voi). Mathematically, the two indexes are expressed as:
IO
VWi
VWd
(3)
Voi
V od
(4)
and
IW
Forced displacement is usually performed using

centrifuge or core flow apparatus while imbibition
process is suggested to take at least 20 hours (Amott,
1959) or much longer for rocks with neutral wettability
(Anderson, 1986a).
Interpretation using the two indexes is somewhat
relative in nature and there is no guideline for definitive judgment. Amott (1959) put 1.0 as strong
wettability while a value of zero indicates neutral
wettability, and values approaching zero are indication of preferential wettability. Inclination towards
either wettability is judged from relative comparisons
between the two indexes. When wettability is put as
IW I O then the Amott wettability index would vary
from +1 for absolute water wet to -1 for absolute oil

wet with zero indicating neutral wettability.
For the purpose of clear classification and comparison with other wettability indicator techniques
wettability in this study is divided into strong oil wet,
oil wet, preferential oil wet, neutral, preferential water wet, water wet, and strong water wet.
Table 2 presents value ranges for the wettability categories. The established value ranges are indeed subjective in nature but their assignments are considered appropriate to accommodate reasonable
discretization on gradation in the wettability strength.
USBM Wettability Index. The technique basically uses capillary curves obtained through displacing oil and water using centrifuge equipment
(Donaldson et al. 1969). The displacement is peformed
alternately in a way similar to forced displacement
process in the Amott technique, in which a watersaturated sample is spun under various rotational
speeds while immersed in oil to reach Swirr. The process is repeated by spinning the now oil-saturated
sample in water immersion. Capillary pressures are
calculated based on the known rotational speeds.
The fundamental principle of the method is that
displacement of a non-wetting phase by a wetting
phase requires less force than the reverse. This results in different capillary pressure curves with the
Table 2
Value ranges established for wettability classification used in the study
168

BAMBANG WIDARSONO

VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 165 - 179
by other factors such as imbibing liquid

viscosity, permeability, porosity, artificial
tension, and samples edge condition
(Tiab and Donaldson, 2004). Acknowledging these factors, Ma et al. (1999)
used scalling correlation for evaluating
imbibition-driven oil recovery in fractured water-drive reservoir introduced
by Mattox and Kyte (1962) for evaluating wettability in this Direct Imbibition method. Nevertheless, the most
common judgment for establishing
wettability type is through relative comparison between imbibition rates of
water and oil, and the reported conclusion for the two sandstone samples (see
Figure 3
Table 3) is used without any further reShift in permeability curves intersects due to change
view. Deeper description is not spent
in wettability system. Relative permeability of an oil-wet
system (dashed curves) tend to show higher water
and index categorization is not estabeffective
permeability leading curve intersect at lower
lished for this technique.
water saturations. On the contrary, higher oil effective
Water-oil relative permeability
permeability in water-wet system (solid curves) tends
curves. As wettability tendencies afto yield intersects at higher water saturations
fect capillary pressure curves in the
form of hysteresis, the tendencies also
affect water-oil relative permeability curves. Basito move under the same pressure difference (Amyx
cally, a core flow test designed to obtain relative peret al. 1960; Archer and Wall, 1986). Anderson (1986b)
meability curves is meant to observe on how a pardiscussed further in more depth the influence of
ticular rock sample pore system influences the multiwettability on relative permeability curves.
phase flow behavior. With presence of different wetWettability is indeed not the sole factor that can
ting inclination shown by different reservoir fluids,
influence water-oil relative permeability curves. In
however, this porous medium fluid interaction is
their report on a series of experimental works Geffen
biased. Different degrees of wettability lead to difet al. (1951) put that variation in overburden presferent fluid saturating characteristics within the rock
sures and the resulting changes in pore size distribuhence changing the effective permeability of the flution may provide blocking effect to the two liquid
ids present.
phases movements and shifts the relative permeFigure 3 illustrates changes in relative permeability
ability curves. Increases in temperature also change
due to different wettability. In comparison, water-wet
wettability towards a more water-wet tendency.
system and oil-wet system become different even
These all imply that any test for relative permeability
though the shape of curves remains the same. At
has to be performed under reservoir condition (i.e.
condition of oil-wet system the flow tends to be of
overburden pressure, pore pressure, and temperaearlier water breakthrough due to easier movements
ture). However, common industrial practices in this
of water compared to oil. In this condition, the point
regard rarely meet this ideal condition for various
of Kro = Krw occurs at lower values of water satureasons including equipment limitation and simplicration with higher values of Krw and lower Kro vality. All relative permeability data used in this study
ues at most values of water saturation. Change in
was obtained under atmospheric temperature. This
wettability towards more water wettability shifts the
is also the case for measurements on wettability, for
Kro = Krw point to higher water saturation points
which both imbibition and forced displacement produe to the fact that the water tends to lose mobility
cesses were carried out under atmospheric temperahence requiring higher water saturation to enable it
ture. Similarity in testing condition for the three
170
BAMBANG WIDARSONO
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 165 - 179
wettability indicators therefore suggests that

guideline is needed. Similarly, the seven-class
wettability remains the sole predominant factor in the
wettability divison used for the other two techniques
shift of relative permeability intersects (i.e. Kro =
are also used here, with water saturation ranges repKrw).
resenting the permeability curves intersects as refThrough the use of this later
conclusion, shift in intersect between the two curves can therefore be used as indicator for
rocks wettability. Water-wet
rocks tend to have curves intersect to be at water saturation values lower than 50%, and the reverse is true for oil-wet system.
No clear guideline has been given
by past studies regarding values
or value ranges that represent
certain degrees of wettability. It
is logical, however, that neutral
wettability systems would have
curve intersect at around 50%
water saturation, and strong wetting tendencies at water saturation values approaching Swirr and
residual oil saturation (Sor) for water-wet and oil-wet systems, respectively. Gradual degrees in
wetting tendencies for both
wettability systems naturally fall
between neutral and the two
Figure 4
strong wetting tendencies.
Figure 4 Example of USBM wettability test graphical result for a core
sample taken from T 105 well, Barito basin.
In order to make this indirect
The test yields I = log(Al/A2) value of -0.140 indicating preferential
wettability indicator comparable
tendency towards oil wetness (preferential oil-wet)
two the other two standard techniques discussed earlier, a clear
Table 4
Result example of wettability test using Amott technique.
The generally preferential water-wet rocks are from BK 232 well, Central Sumatra Basin
Wettability Index
Sample
number
Permeability
Porosity
(mD)
(%)
W-wet
O-wet
23
25.4
0.4167
0.0000
0.4167
preferential water-wet
10
3251
32.5
0.4355
0.1719
0.2636
13
772
31.4
0.3352
0.0789
0.2563
19
22
22.6
0.4800
0.0000
0.4800
20
25.5
0.4857
0.4113
0.0744
neutral
Interpretation
171
BAMBANG WIDARSONO
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 165 - 179
Table 5
Result example of wettability test using USBM technique.
The generally oil-wet rocks are from T 105 well, Barito Basin
Interpretation
(%)
A1
I log
A2
147
24.7
-0.336
oil wet
265B
47
21.8
0.106
preferential water wet
217
29
23.6
-0.346
oil wet
216
34
24.6
-0.392
oil wet
119B
844
28.1
-0.199
preferential oil wet
105
62
27.5
-0.140
preferential oil wet
Permeability
Porosity
(mD)
276
Sample No.
Figure 5
Three pairs of relative permeability curves (solid and dashed ones for Kro and Krw,
respectively) taken from; a) PP-CC5 well (N Sumatera Basin),
b) KW P6 well (NE Java Basin), and FW-2 well (NW Java Basin). In accordance with the
criteria established in this study, the three exemplary data sets tend to exhibit wettability
tendencies of oil-wet, neutral, and strong water-wet, respectively.
172

BAMBANG WIDARSONO

VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 165 - 179
erence. Table 2 presents the

water saturation ranges assigned to serve the purpose.
IV. LABORATORY DATA
Wettability data used in the
study was derived from various
Lemigas Core Laboratory Reports of testing on 363 sandstone core samples taken from
28 oil and gas fields in Indonesia. Table 3 presents list of data
covering sample origins and
their type of wettability indicators. Amott technique appears
to make the bulk of wettability
test results (113 samples)
among the three wettability test
methods while relative permeability, as a non-wettability test
Figure 6
technique, is also available in
Wettability composition of the sandstone samples,
even larger number (224
which wettability test results are used in this study. Water-,
samples).
neutral-, and oil-wet groups make 48.2%, 21.6%, and 30.2%
of the total core samples, respectively
All data was obtained from
Lemigas Core Laboratory archives and in the form of unpublished reports. Amott test results are presented in
V. ANALYSIS
tabular form whereas the USBM and relative perIn analysing the data, observations were permeability data is both tabular and graphical forms.
formed on two issues; original wettability as indicated
Table 4 depicts an exemplary Amott test data (BK
by wettability tests and wettability alteration due to
232 well, Central Sumatra Basin) from which overall
core cleansing.
preferential to water wetness is concluded. Table 5
Original wettability. In general, results from
and Figure 4 present example (T 105 well, Barito
three
wettability indicating techniques have exhibited
Basin) for USBM technique, the resulting I values
no strong preference towards specific wettability
indicate sufficiently strong inclination to be oil-wet.
types. As depicted in Figure 6, preferential waterAll wettability tests were performed using native cores
wet, water-wet, and strong water-wet are re i.e. uncleansed leading to results representing
spectively represented by 39, 21, and 3 samples. Comtheir unaltered wettability.
bination of these figures make 48.2% of all samples
For relative permeability data, most data availare grouped into water-wetness tendency. On the
able to the study has complete curves to enable obother hand, combination of preferential oil-wet and
servation on the curves intersects. Nevertheless, in
oil-wet 32 and 10 samples, respectively tendensome cases (less than 3% of overall data) with incies establishes a correponding figure of 30.2% for
complete data, extrapolations were made so that the
oil-wetness tendency. No strong oil-wet result has
desired information is obtained. Figure 5 exhibits three
been observed.
examples with three different wetness tendencies.
These oil-wet and water-wet compositions
All samples were cleansed using solvent prior to relaalong
with 21.6% of neutral wettability have shown
tive permeability tests meaning that the resulting data
that
Indonesian
reservoir sandstones are not differis likely to represent un-restored or altered
ent to other sandstones from other places in the world.
wettability condition.
173

BAMBANG WIDARSONO
As put earlier, even though Block

and Simms (1967) showed that silicate glass tends to show strong
water-wetness but combined presence of rock mineral impurities and
oil pH preference as proved by
Treiber et al. (1972) tends to exhibit even tendencies toward oiland water-wetness (Table 1). Comparing these results and those
shown in Figure 7 comparable compositions are obvious with strong
similarity in water-wetness. Larger
amount of samples on both sides
may probably lead to more similar
compositions.
Wettability alteration. As put
earlier, core plugs are usually
cleansed and extraxted of all salts
normally present in native cores
prior to measurement for rock basic properties. This is often, and indeed has become a recommended
practice (API, 1960), for both practical and objective reasons (e.g. air
permeability and helium porosity
are measured on cleansed core
plugs). Therefore, it is expected
that wettability alteration has occurred.
In analyzing the alteration, assumptions are taken:
1. For original wettability from
wettability tests, overall
wettability of one sample set
(i.e. from a well) is adopted
based on majority in wettability
type shown by the tested
samples. This is due to the fact
that samples used in wettability
tests were not of same samples
used in relative permeability
test, even though they belonged
to the same sample set. This
overall wettability was then
compared with relative permeability curves intersects from
individual samples in order to
observe changes in wettability.
174

VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 165 - 179
Figure 7
Wettability composition of samples that originally
belonged to strong water-wet class. Although most samples
still retain water-wetness inclination some have lost their
preference to water-wetness
Figure 8
Wettability composition of samples that originally belonged
to water-wet class. Most samples vave become neutral
but oddly enough some of them switch side into oil-wet group

BAMBANG WIDARSONO
2. Relative permeability curves intersect (@ Kro = Krw) can be

used as wettability indicator
based on recognition that the
pair of curves shift along water
saturation axis with changes in
rock samples wettability type.
3. The established index categorization for wettability classification serves well for the three
wettability indicators (minus the
Direct Imbibition technique) to
justify comparison among results of all the four techniques.
Using this three-point assumption, analysis was made through observing the change of samples originally belonging to each wettability
class. Figures 7 through 12 present
the results.
From the originally described as
belonging to a strong water-wet
sample sets as indicated by the
wettability tests no one of the 16
samples tested for water-oil relative permeability data indicates
strong water drive class of
wettability (Kro = Krw @ Sw > 0.8)
(Figure 7). The changes in
wettability, some samples still retain water-wetness at lesser degrees, even extend to neutral (Kro
= Krw @ Sw 0.5) meaning that
the samples of concern have lost
affinity tendency towards water
(and also oil).
Similarly to the case of strong
water-wet, all samples that originally belonged to water wet category have degraded in wettability
strength against water (Figure 8)
and most of the samples have become neutral and even switch
side into the oil-wet group. The
case is not entirely the same for
preferentially water-wet class, out
of which some still retains their
original wettability (18 samples)
even though most of the samples

VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 165 - 179
Figure 9
Wettability composition of samples that originally belonged to
preferentially water-wet class. Some samples retain their original
wettability but most samples have become neutral. Small portion
of samples also become preferentially oil-wet
Figure 10
to oil-wet class. None of the samples retain their original
wettability and most samples have degraded into softer wettability,
and some even become inclined into the water-wet group
175

BAMBANG WIDARSONO
have become neutral. Similar

to the case of water-wet class,
some of the originally preferentially water-wet samples have
become preferentially oil-wet.
The degradation in water-wetness due to core cleansing is understandable, but change into oilwetness indeed requires more
thorough explanation.
In the oil-wet group no originally strong oil-wet samples are
at disposal, which means only
two classes available; oil-wet
and preferentially oil-wet. In a
manner similar to the cases in the
water-wet class the samples
belonging to oil-wet samples
have degraded into preferentially
oil-wet and neutral classes
with some even switched
wettability into more oil-wet orientation (Figure 10). A resemblance in behavior to preferentially water-wet class samples
is also shown by its counterpart
in the preferentially oil-wet
class. Many of the originally
preferentially oil-wet samples
retain their wettability while most
have become neutral with the
remaining few jump onto the
other side of the wettability spectrum (Figure 11). Although this
wettability switch occurred only
on few samples (22% of total in
the class) this phenomenon requires attention.
For neutral class (Figure
12), the samples wettability behavior differs significantly from
the tendencies shown by the
wettability groups on the two
sides of the spectrum. This case
is characterized by the retaining
of wettability by the bulk of the
samples (65% of total), and if
samples of the two preferential
wetness are included on the
176

VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 165 - 179
Figure 11
to preferentially oil-wet class. Similar to the case of preferentially
water-wet class, many of the samples retain their original
wettability and most became neutral.
Some few samples have gone to oil-wet tendency, however
Figure 12
to neutral class. Majority of samples remain neutral,
and if samples of the two preferential wetness classes are included
on the ground of classification uncertainty this portion
is even higher to reach 88.4% of total samples

BAMBANG WIDARSONO
ground of uncertainty in boundaries between classes

the portion is even higher (88.4%). This fact, combined with wettability degradation in strength after
core cleansing, has led into a thought that rock
wettability tends to move toward neutrality if the
causes of the original wettability have removed from
the rocks surfaces.
From individual analysis based on individual
wettability class (Figures 7 through 12), overall figures have shown that out of 224 water-oil relative
permeability samples only 67 (29.9%) retain their original wettability. If this group is expanded to include
samples that remain in their wettability group (e.g. a
water-wet sample that was originally strong waterwet) the overall number becomes 80 (35.7%) only.
These figures correspond to the total figure of
samples that remain or become neutral after core
cleansing of 110 or 49.1% of total samples. This
further underlines the fact that cleansed core samples
tend move toward neutrality in wetness tendency,
along with all validity consequences on the data measured afterward.
VI. FURTHER DISCUSSION
As put by Tiab and Donaldson (2004), rocks surface mineral composition and polar organic components in crude oil act as either weak basic or weak
acidic compound depending on the amount of resin
and aspalthene contents that can react to each other
to form a very thin layer of active compounds on the
rocks solid surface. This thin layer of active compound affects wetting characteristics of the rock-fluid
system. During core cleansing prior to many laboratory applications and tests, this thin layer is to be either completely or partially removed. The result is
degradation in wettability strength, or a full shift to
neutral wettability if the thin layer is completely wiped
out. This mechanism is likely to serve as an explanation over the wettability change commonly observed
during the study.
One question related to wettability change remains. What actually causes the switch in wettability,
from water-wetness to oil-wetness and vice versa?
The only possible explanation at this stage is that hot
solvent (usually toluent and methanol) used in the core
sample cleansing has somehow chemically reformed
the thin layer of wettability-affecting compound on
the rock samples surface to form an opposite wetting tendency. However, since this occurred on 50

VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 165 - 179
samples only (22.3% of the total 224 samples) and

is further reduced to 10 samples (4.5%) if preferentially oil-/water-wet samples are excluded on classification uncertainty ground this switch is likely to
be caused by other factor than reform of the thin
layer compound by hot solvent. Generalization of
original wettability on heterogeneous rocks and the
fact that samples used in wettability tests are usually
different from the ones used in water-oil relative permeability test even though belonging to the same
rock formation are probably the factors causing
this apparent wettability switch. Speculatively therefore, the process of core cleansing using hot solvent
causes degradation in wettability down to the point of
neutral wetness tendency at most.
Regardless the real cause of change and switch
in rock wettability, however, this occurrence may affect validity of the ensuing tests performed after the
core cleansing. As previously discussed changes in
wettability affect relative permeability curves with all
of its consequences. Furthermore, Widarsono (2008)
pointed out in length the effect of wettability alteration on rock electrical properties, which in turn
through well log analysis may affect severely any
estimation of water saturation. In the article, he also
underlined the need to either restore rocks wettability
through core-ageing or use cold core cleansing technique that utilizes cold solvent flow in order to dissolve oil and salts within samples. Through these
methods, invalidity of laboratory test results caused
by wettability alteration can hopefully be minimized.
Attempts were initially made to see whether there
is any relation between wettability and sedimentary
basins. However, it was then realized that wettability
is much governed by mineral and oil composition
rather than by any other factors specifically related
to individual regions. Different basin may have accumulated similar minerals depending to depositional
environments to others, and vice versa. Nonetheless, a more thorough study may have to be made in
order to investigate this matter.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
Analyses and evaluations on all data used in this
study have led into some main conclusions, namely:
- Like all reservoir sandstones throughout the world
Indonesian sandstones also tend to have both
water-wet and oil-wet tendencies. Rock mineral177

BAMBANG WIDARSONO
ogy appears to play an important role in determining wetness characteristics.

Core cleaning, as a standard practice in laboratory core analysis tends to weaken wettability
strength, which results in wettability degradation.
However, complete change in wettability is likely
to reach no further than neutral wettability.
Wettability switch from water-wet to oil-wet
and vice versa due to core cleansing probably
does not occur. However, if it actually does more
thorough study and investigation are required for
better understanding.
Weak wettability i.e. preferentially oil-wet and
preferentially water-wet appear to be more resilient against wettability change. This is likely due
to actual similarity between weak- and neutral
wettabilities in a way that external factors such
as core cleansing cannot change much.
Strong proof that standard laboratory core handling (i.e. core cleansing) changes rock sample
wettability has emphasized the need to utilize necessary measures to prevent/minimize its occurrence. Core-ageing and cold core cleansing are
among the suggested methods to serve the purpose.
REFERENCES
1. Amott, E. (1959). Observation relating to the
wettability of porous rock. Trans. AIME, Vol.
216, pp. 156 162.
2. Amyx, J.W., Bass JR, D.M & Whiting, R.L.
(1960). Petroleum reservoir engineering: Physical properties. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New
York, p. 610.
3. Anderson, W.G. (1986a). Wettability literature
survey Part 2: Wettability measurement. Soc.
Petrol. Eng. JPT vol. 38, pp. 1246 1262.
4. Anderson, W.G. (1986b). Wettability literature
survey Part 5: The effects of wettability on
relative permeability. Soc. Petrol. Eng. JPT vol.
38, pp. 1453 1468.
5. API (1960). Recommended practice for core
analysis procedure API RP 40. The American Petroleum Institute, August.
6. Archer, J.S. and Wall, C.G. (1986). Petroleum
engineering: Principles and practice. Graham &
Trotman Ltd, Sterling House, 66 Wilton Road,
London SW1V 1DE, UK, p.362.
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7. Block, A. & Simms, B.B. (1967). Desorption

and exchange of absorbed octadecylamine and
stearic acid on steel and glass. J. Colloid and
Interface Sci., Vol. 25, p.514.
8. Chilingarian,G.V. & Yen, T.F. (1983). Some notes
on wettability and relative permeabilities of carbonate rocks. Energy Sources, Vol. 7, No. 1,
pp. 67 75.
9. Denekas, M.O., Mattax, C.C. and Davis, G.T.
(1959). Effect of crude oil composition on rock
wettability. Trans. AIME, vol. 216, pp. 330
333.
10. Donaldson, E.C., Kendall, R.F., Pavelka, E.A. and
Crocker, M.E. (1969). Wettability determination
and its effect on recovery efficiency. Soc.
Petrol. Eng. J., Vol. 9, No. 1, March, pp. 13 20.
11. Geffen, T.M., Owens, W.W., Parrish, D.R. &
Morse, R.A. (1951). Experimental investigation
of factors affecting laboratory relative permeability measurements. Trans. AIME, vol. 192, pp.
99 110.
12. Ma, S., Morrow, N.R. and Zhang, X. (1999).
Characterization of wettability from spontaneous imbibition measurements. J. Can. Petrol.
Tech. (Special Edition), Vol. 38, No. 13, p. 56.
13. Mattox, C.D. and Kyte, J.R. (1962). Imbibition
oil recovery from fractured water drive reservoir. SPEJ, June, pp 177 184.
14. Mennella, A., Morrow, N.R. and Xie, X. (1995).
Application of the dynamic Wilhelmy Plate to
identification of slippage at a liquid-liquid-solid
three phase line of contact. JPSE, vol. 13, Nov.,
pp. 179 192.
15. Tiab, D. & Donaldson, E.C. (2004).
Petrophysics: Theory and practice of measuring reservoir rock and fluid transport properties.
Gulf Professional Publishing, 200 Wheeler Road,
Burlington, MA 01803, USA, p. 889.
16. Timmerman, E.H. (1982). Practical reservoir engineering Methods for improving accuracy or
input into equations and computer programs.
PennWell publishing Company, 1421 South
Sheridan Road, Tulsa Oklahoma 74 101, p. 365.
17. Treiber, L.E., Archer, D. & Owens, W.W. (1972).
A laboratory evaluation of the wettability of fifty
oil producing reservoirs. Soc. Petrol. Eng. J.,
Vol. 12, No. 6, December, pp. 531 540.

BAMBANG WIDARSONO
18. Widarsono, B. (2008). Perubahan Sifat

Kebasahan Fluida dan Sifat Kelistrikan
Batuan Reservoir: Isu Lama, Problem Aktual
(Change in Reservoir Rocks Wettability and Its

VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 165 - 179
Influence on Electrical Characteristics: Old Issue, Ever Present Problem). (in Bahasa Indonesia). Lembaran Publikasi LEMIGAS, Vol. 42, No.
1, April, pp: 20 - 28.
179
SUGIHARDJO, ET AL.
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 180 - 187
TRACER TESTS FOR HETEROGENEITY

CHARACTERIZATION AND
SATURATION DETERMINATION ON CORE FLOODING
By: Sugihardjo1), Usman1), and Utomo Pratama I.
Researcher1) at LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology
First Registered on 3 November; Received after Corection on 22 November 2010;
ABSTRACT
Low sweep efficiency is the common problem in displacement process due to heterogeneity, high permeability streaks, fractures, and thief zones existing in the formation. Similarly, the success or failure of EOR implementations are always affected by those problems
which causes displacing fluids fingering and early breakthrough. Factors of this type,
unless properly identified and understood before the start of EOR process, will likely cause
a project failure.
Core flooding as the model of small scale of fluids movements in reservoir undergoes
similar circumstances. Approximately one foot long of four 3.5 inches stacked native and
synthetic cores are normally used in core flooding experiment. Tracer test was performed
to characterize the core in addition of CT scan analysis. On this experiment, lithium solution was selected as tracer solution to be then injected into core at constant rate, 4 ft/day.
Afterwards, the effluents were collected by Gilson sample collector in each tube for further
determinination its concentration using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS).
Response curves of lithium tracer were able to determine core heterogeneities and this
should be done to avoid misleading interpretation of core flooding results. Besides, lithium
concentration reported in some extent and subsequently analyzed by employing method of
temporal moments. This method provides numerical calculation to estimate effective core
pore volume (PV) and fluid saturation. Weighing method was also used to compare the PV
with aforementioned method and the results were comparable.
Key Words: Tracer, heterogeinity, fluid saturation, and core flooding
I. INTRODUCTION
EOR is the only technology which is capable for
producing the remaining of oil in the reservoirs after
primary and secondary recovery processes. Success
of secondary and tertiary oil recovery projects targeting the remaining oil in mature or partially depleted
reservoirs strongly depends on adequate description
of reservoir heterogeneity. Processes that are wellunderstood in a laboratory environment and those also
should be properly designed for the reservoir scale.
A number of procedures exist that can be used before implementation of an EOR process in attempt to
describe the reservoir geology. One of these procedures is tracer test.
180
Tracer technology plays an important role in improving the reservoir characterization before the application of EOR methods by providing qualitative
information on reservoir compartmentalization, preferential flow paths to improve understanding of fluid
movement in the reservoir, stratification, and heterogeneities distribution. Basically, tracer is chemicals
that can be added to fluids in small concentrations
and used to follows their movement without affecting their physical properties. It also can be used as
an effective tool to detect and estimate of remaining
oil saturation using two different types of tracers. The
two tracer types are differentiated into the conservative (ideal) tracer and the partitioning tracer. The
SUGIHARDJO, ET AL.
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 180 - 187
ideal tracers do not have solubility in other substances,

this case in oil or by definition they do not interact
with the rock or other fluid phases present. Thus when
ideals are injected in reservoir, they will flow only in
the water phase adopting the velocity of this phase.
Some examples that can be used as ideal tracer are
iso-propyl alcohol (IPA), bromide and lithium.
In contrast, partitioning tracers are soluble in liquid hydrocarbon as well as water or gas phases. The
molecules of the partitioning tracers are moving back
and forth between the water and oil phase, because
they have high partition coefficient (absorb into the
rock) which determines the tracer solubility in other
phases. Consequently, when a pulse of aqueous solution containing a suite of partitioning tracers is injected into an oil reservoir, the tracer will continuously partition into and out of the oil phase contacted
by aqueous solution (injected gas). Hence the molecules of partitioning tracers are flowing with the
water velocity when they are in the water phase and
oil velocity when they are in oil phase6. Thus, partitioning tracers propagate more slowly in an oil reser-
voir than conservative tracers. This retardation of the

partitioning tracer is analogue to chromatographic
separation where this mechanism is utilized to estimate oil saturation in the reservoir. Several examples
from this type of tracers are n-butanol, rhodamine,
and propanol
Tracer test is necessary to be performed in core
flooding experiment when we are deeply concerned
with core properties and validation seeking. Besides
Figure 1
Top Synthetic and Bottom Wrapped
Stacked Native Cores
Figure 2
CT Scan on Stacked Core Plugs
181
SUGIHARDJO, ET AL.
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 180 - 187
Figure 3
Coreflood Equipment Applied for Tracer Test
describing the heterogeneity within core including its

connectivity, another advantage is as leak indicator
in core set up. Moreover, we could obtain effective
pore volume swept by the tracer.
This paper will describe the results of tracer test
on several core flooding succinctly including how to
use the method of temporal moment analysis from
tracer response curve data to estimate effective core
pore volume. A quick look observation on response
curve to reflect core heterogeneity and experimental
set up was also presented concisely.
II. CORE PREPARATION FOR TRACER
TESTS
A native core sample was taken from the interest zone. Approximately one foot long of four 3.5
inches stacked native core are normally used for rep-
182
resenting the reservoir rock. In case of unavailablity

of native core, a standard or synthetic core such
Classhach, Brial Hill, and Berea sands can be used
just only for determining the efficiency of displacing
material for EOR project without any results of fluidrock interaction. Running core flood using stacked
cores is much more crucial and common misleading
interpretation of the core flood results occurs unless
prior heterogeneity determinations by tracer test. Figure 1 shows the two types of core i.e. stacked native
and synthetic cores.
Four 3.5 inches native core plugs were drilled for
this core tracer test. Prior to performing core flood
test, a CT scan must be done to sproperly select the
cores for stacking which have similar qualitatively
rock properties and avoiding fractures and shale lamination. Figure 2 is the CT scan results of the candidate cores for tracer test.
SUGIHARDJO, ET AL.
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 180 - 187
III. TRACER INTERPRETATIONS

METHOD
A host of tracer analysis methods consider the
temporal behavior of tracers. The methods were originally developed for closed reactor vessel, but have
been applied to more general conditions of open
boundaries, characterization of fractured media under continuous reinjection and to estimates flow geometry. The methods have rigorous mathematical
basis. The methods and application mentioned above
are all based on analysis of tracer residence times.
The mean residence time or first temporal moment,
is the most useful single property derived from tracer
test, although other properties have been used as well.
Levenspiel10 shows the total pore volume swept by
the tracer can be determined from its residence time.
The method of temporal moments is a very simple,
fast and robust method to estimate swept pore volume and remaining oil saturation. As explained earlier, to calculate remaining oil saturation we need two
different types of tracer where the ideal tracer behaves as the reference tracer and the partitioning
tracer as the partitioned one. Because of the presence of oil, partitioning tracers are retarded compound
to the non-partitioning. However, this paper aims
merely on effective pore volume estimate.
Effective pore volume can be estimated using one
tracer that is swept by tracer. The pore volume was
determined from tracer mean residence time which required steps are
summarized as follows:
- Normalize the tracer history
- Extrapolate the history to late
time
- Calculate mean residence time
and swept volume
Although this method provides
some advantages but it is necessary
to inform that moment analysis is a
general method, and one that suffers from few limitations. Assumed
conditions essentially state that the
flow field is steady and tracers
moves with bulk fluid flow such that
the information obtained from the
analysis is general bynapplicable.
These conditions can be stated as
follows:
1. Steady state injection and extraction

2. The tracer is ideal and conservative
IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Several tracer tests were conducted by using high
pressurized core cell with low dead volume. The experiment used both standard and native sandstone
core that condition set to reservoir state (Table 1).
The core was prepared to contain residual oil saturation using standard procedure by altering flow of brine
and crude oil. The experiment configuration is illustrated in Figure 3.
Table 1
General Experimental Data
Core length
Core diameter
Pore volume
27.18 cm
3.8 cm
115.23 cc (?)
Porosity
30.08 %
Flow rate
0.3 cc/min
Velocity
Temperature
Mobile phase
Volume of tracer injected
4 ft/day
o
85 C
Synthetic brine
24.36 cc
Figure 4
Tracer Response Curve
183
SUGIHARDJO, ET AL.
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 180 - 187
First tracer test was conducted

when the core was saturated fully
with the formation water. This first
step of core flooding experiment is
to identify the heterogeneity of fractures in the core. In this stage a small
volume of tracer was injected into
the flowing water phase close to the
core inlet. On this experiment
Lithium (Li), dissolved in LiCl solution, was selected as conventional
tracer. The solution had been designed at 100 ppm Li+ ion. Waterflood resumed at stable flow rate
until the tracer chemical was eluted
through the core plug, thus the majority of the injected tracer mass
could be recovered.
Similarly, when residual oil saturation had been established to quantify the right residual oil saturation
after water flood, the core was
flooded also with synthetic brine at constant flow rate,
4 ft/day. During this period, a small volume of tracer
was injected into the flowing water phase. The same
tracer test was also performed after chemical flood,
again to calculate the residual oil saturation after
chemical flood and to recheck the oil recovery factor
at chemical flood, although a dean stark could be run
on core after flood to make a comparison.
Aliquots of 5 ml of the effluent were continuously collected by Gilson sample collector fraction
close to the outlet of the backpressure regulator valve.
Then each sample fractions were analyzed for its
content of Li by atomic absorption spectrometry
(AAS).
V. RESULTS
Each sample concentration was plotted versus
its volume, as depicted in Figure 4. The calculation of
effective swept pore volume will be determined from
temporal moment method. The first step is normalizing the concentration history by dividing measured
Li+ concentration to total Li+ injected concentration.
Tracer response curves should be complete in
terms of outflow measured concentration in order to
estimate effective pore volume precisely, because
much of the information is contained in the tails of
the response curve. Unfortunately, the tracer response
184
Figure 5
Li Extrapolated Curve
curve is often incomplete either due to dilution of the

tracer concentration below detectable limit of apparatus or some other reasons. Therefore to overcome
this difficulty is with extrapolating the history to long
time. The tracer response curve can be extrapolated
with an exponential function provided the derivation
of the test is sufficient to establish this decline.
The first moment of the tracer response curves
was obtained by dividing the data into two parts. The
first part represents the data from zero to the time tb
where time becomes exponential, and the second
covers the exponential part in which it goes from tb
to infinity.
After time tb, the tracer response is assumed to
follow an exponential decline given by:
C Cb e
t t b

a
........................................
(1)4
Where 1/a is slope of the straight line when the

tracer response curves are plotted in semi-log scale
and Cb is the tracer concentration at time tb when
curve becomes exponential. The extrapolated curve
is seen in Figure 5.
The mean residence time, or first temporal moment, of tracer is determined directly from the normalized and extrapolated tracer history as:
SUGIHARDJO, ET AL.
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 180 - 187
t*
tb
b atb
e (1 at b )
a2
tb
................... (2)4
b atb
Cdt
e
0
a
tCdt
experiment. We can estimate effective pore volume

from first tracer response curve which is obtained
prior saturating the core with oil, this can be simplified by following simple term:
Effective Swept PV Tracer Response Curve. ..(4)
The constants a, b and tb are

determined by curve-fitting late
time tracer data in spreadsheet.
Pore volume estimates follow directly from the mean residence time
as describe from the equation below:
Vp
m
qinj t * ................ (3)4
M inj
Then each data was tabulated

and plotted against cumulative volume as shown in figure 6. The effective pore volume calculation
from temporal moments and weighing method is 118.14 cc and 115.23
cc respectively. There is a fair difference between the estimation of
effective pore volume using temporal moments and weighing method.
A. Core Characterization
Figure 6
Pore Volume Estimation Curve
Figure 4 shows the tracer response and indicated that the core
is homogeneous curving with the
single peak and having almost similar front tail and end tail formation.
But Figure 7 is heterogeneous
core reflected from two peaks
which formed in tracer response
curve. These peaks mean the core
was stratified into different flow
paths.
Another case depicted in Figure 8 shows scattered and varying
noise in response curve that may
indicate the leakage occurred during the flooding due to imperfect
core set up particularly in core
holder sleeve.
B. Saturation Determination
Tracer test can be used in validating fluid content during coreflood
Figure 7
Heterogeneity Core Response Curve
185
SUGIHARDJO, ET AL.
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 180 - 187
Obtained effective swept PV

form above term can be defined as
effective PV 1.
Moreover, sequential tracer
tests can give us estimates on residual oil saturation (Sor) and recovery factor. To obtain estimates on
Sor secondary tracer test needs to
be undertaken after waterflood. At
this stage we obtain another tracer
response curve, herewith can be
defined as effective swept PV 2. By
subtracting effective swept PV 1
with effective swept PV 2 we can
obtain Sor. This can be simplified by
following equation:
Sor Validation = Eff. PV1-Eff.
PV2....................................... (5)
Recovery Factor Validation =
Eff. PV3-Eff. PV2 ................ (6)
Third tracer test conducted after chemical flood can be used also
in validating oil recovery.
Figure 9 exhibits the three tracer
tests responses running at initial condition, after water flood, and after
chemical flood. Then the saturation
on each flood step has been calculated precisely and shown in
Table 2.
Table 2
Saturation Determination
CoreSample
Synthetic
Native
Soi%PV
Swc%PV
ROSWF%
PV
RFEOR%
ROS
60.95
61.54
39.05
38.46
26.24
27.59
80.65
95.76
Figure 8
Leakage on Core Holder Set up Response Curve
VI. CONCLUSIONS
1. Effective pore volume estimates
from temporal moments and
weighing method are 118.14 cc
and 115.23 cc, respectively.
2. Tracer test provides helpful tools
to improve core characterization
by providing qualitative information on preferential flow, stratification, core connectivity, heterogeneities distribution and apparatus set up.
3. Method of First Temporal Moment Analysis is simpler and
faster to interpret tracer response curve.
186
Figure 9
Tracer Response Curves at Each Step of Flood
SUGIHARDJO, ET AL.
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 180 - 187
4. Tracer test possible to be used as initial assessment to core before proceeding core flooding.
Hence, it will save times and cost in experimental.
4. Shook, G. M., J. Hope Forsmann, Tracer Interpretation Using Temporal Moments on a Spreadsheet Idaho National Laboratory documents,(2005)
VII. NOMENCLATURE
5. Asakawa, K., A generalized analysis of partitioning interwell tracer test, dissertation, university of texas, (2005).
C
q
M
ROS
RF
=
=
=
=
=
tracer concentration, ppm

flow rate, cc/min
total tracer injected, cc
residual oil saturation
recovery factor
REFERENCES
1. Tang, J.S.,Extended brigham model for remaining oil saturation measurement by partitioning
tracer test, SPE 84874.
2. Sinha, R., K. Asakawa K, G.A. Pope, and K.
Sepehnoori,Simulation of natural and partitioning interwell tracer test to calculate saturation and
swept volume in oil reservoirs, SPE 89458.
3. Illiasov, P.A., A.D. Gupta, and D.W. Vasco,
Field-Scale Characterization of Permeability and
Saturation Distribution Using Partitioning Tracer
Tests: The Ranger Field, Texas, SPE 71320.
6. Chatzichristos, C.,. Dugstad, A. Haugan, J.

Sagen, J. Muller,Application of Partitioning Tracers for Remaining Oil Saturation Estimation: An
Experimental and Numerical Study, SPE 59369.
7. Jin, M., R.E. Jackson, G.A. Pope, S.
Talfinder,Development of partitioning tracer test
for characterization of non-aqueous phase liquid
contaminated aquifers, SPE 39293.
8. Abidin, Z., Teknologi Perunut Untuk Manajemen
Reservoir Minyak bumi (EOR), Pusat Teknologi
Aplikasi Isotop dan Radiasi, BATAN.
9. Bailey, R.E., and L.B. Curtis, Enhanced oil recovery, National Petroleum Council, (1984).
10. Levenspiel, O., @Chemical Reaction Engineering@, 2nd edition, New York: John Wiley and Sons,
Chapter 9, (1972).
187
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MODELING GRAVITY SEGREGATION IN STRATIFIED AND DIPPING

RESERVOIR OF VOLATILE OIL
By: Ego Syahrial
Technological Assessor at LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology
First Registered on 8 October 2010; Received after Corection on 15 November 2010;
ABSTRACTS
In this paper, we investigate gravity segregation in stratified and dipping reservoir of
volatile oil under gas injection. A new efficient compositional simulation approach was
used in this study to investigate the influence of gravity segregation and their magnitude in
the case of gas injection into a volatile oil reservoir. The results show that in stratified and
dipping reservoirs where the permeability decreases with depth, smaller the vertical to
horizontal permeability ratio, lesser is the effect of gravity segregation, better is the sweep
efficiency and hence better is the recovery. In the case of increasing permeability with
depth in stratified dipping reservoirs, an up-dip gas injection into a volatile oil reservoir
was found to be a favourable condition in term of recovery. Gravity forces have a considerable effect on volatile oil recovery via gas injection and the need for determining not
only the fluid characteristics but also the reservoir heterogeneities was significant.
I. INTRODUCTION
The volumetric sweepout during miscible and
immiscible displacement is always less than 100%
because of (Syahrial, 1997):
- permeability stratification,
- viscous fingering,
- gravity segregation,
- incomplete areal sweepout.
In the case of miscible displacement, the hydrocarbon solvents are typically both less viscous and
less dense than reservoir oils. In horizontal reservoirs,
gravity segregation due to density difference between
injected fluid and the in situ fluid decreases vertical
sweepout resulting in early breakthrough. On the other
hand, the presence of gravity segregation in the dipping reservoir can improve sweepout and displacement efficiency. This can be attained by injecting the
solvent up-dip and producing the reservoir at a rate
low enough for gravity to keep the less dense solvent segregated from oil. In this way it is also possible to suppress fingers of solvent as they try to form.
188
Therefore, if gravity segregation is properly handled

the recoveries can be very high. For example, the
Mbede Field in Nigeria showed that the final recovery factor ranges between 52% and 72% (Siti et al.,
1992).
Spivak (1974) proposed a correlation for vertical
sweepout at breakthrough for immiscible displacement and accounted for the influence of vertical permeability. Gardner et al., (1962) observed the gravity segregation of miscible fluids in linear model. Generally, increasing gravity segregation can be found
with:
- increasing permeability (either horizontal or vertical),
- increasing density difference,
- increasing mobility ratio,
- decreasing production rates.
In this study, a compositional simulation approach
will be used to investigate the factors that influence
gravity segregation and the magnitude of gravity effects in the case of dry gas injection into a range of
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 188 - 197
volatile oil reservoir. A stratified and dipping reservoir with constant and with spatially variable fluid
compositions was chosen in this study. The composition of the production stream will be monitored in view
of gravity segregation to explore the ways of maximizing recovery. By knowing the factors and the
magnitude of the influence of gravity segregation,
design considerations of the injection fluid into reservoir fluid can be properly accounted for.
II. COMPOSITIONAL SIMULATION FOR
VOLATILE OIL
Reservoir processes that require compositional
modeling can be divided into two major types. The
first type is depletion and/or cycling of volatile oil and
gas condensate reservoirs. The second type is miscible flooding with first contact and multiple-contactmiscibility generated in situ. The development of compositional simulators can be classified into three categories. The first category concerns with the new
formulations and efficient solution schemes for the
mass conservation equations. In this category the
formulations are divided into two basic schemes,
namely IMPES and fully implicit schemes. The primary difference between these two schemes is in
the treatment of the flow coefficient. The second
category concerns with the efficiency of the phase
equilibrium calculation schemes. In this category, the
formulation is differenced whether or not they use
the Equations of State for phase equilibrium and property calculations. The last category concerns the representations of physical phenomena, such as the effect of interfacial tension to the shape of relative permeability curves.
Several formulations which became the bases for
the current state-of-the-art compositional simulation
procedures have been proposed. These include two
fully implicit formulations (Coats, 1980; Chien et al.,
1985), a sequential semi-implicit formulation (Watts,
1983), an adaptive implicit scheme (Collins et al.,
1992), three IMPES formulations (Kazemi et al.,
1978; Nghiem et al., 1981; Acs et al., 1985) and two
formulations which solve for pressure and composition simultaneously, but use explicit flow coefficients
(Fussell & Fussell, 1979; Young & Stephenson, 1983).
Also, the other recent formulations that are essentially similar to these formulations have been commented on (e.g., Guehria et al., 1990; Guehria et al.,
1991; Quandalle & Savary, 1989; Branco &
Rodriguez, 1994; Rodriguez & Bonet, 1994;

Rodriguez, Galindo-Nava & Guzman, 1994).
The IMPES appears to be the cheapest simulation alternative. This is because only one equation
per grid block is solved (the pressure equation). In
terms of physics, however, there is an important inconsistency in that the fluid is transported in the porous media by using current pressure differences and
old time level transmissibilities. Hence, the velocity
terms contain temporal inconsistencies. Fully implicit
simulation approaches may seem to be
computationally expensive per time step but due to
their unconditionally stable nature, they can solve the
most complex problems with fewer iterations and at
a lower overall computational cost than IMPES
scheme. However, the computer memory and CPU
time required for the fully implicit methods are their
major disadvantages.
In general, the IMPES is inherently unstable and
the fully implicit can overkill the problem
computationally. To realise the problems, it is therefore intended to propose a new formulation in order
to minimize the cost of the computational simulation
while maintaining the thermodynamic consistency of
the prediction. The formulation must be able to model
recovery from volatile oil reservoirs in the presence
of heterogeneity under different recovery mechanism.
The new formulation employed the following finite difference equations as follows:
Water equation:
Tw w w qw
Vr
w Sw n 1 w Sw n ,
t
(1)
Oil equation:
To o o qo
(2)
(3)
Vr
o So n 1 o So n ,
t
Gas equation:
Tg g g q g
Vr
g Sg
t
n 1
g Sg
where transmissibility term Tl in the x-direction,

k A krl
Tl
l , l o, g , w
x l
In the above equation, l

= (k kr/) = phase mobility,
= phase potential,
189
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 188 - 197
= porosity,
= molar density,
S = phase saturation,
x i = mole fraction of component i in the liquid
phase,
y i = mole fraction of component i in the vapour
phase,
z i = total mole fraction of component i,
K i = equilibrium ration of component i,
qi = injection or production rate of component i.
The above equations are highly non-linear and
analytical solutions are not possible. Consequently,
numerical methods are required. To implement numerical techniques, however, the flow equations must
be linearised and discretized by applying a finite difference scheme using backward difference in time
and central difference in space (Peaceman, 1967).
The results of discretisation leads to the system of
equations in matrix form. This particular matrix form
can be solved in each Newtonian iteration by either
direct, or iterative methods in order to obtain the required changes in pressure and saturation.
The new formulation has an implicit equation for
the oil-phase pressure and water saturation, an explicit equation for the hydrocarbon saturation, and
explicit equation for the overall composition of each
hydrocarbon component that satisfies thermodynamic
equilibrium. The formulation uses an Equation of State
for phase equilibrium and property calculations. Interfacial tension effects are included in the formulation to characterise the thermodynamically dynamic
nature of the relative permeability. A two-dimensional
relative permeability algorithm is included which
handles lumped hydrocarbon phase as well as individual phase flows.
For each grid block two equations are required,
namely total hydrocarbon and water-phase flow equations. The new compositional simulation approach is
validated through analytical and other numerical methods. It was demonstrated in the previous publications
that the results are compared favourably with analytical techniques and published numerical results
(Syahrial & Daltaban, 1998; Syahrial & Daltaban,
1998; Syahrial 2010). They also confirm that the proposed codified formulation is unconditionally stable
and it is as stable as fully compositional model yet the
computational cost reduction was substantial.
190
III. GRAVITY SEGREGATION IN STRATI FIED AND DIPPING RESERVOIR

After validating against analytical and numerical
methods, the new compositional simulation approach
is fully implemented to investigate the influence of
gravity segregation and their magnitude in the case
of gas injection into a volatile oil reservoir. A twodimensional studies in which flow is permitted in only
the horizontal and vertical directions is discussed. A
stratified and dipping reservoir is used to illustrate
the effect of gravity segregation on the oil recovery
in the case of gas injection into volatile oil reservoirs.
Well production performance, gas saturation distribution and the composition of the production stream
will be monitored in view of gravity segregation in
order to explore the ways of maximising recovery.
By knowing the factors and the magnitude of the influence of gravity segregation, design considerations
of the injection fluid into reservoir fluid can be properly evaluated.
A stratified reservoir with a dip of 8 degrees (from
the horizontal) is a two-dimensional cross-section
reservoirs. Horizontal permeability and porosity decrease with depth for each layer as listed in Table 1.
Table 1
Model Data Used for Stratified Reservoir Study
Layer
Permeability (mD)
Porosity (frac.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
150
100
80
70
60
50
40
30
25
20
15
10
0.178
0.176
0.173
0.172
0.168
0.166
0.162
0.157
0.155
0.150
0.147
0.145
0.142
0.137
0.135
0.132
0.127
0.125
0.122
0.116
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 188 - 197
The length of the reservoir is 3000 ft,

width is 50 ft and the thickness of the
pay zone is 100 ft. Initial reservoir pressure at the datum is 2800 psia with 20%
water and 80% oil saturations yielding
0.324 MMBBL of hydrocarbon pore
volume. Initial oil-in-place, calculated by
flashing the oil at stock-tank conditions
of 14.69 psia and 60F is 208 MSTB
and stock-tank GOR is 922 SCF/STB.
Table 2 shows the other relevant data
of this study.
The fluid used in this study is that
of OIL-6 (Coats & Smart, 1982) and
Table 3 shows the composition and
properties of that fluid. The fluid data
exhibits bubble point pressure of 2733
psia and the oil density is 36.9 lb/ft3.
Figure 1
Water-oil Relative Permeability Curves
Table 2
Data Used for Cross-Sectional Studies
Property
Field Units
SI Units
Grid System
40x1x20
40x1x20
Reservoir Length, L
3000 ft
914.40 m
Reservoir Width, w
50 ft
15.24 m
Thickness of the Pay Zone, h
100 ft
Area of Cross-Section, A
Dip Angle,
Horizontal Permeability, k h
30.48 m
2
5000 ft
0
464.52 m
0
200 mD
-13
Porosity, f
Connate Water Saturation, S wc
15%
1.97x10 m
15%
20%
20%
Residual Oil Saturation, S or
30%
30%
Residual Gas Saturation, S gr
5%
5%
Initial Oil Saturation, S oi
80%
80%
Initail Gas Saturation, S gi
0%
0%
Initial Water Saturation, S wi
20%
20%
Initial Reservoir Pressure at Datum, P i
2800.0 psia
19.31 Mpa
Datum
Reservoir Temperature, T r
8500 ft
2591 m
234F
112.2C
Production Point, Grid Block No.
Injection Point, Grid Block No.

Rock Compressibility, c r
40
4x10 psi
Water Compressibility, c w
3x10 psi
40
-6
-1
5.80x10 kPa
-7
-1
-6
-1
4.35x10 kPa
-7
-1
191
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 188 - 197
The relative permeability curves are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The reservoir domain is discretised by
4020 grid blocks with a production well and a injector well at the extremas. Total number of active grid
blocks is 800 and each gridblock contains 401 RBBL
of hydrocarbon pore volume. It was assumed that production and injection
wells penetrate all layers with oil production rate of 200 STB/Day and Minimum bottom hole pressure of 2000 psia.
Down-dip production well with an oil
rate of 200 STB/Day penetrates all layers and up-dip gas injection with the
composition listed in Table 4 is used as
the gas cycling processes. In this section the effect of permeable zone ordering and kv/kh ratios on the final oil
recovery are examined.
A. Effect of Decreasing Permeability with Depth on Gravity
Segregation
dipping reservoirs is investigated. Reservoir permeability is considered to decrease with depth. This is a
typical of a deltaic bar deposits where both permeability and porosity are decreasing with depth. The
detailed shapes are based on energy for sorting sedi-
Figure 2
Gas-oil Relative Permeability Curves
The effect of vertical permeability

on gravity segregation in stratified and
Table 3
Fluid Compositions and Properties at Reservoir Conditions
Component
Mole Frac.
T c (F)
p c (psia)
Zc
MW
P ch
CO 2
0.0103
88.79
1071.33
0.2741
44.01
0.225
78.0
N2
0.0055
-232.51
492.31
0.2912
28.01
0.040
41.0
C1
0.3647
-116.59
667.78
0.2847
16.04
0.013
77.0
C2
0.0933
90.10
708.34
0.2846
30.07
0.099
108.0
C3
0.0885
205.97
618.70
0.2775
44.10
0.152
150.3
C4
0.0600
295.43
543.45
0.2772
58.12
0.196
187.2
C5
0.0378
378.95
487.17
0.2688
72.15
0.241
228.9
C6
0.0356
461.93
484.38
0.2754
84.00
0.250
271.0
0.3043
836.63
266.33
0.2398
200.00
0.648
520.0
C7
Table 4
Composition of the Dry Injection Gas
192
Dry Gas
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7+
Mole Frac.
0.70
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.23
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 188 - 197
ments and results from consideration

of depositional flow regimes, tidal
range and current directions (Archer
& Wall, 1986).
Three different ratios of vertical to horizontal permeability are
used in modelling up-dip lean gas injection into volatile oil reservoir with
kv/kh: 1.0, 0.1 and 0.01. The depletion processes was modelled with ratio of vertical to horizontal permeability of 0.1. The reservoir pressure
is allowed to drop below bubble point
to assess the evaporation effects.
Figures 3 and 4 present the production well performance after 1050
days of gas injection. Unlike homogeneous anisotropic and horizontal
models discussed in the previous
publication (Syahrial, 1997), there is
a substantial recovery drop in the
stratified case. This is due to the
presence of higher permeability layers at the top of the reservoir which
dominate the gas flow and cause
early gas breakthrough, and
stabilised gas profile distribution.
After 1050 days, the oil recoveries
are 51%, 59% and 60% respectively
for kv/kh : 1.0, 0.1 and 0.01, whereas
the depletion process with kv/kh of
0.1 is 16%. It is also apparent that
the smaller the vertical to horizontal
permeability ratio, the lesser is the
effect of gravity segregation, better
is the sweep efficiency and hence
better is the recovery.
Figure 3
GOR vs Time in a Dipping Reservoir with Decreasing Permeability
Figure 4
Np vs Time in a Dipping Reservoir with Decreasing Permeability
B . Effect of Increasing Permeability with Depth on

Gravity Segregation
Using the permeability and porosity data listed in Table 1, but with
layer ordering reversed (with layer
1 having the smallest permeability
and layer 20 having the highest
permeability). This is a typical of a
deltaic channel deposits where both
permeability and porosity are in-
Figure 5
GOR vs Time in a Dipping Reservoir with Increasing Permeability
193
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 188 - 197
creasing with depth. In this typical

reservoir, the coarser particles settle
first and they are followed by gradual
thinning in the grain sizes and the
deposition progresses. It is related to
the strength of the available energy.
Permeability is related to the grain
sizes and the greater of the grain size,
the greater the permeability. Since
the grain size becomes coarser with
depth, the permeability increases as
well.
Figures 5 and 6 present the production well performance after 1050
days of gas injection. Unlike the previous model, effect of vertical permeability in stratified case with permeability increasing with depth result in increased oil recovery. After
1050 days of injection, oil recovery
for kv/kh : 1.0, 0.1 and 0.01 are 69%,
68% and 68% respectively, whereas
depletion process with kv/kh of 0.1
was found to be 18%. It is also evident that the vertical permeability
ratio does not alter the overall recovery significantly. This is because
of the relatively high rates used. The
gravity effects would be more pronounced if the flow rates were small
enough to enhance segregation. In
general, having the reservoir model
with increasing permeability with
depth is more preferable than the
model with decreasing permeability,
in term of final recovery factor.
Increasing permeability with
depth is a favourable condition for
the up-dip gas injection into a volatile oil reservoir. Figure 7 shows the
gas saturation distribution of the decreasing permeability model after
400 days, whereas Figure 8 shows
the model with increasing permeability. It can be seen that the decreasing permeability model was dominated by gas override. For kv/kh of
0.1, the increasing permeability
model improved the recovery factor
194
Figure 6
Np vs Time in a Dipping Reservoir with Increasing Permeability
Figure 7
Gas Saturation Distribution with Decreasing Permeability
Figure 8
Gas Saturation Distribution with Increasing Permeability
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 188 - 197
Figure 9
Total Mole Fraction after 500 days at the Uppermost Layer
Figure 10
Total Mole Fraction after 500 days at the Bottom Layer
by 9% from 59% obtained from the decreasing permeability model.

Figures 9 and 10 illustrate the total mole fraction
distribution of components at top and bottom layers
after 500 days of gas injection. It can be seen that
the total mole fraction of Methane was decreasing

from injection well to production well, hence increasing the heavy component fraction in the production
well in the upper layers for the increasing permeability model. Meanwhile, the decreasing permeability
195
EGO SYAHRIAL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 188 - 197
model showed an increase of Methane fraction in

the producing well.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
1. Gravity forces have a considerable effect on volatile oil recovery via gas injection and the need for
determining not only the fluid characteristics but
also the reservoir heterogeneities was significant.
2. In stratified, dipping reservoirs where the permeability decreases with depth, smaller the vertical to horizontal permeability ratio, lesser is the
effect of gravity segregation, better is the sweep
efficiency and hence better is the recovery.
3. Increasing permeability with depth in stratified
dipping reservoirs was found to be a favourable
condition for an up-dip gas injection into a volatile oil reservoir.
8.
9.
10.
11.
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197
INTEGRATING PETROGRAPHY WITH CORE-LOG-WELL
JUNITA TRIVIANTY MUSU, ET AL
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 198 - 203

TEST DATA FOR LOW PERMEABILITY SANDSTONE
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION:
PRELIMINARY RECOMMENDATION FOR PRODUCTION
OPTIMIZATION
By: Junita Trivianty Musu(1), Hadi Prasetyo(2) and Bambang Widarsono(1)
Researcher(1) at LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology
Jl. Cileduk Raya Kav. 109, Cipulir, Kebayoran Lama, Jakarta Selatan 12230, INDONESIA
Tromol Pos: 6022/KBYB-Jakarta 12120, Telephone: 62-21-7394422 ext.1420, Facsimile: 62-21-7246150,
Email: jmusu@lemigas-core.com
Badan Pelaksana Hulu MIGAS (BPMIGAS)2)

First Registered on 3 December 2010; Received after Corection on 27 December 2010
ABSTRACT
Integrating petrographic core information into combined core petrophysics, log, and
well test data for understanding facies and environmental deposition in rock characterization has proved itself useful to improving quality and reliability of the required conclusions. This integrated approach has specifically shown its use in the cases of complex
reservoirs such ones characterized as low-permeability sandstone reservoirs. It is in this
spirit that this paper demonstrates how this virtually cost efficient analysis provides preliminary recommendations for the exploitation of such reservoirs. As case study, two types
of producing reservoirs (Bekasap, Bangko, Pematang, and Tanjung Formations) have
been taken in 2009. The first type is strongly controlled by depositional environment. It is
found in the upper part of Bekasap and Bangko formations (1900 - 2300 ft-ss), deposited
in estuarine system, and made of very fine to fine grained sand with low to moderate
bioturbation. This mostly feldspathic and lithic greywackes have permeability of up to 200
mD. The second type is strongly dominated by diagenesis process and is mainly found in
the Upper Pematang and Tanjung Formations (6200 - 7400 ft-ss). This reservoir type is
characterized by its coarse-grained and conglomeratic sandstones resulted from fan-delta
and braided channel depositional system. Diagenetic events such as compaction, recrystallization of matrix into microcrystalline clay minerals, precipitation of authigenic minerals in pore system are also well identified from the performed petrographic analysis. This is
dominated by sublitharenite and litharenite sandstones exhibit horizontal permeability of
up to several dozens mD. The two producing reservoir types have undergone carefully
planned exploitation and stimulation operations, and the horizontal drilling and fracturing job for the type-1 and type-2 reservoirs, respectively, are acknowledged as two success
stories of their own. These successes would not prevail without application of well integrated core-log-well test approaches in reservoir characterization, in which information
from core petrography plays an important contribution.
Keywords: reservoir characterization, sandstone, low permeability, petrography
I. INTRODUCTION
Indonesias oil and condensate reached its maximum production in 1977 and 1995 of about 1.5 BOPD.
Indonesias oil production has declined in recent years,
198
mainly due to maturation of its existing fields. Recently the oil production is about 950 thousand
BOPD1. One of the available techniques in increasing oil recovery rates is by production optimization in
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 198 - 203
low permeability reservoirs; therefore integrated approach in detailed reservoir characterization is needed.
Several studies have been accomplished in describing the controlled of geological factors in production of hydrocarbons. According to Davies2 geological factors such as structural position, lithology,
grain size, sorting, shaliness, pore-geometry play important roles in controlling the fundamental reservoir
parameters including porosity, permeability, and saturation. Pettijohn et al.3 found out that the relationship
between rock characteristic and reservoir quality in
term of porosity, especially permeability is highly influenced by textures and sedimentary structures.
Textures include grain size, sorting, compactness, and
packing of the reservoir framework grains, whereas
sedimentary structures comprise of bioturbation, cross
lamination and parallel laminations, and ripple marks.
Pittman4 based on petrographic study has determined
the relationship between the type of porosity and reservoir quality and potential log calculation problem
and well completion. Syed5 and Civan6 have both
described that the development of clastic reservoir
quality is influenced by depositional environment.
According to Cade et.al.7 permeability increases with
the increased of grain size and grain sorting coefficient. Evans et al.8 has also explained the correlation
of type and size of porosity, grain size, sorting and
diagenesis and porosity and permeability enhancement.
This paper demonstrates that the application of
integrated petrographic analysis and petrophysic, log
and well-test data would produce major advances in
giving preliminary recommendation for exploitation
development strategic and also production optimization. Integrated petrographic data is very useful for
evaluating the relationship between depositional environment, mineralogy composition, pore geometry,
diagenesis, and reservoir quality, which lead to better
perspective in reservoir modelling. Therefore, the reservoir model can be applied in other reservoirs with
similar characteristics. Two types of producing reservoirs including Tanjung Formation in Barito Basin,
East Kalimantan and Pematang and upper part of
Bekasap and Bangko Formations in Central Sumatra
Basin were the objects in the study.
II. METHODS
Thin section petrographic supported by scanning
electron microscope (SEM) and x-ray diffraction
(XRD) analysis were the main techniques in reservoir characterization. The results of the analysis were
then combined with data from the megascopic core
description, log, and well-test. The integrated petrography study was performed in LEMIGAS in 2009.
Thin sections prepared and taken from the conventional cores were cut 2 cm thick and impregnated
with blue-dyed epoxy resin to maintain the existing
natural porosities of the rock samples and to recognize porosity under the microscope. Petrographic
point-count analysis of the thin section was carried
out to quantitatively determined grain compositions
(both primary and secondary origins) and visual porosity percentages. An average of 400 grains, including grain composition and porosity percentages were
counted per thin section. Pore geometry, types and
its distribution and type of sensitive minerals and their
occurences and distribution (especially clay) were
also observed using SEM. SEM analysis was applied
to examine the geometry of the pore systems and to
determine the type and distribution of sensitive minerals, especially for understanding mode of occurrences of the authigenic minerals pattern such as clays
and cements within pore systems. XRD analyses were
prepared for all samples to semi-quantitatively-quantitatively determine the whole rock (bulk analysis) and
clay mineralogy in terms of weight percent of the
whole rock.
III. RESULTS
Based on lithology characteristic, the Bekasap
and Bangko Formations are differentiated into upper
and lower parts. The upper part known as low permeability reservoir, strongly controlled by the depositional environment, so called reservoir type-1. On the
other hand, the lower part with thicknesses varied
from 10 to 20 ft shows better reservoir quality, composed of cross bedded and massive sandstones with
slight bioturbation, conglomeratic fine grained sand.
The lower parts of the Bekasap and Bangko Formations generally show distinct or erosional boundaries with fining upward trend (Figure 1a and 1e).
Gamma-ray log is 58 API and resistivity is 80 ohm
and 60 API and resistivity of 30-60 ohm respectively.
However, cased hole resistivity formation (CHRF)
logs show resistivity is 20 ohm. This is an indication
that the lower part of the formation is a depleted oil
zone. According to logs data and routine-core analysis the amount of Vshale is 18% and horizontal perme199
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 198 - 203
Figure 1
Reservoir characterization of the upper part of the Bekasap Formation.
ability reached up to 1900 mD (Figure 1b). Cross

plot porosity against permeability shows higher trend
(red line) compared to the upper line (blue line) as in
Figure 1c. Vertical well-test data shows that the oil
production reached up to several hundreds barrel perday.
Thicknesses of the upper part of the two formations reached up to 40 ft, dominated by very fine to
fine bioturbated sandstone, gamma-ray logs read at
60-90 API and show low resistivity of 8-12 ohm (Figure 1d and Figure 1f). Logs data and routine-core
analysis revealed the amount of Vshale is 24-42% and
permeability varied from tens up to 550 mD (Figure
1b). Resistivity value based on CHRF logs is relatively similar to the open hole resistivity, indicating
that the upper part of the two formations are unswept
zones. Cross plot porosity against permeability shows
lower trend (blue line) compared to the lower line
200
(red line) as in Figure 1c. Vertical well-test data at

the upper part of the formations show that the oil
production is around tens barrel per-day, whereas
horizontal drilling well could produce oil ten times
higher compared to vertical well.
Integrated petrographic analysis combined with
core description and routine-core data shows that the
reservoir quality development in reservoir type-1, especially horizontal permeability is strongly controlled
by the depositional environment. Permeability is
strongly affected by grain sizes and sedimentary structures. The decreased of grain sizes and the increased
of the amount of bioturbation will reduced permeability. Very fine to fine sandstone (0.1 to 0.16 mm)
with high bioturbation intensity has permeability up to
200 mD, and fine sandstone (0.2 mm) with low
bioturbation intensity has permeability reached up to
600 mD. On the other hand, coarser sandstone with
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 198 - 203
medium grained sandstone

(0.22-0.26 mm) and cross
bedded structures has permeability up to 3000 mD (Figure 2).
Figure 3 demonstrates
that permeability is also controlled by the amount of matrix and sedimentary structures. The increased of matrix and bioturbation would
decrease permeability values. The increased of matrix
(>20%) and bioturbation
would decrease permeability
up to 50 mD. Sandstones
with matrix content of about
5-10%
with
slight
bioturbation would have permeability values around 200500 mD. Comparison was
made on sandstone with matrix content less than 5% and
cross bedded structures
which has higher permeability value up to 1900 mD.
Other example is reservoir tipe-2 namely Pematang
and Tanjung Formations.
Low permeability from few
to 30 mD of the two formations are mainly controlled by
diagenesis factor aside from
depositional environment factor. Generally, the lithology
characteristic of the two formations consisted of conglomerate, conglomeratic
sandstone and coarse to very
coarse sandstone with
gamma ray values read at
reach up to 105 API due to
high amount of feldspar content and logs resistivity varied from 10 to 20 ohm. Figure 4 shows comparison of
porosity against permeability.
It relatively shows weak correlation, shown by the rela-
Figure 2
Relationship between permeability and depositional environment
including grain size and bioturbation
(He-HZ. Perm: Helium horizontal permeability)
Figure 3
Relationship between clay matrix and bioturbation and permebaility
(He-HZ. Perm: Helium horizontal permeability)
201
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 198 - 203
tively scattered plot, but it demonstrates distinct trend.

The vertical development shows the assemble of fining upward parasequences.
Petrographic analysis shows the reduction of porosity especially permeability in reservoir type-2 is
also controlled by diagenesis process including compaction, as shown by planar, semi-sutured and even
sutured grain boundaries, and cementation including
kaolinite, smectite, illite and zeolite (Figure 4).
Exploitation and simulation operation shows the
production optimization of low permeabilty reservoirs
caused by diagenesis process have succesfully done
by fracturing job. In general, fracturing jobs in several wells in Pematang and Tanjung Formations have
increased oil rate production ten times higher from
10 BOPD to 60-100 BOPD. Detailed knowlegde and
understanding geological controls and reservoir characteristics in micro-mezo scales as mentioned previ-
ously, would comprehend the correlation between lithology characteristics of the reservoirs and hydrocarbon production efficiency and also in recommending and planning strategic and technology to be used
in production optimization, especially in low permeability reservoirs.
Geological factors controlling low permeability
need to be identified, that is controlled by the depositional environment or diagenesis or combination of
both. This study revealed that there is a correlation
between geological factors controlling low permeability with the technology used for the production
optimization. Based on drilling and production data
for the reservoirs type-1 and type-2, the production
optimization strategy for low permeability reservoir
mainly caused by the depositional environment is
achieved by horizontal drilling. On the other hand,
the fracturing job is the optimum technique to increase
Figure 4
Reservoir characterization of conglomeratic sandstone of low permeability Pematang Formation.
a. Logs and conventional core, b. Cross plots of porosity against permeability,
c. Diagenetic process including compaction, shown by planar and semi-sutured grain contacts,
d. Kaolinite cementation
202
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 198 - 203
production in low permeability reservoir controlled by

diagenesis process.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Integrating petrographic analysis with core information, log, and well-test data for reservoir characterization prove itself useful for preliminary recommendation on planning and determining strategy and
techniques to increase production. The optimum strategy for low permeability reservoir caused by depositional environment could be accomplished by horizontal drilling, whereas low permeability reservoir
caused by diagenesis process could be done through
fracturing jobs. It is also ascertained that integrated
petrographic analysis can be used as an aid in reaching engineering as well as geological conclusions.
emphasis on Clay, Stimulation and Formation

Evaluation, a three days course, Jakarta, 385p.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors would like to thank managements of
KKKS Chevron Pacific Indonesia, Pertamina EP, and
EMP Malacca Strait for supporting the data. This
article is published by the permission of the management of BPMIGAS.
REFERENCES
1.
BPMIGAS, 2009. Internal Report. BPMIGAS,

unpublished report.
2
2. Davies, D.K., 1986. Sandstone Reservoir, with
Pettijohn, F.J., P.E. Potter, dan R.Siever, 1973,

Sand and Sandstone: New York, SpringerVerlag, 618p.
Pittman, E.D., 1982, Problems Related to Clay
Mineral in Reservoir Sandstone, in Oil Field
Development Techniques, AAPG Memoir No.28,
p.237-244.
Syed A. Ali, 1981, Sandstone Diagenesis: Application to Hydrocarbon Exploration and

Production, Gulf Science & Technology Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvana.
Civan, Faruk, 2007, Formation Damage Fundamentals, Modeling, Assessment, and Mitigation, 2nd edition, Gulf Professional Publishing, USA, 1114p.
Cade, C.A., I.J.Evans, and S.L.Bryant, 1994,
Analysis of permeability controls a new approach: Clay Minerals, v.29, p.491-501.
Evans, J., Cade, C., and Bryant, S., 1997, A Geological Approach to Permeability Prediction
in Clastic Reservoir, in Kupecz, J.A., Gluyas,
J.G., and Bloch, S., eds., Reservoir Quality Prediction in Sandstones and Carbonates; AAPG
Memoir 69, p.91-101.
203
MIXTURE OF KISAMIR PURE PLANT OIL (PPO)
EMI YULIARITA
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010: 204 - 211
PERFORMANCE TESTING ON MIXTURE OF KISAMIR

PURE PLANT OIL (PPO) AND KEROSENE
AS WICK STOVE FUEL
By: Emi Yuliarita
Researcher at LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology
First Registered on 26 March 2010; Received after Corection on 13 August 2010
ABSTRACT
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) which is made from kisamir seed has smaller kinetic viscosity
value than jatropha and coconut oil. So it has potential to be used as alternative fuel/
mixed kerosene.
The test result of some main physical/chemical characteristics of fuel made from kerosine and pure plant oil (5% to 20% volume) are still in the limit of kerosene specification
as decided by the government. However, the maximum power test result of the mixture of
PPO and kerosene that has been tested on 16 wicks stove shows that the higher content of
PPO in kerosene will decrease the maximum stove performance as well as stoves efficiency
value. But the blue color of fire gets clearer, because of less amount of sulfur by adding
PPO in kerosene. The use of PPO up to 20% will reduce sulphur content up to 20%.
Key Word: PPO, Kerosine Alternatif fuel, Spesification, Maksimum Power, Efficiency stove
I. INTRODUCTION
Kerosene is one of liquid fuels; produced by atmospheric distillation process of crude oil, it is one of
fuels subsidized by government in Indonesia. The common utilization of kerosene is as household fuel, where
it is used for stoves, whether wick stove or pressure
stove.
The domestic supply of kerosene in
Indonesia is dicreasing. This situation is caused
by goverment program of conversion of the use of
kerosene to LPG as household fuel. However, the
national demand of household fuel consumption in national energy policy of 2010 as stated is still considerable; where natural kerosene demand is predicted to
be up to 10 million kilo liter. Usually, kerosene is used
as household fuel on the stove, whether wick stove
or pressure stove. Beside that, kerosene is also used
as fuel for industry .
The purpose of this research is to study the use
pure plant oil (PPO) as an alternative fuel that substitutes kerosene in line with Indonesian energy diversification and conservation acceleration policy and
204
to understand how well is the performance of mixtures of PPO and kerosene on wick stove.
Test result evaluation is done by comparing main
biokerosene characteristics test result with kerosene
specification requirement. Performance test was done
by comparing the performance of bio kerosene with
that of kerosene.
II. LITERATURE OBSERVATION
A. Kerosene
Kerosene is colorless and clear distillated fuel,
which is the product of petroleum refining (asmopheric
distillation) with boiling point from 1500 C to 3100 C
and other physical and chemical characteristics that
fit the specification required by the government as
declared in Directorate General of Oil and Gas Decree No. 17 K/72/DDJM/1999 of April 16, 1999.
B. Pure Plant Oil (PPO)(2, 3)
Pure plant oil is the oil produced from plants and
well known as renewable and environmentally friendly
fuel. When used as fuel, this plant oil is also known
EMI YULIARITA
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010: 204 - 211
Explaination :
1. Wick
2. Kerosene tank
3. Wick pipe
4. Outside Nest Fire Managing Mechanism
5. Outside Nest
6. Firing Room
7. Inside Nest
8. Cover
9. Pan Holder
Figure 1
The Wicks Stove
III. METHODOLOGY
Performance test of Kisamir Pure Plant Oil
(PPO) and kerosene mixture as wick stoves fuel is
done by making alternative fuel (biokerosene) with
volume percentage, mixture variation such as 0%,
5%, 15%, and 20%. Each biokerosene sample is given
a code (BK-0, BK-5, BK-10, BK-15, and BK-20).
Then, main physical and chemical characteristics
(such as kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, smoke
point, sulfur content, and calorific value) area tested
using kerosene fuel specification as reference. After
that, parameters of wick stoves fuel performance
are measured namely maximum power, fuel consumption, and stove efficiency. Next, evaluation of
physical-chemical characteristics and stove performance test results are conducted by comparing the
results for all samples.
IV. RESULT AND EVALUATION
A. Physical and Chemical characteristics test
result
Comparison of kisamir seeds PPO characteristics test result with coconut and jatropha oil are
shown on Table 2. Composition of PPO mixure and
kerosine as kerosine alternative fuel, are shown in
Table 3.
206
Next, kerosene samples physical/chemical characteristics analysis result are compared with
kerosenes specification accordance to Oil and Gas
General Directorate Decree No. 17K/DDJM/1999,
of April 16, 1999, shown in Table 4.
Table 2 shows that Kisamir seeds PPO physical/chemical characteristics are almost same as that
of jatrophas PPO physical/chemical characteristics,
or coconut. Kisamir seeds PPO is thinner then the
others and it has lower kinematic viscosity value than
of jatrophas PPO or coconuts. So kisamir seeds
PPO can be utilized for alternative fuel to substitute
kerosene.
Table 4 shows that the result of physical/chemical characteristics test of mixed alternative fuel of
PPO and kerosene, meet kerosene specification required on Decree of Oil and Gas General Directorate No. 17K/DDJM/1999 of April 16, 1999. The results of sulfur content test from each alternative fuel
very from 0.028% wt to 0.0336% wt, and the reference of kerosenes sulfur content is 0.0351% wt. It
shows that utilising 20% volume of PPO kisamir seed
in mixture with kerosene can reduce 20% sulfur content. It has positive effect to the environment.
B. The Result of Performance Test
Performance test was conducted on a wick stove
and with 20 cm diameter pan in line with World Bank
EMI YULIARITA
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010: 204 - 211
Table 4
Result of Physical/Chemical Characteristics of
No.
Kind of Test
Limit
Specification*)
Min - Max
Density (Kg/cm3)
0,835
Kind of Kerosene Alternative Fuel

BK-0
BK-05
BK10
BK-15
BK-20
0.806
0.812
0.817
0.822
0.828
Flash Point Abel ( C)
38
47
45
44
43
43
Smoke Point (mm)
15
21
23
25
28
30
Calorific Value (Mj/kg)
40
45.88
45.41
44.81
44.74
44.20
Sulfur Content (% wt)
0.20
0.035
0.034
0.030
0.029
0.028
Copper Strip Corrosion
1a
1a
1a
1a
1a
1a
Explaination:
*) Kerosenes specification fits with Oil & Gas General Directorat Decree No. 17/K/DDJM/1999, April 16, 1999
Table 5
The Result of Each PPO and Kerosene Alternative Fuel Mixture Performance Test
BIOKEROSENE SAMPLE
NO.
OBSERVATION
UNIT
BK-00
BK-05
BK-10
BK-15
BK-20
Kj/kg
45880
45410
44810
44740
44200
Kg/hour
0,1976
0,1497
0,1377
0,1257
0,1138
1.
Fuel Calorie
2.
Fuel Consumption
3.
Water Mass
kg
2,17
2,17
2,17
2,17
2,17
4.
Fuel Mass to Boil Water
kg
0,03
0,042
0,044
0,047
--
5.
Maximum Power
kw
2,52
1,89
1,72
1,57
1,33
6.
Boiling Efficiency
48,18
34,77
32,88
31,53
--
7.
Water Boiling Duration
8.
Fire Stability
9.
Wick Point Condition
10. Fuel Flow (capilarity) to

the Point of Wick
11. Lighten up the Fire after
Turning off
minute
24
The ray of fire is

reddish blue,
stable dan
maximum lighted
with wick
26
Ray of fire is blue,

stable, getting lower,
the fire is
shorter,BK00 with
maximum wick
36

stable, getting lower, stable, getting lower,
the fire is lower than the fire is lower than
BK05. maximum wick BK10. maximum
position
wick position
burned a little
burned a little
burned a little
burned a little
Burn more than BK-15
good
good
< BK-05
< dari BK-10
< BK-15
easy
easy
A little hard
A little hard
hard
The more PPO of kisamir seed used in the mixture, the smaller calorie value and maximum power.
2. The Result of Efficiency Test (4)
Stove efficiency is the comparison among useable
heat, which is needed to cook some food in certain
208
30
At 32nd minute and

temperature 50OC fire
decreases, comes below
nd
the nest at 42 minute
0
and at 65 C almost dead.
Ray of fire is blue, lower
than BK15 unstable, fire
keeps getting lower, cant
boil water. Maximum wick
position
amount from beginning temperature to cook by the

heat that is given from kerosene, which is being used
during cooking. The simple way of the efficiency test
of a stove is boiling water method. Normal boiling
temperature depends on atmospheric pressure above
EMI YULIARITA
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010: 204 - 211
Table 7
Analysis result of stove efficiency
of Biokerosene
No.
Calorie BB
Kind of Fuel
(kj/kg)
Table 8
Analysis result of fuel consumption
of Biokerosene
Efficiency
No.
(%)
1.
BK - 00
45880
48.18
2.
BK - 05
45410
34.77
3.
BK 10
44810
32.88
4.
BK 15
44740
31.53
5.
BK 20
44206
Amount of
Fuel
PPO in
Time
Consumption
Kerosene (minute)
(kg/Jam)
(% vol.)
1.
10
0.1976
2.
10
0.1497
3.
10
10
0.1377
4.
15
10
0.1257
5.
20
10
0.1138
Figure 4
The relation of fuel consumption and maximum power
210

EMI YULIARITA

VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010: 204 - 211
V. SUMMARY & SUGGESTION
REFERENCES
A. Summary
1. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. 2006
The result of PPO and kerosene mixture performance test as the fuel on multi-wicks stove can be
summarized as follow:
1. PPO made from Kisamir seeds has potential to
develop as bio fuel material, because it has low
viscosity.
2. The mixture of 20% volume PPO in kerosene
can reduce the sulfur content to 20% of wt.
3. The mixture with more than 20% volume PPO in
kerosene shows lowest maximum power and
stove efficiency.
4. The higher amount of PPO being used in the mixture, the lower stoves maximum Power and
stoves efficiency.
2. http://www.ybiofuels.org/bio-fuels/hystorybiofuels.html
3. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minya Nabati
4. La Puppung Pallawagau Ir., 1989, Test Eficiency
and Power of Kerosene Wicks Stove, R&D Center for Oil and Gas Technology LEMIGAS,
Jakarta.
5. SII 0135-76, Quality and Wick Kerosene Stove
Test.
6. Specification as declared in Directorate General
of Oil and Gas Decree No. 17K/72/DDJM/1999
of April 16, 1999.
B. Suggestion
For the best result of stove maximum power and
efficiency, it would be better to add PPO that has a
lower viscosity (less than 20 Cst)
7. VITA, Revised May 1985, Testing the Efficiency

of Wood-burning Cookstove International. Virginia.
211
SETYO WIDODO, ET AL.
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 212 - 219
STUDY ON COMPONENTS RATING OF GASOLINE

ENGINE AS A PERFORMANCE QUALITY INDICATOR
OF LEMIGAS FORMULATED API SL LUBRICANT
By: Setyo Widodo1), Shinta Sari H.2), Catur Yuliani R.1), and Subiyanto1)
Researcher1), Lubricant analyst2) at LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology
First Registered on 28 September 2010; Received after Corection on 1 December 2010
ABSTRACT
Poor lubrication may cause wear on the surface moving parts of engine components such as
bearings due to the metal-to-metal contact. Engine components utilized on the road-test of gasoline engines lubricating oil API SL showed wear and tear on some parts of them. The sum of
wear occurred during the road test were varied. Therefore, an analysis of wear quantity of
engines components was a necessity in order to get information about lubrication condition on
engine. Analysis of wear was conducted by components rating based on the standard specifications set out for performance level of lubricant oil API SL and ILSAC GF-3 (SNI 06-7069-2005).
Analysis based on Seq. IIIF showed that average value of the piston skirt varnish is 10, low
temperature viscosity is 4673 cP, and cam wear lifter is 0.002 mm. It was also showed that the
minimum kinematics viscosity increase was managed to be stay-in-grade. Analysis based on
Seq. IVA showed that the average value of cam wear is 0.0015 mm. Analysis based on Seq. VII
showed that the value of bearing weight loss was 0.010 g and there was no deposit at high
temperatures. Shear stability analysis based on Seq. VIII showed that the viscosity of lubricant
oil is still in the range of allowed values.
Key words: rating; gasoline engine components; API SL lubricating oil
I. INTRODUCTION
Lubricating oil is an important matter in the operation of motor vehicle engines. The rapid development of engine technology requires the use of lubricating oil with better quality so that lubricant can still
provide good performance in a variety of extreme
conditions, such as very high operating temperatures,
higher operating pressure, the possibility of impurities entry and many other disorders arising from the
environment. Lubricating oil quality is indicated by
the physical-chemical characteristics while the actual quality of performance is demonstrated by the
actual work on machinery/equipment used. Some international standards are used to indicate the quality
of lubricating oil, such as API Service, SAE, JASO
and ILSAC. However the most actual quality can be
detected by analyzing the ratings of the vehicle engine parts through road test.
212
Lubricating oil formula used in this studi was gasoline engine lubricating oil API SL recommended for
gasoline engine technology of 2001. This type of lubricating oil can also be used for earlier automotive
engine technologies. This paper precent the result of
lubricating oil performance studies conducted through
road test, with the use of the new Lemigas formulated gasoline engine lubricating oil SAE 15W40/API
SL. Performance test was conducted with a 2006
Toyota Innova which recommends the use of lubricating oil to the level of quality performance API SJ
or SL. The test vehicle was run to reach 15,000 km
mileage.
The research was aimed at determining the performance of lubricating oil Lemigas formulated formula SAE 15W40/API SL on the vehicle. Rating
analysis of the engine components that was made
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 212 - 219
before and after the road test is an essential step to

achieve that goal.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
To obtain the study results as expected, this study
is conducted by following three main stages; namely
preparation of lubricating oil samples (SAE 15W40/
API SL), implementation of the road test, and component ratings before and after implementation of the
road test. Analysis and evaluation rating are based
on engine components by referring to the specification of performance parameters of lubricating oil and
the level of API SL ILSAC GF-3 (SNI 06-7069-2005).
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Analysis of vehicle engines components through
component rating is the proper way to determine the
actual performance of the lubricating oil. Engine components assessed (by rating) were: pistons, camshaft,
cam follower, connecting rod bearings, oil screen/oil
filter, and others. Rating of engines components before and after implementation of the road test can
indicate changes in the condition of engine components with the use of lubricating oil.
Rating Piston Set Components
Piston set consists of a piston, piston pin and piston ring pairs (Figure 1). Rating of pistons was made
Figure 1
Piston thrust side, pin piston and ring piston
on the new set and the end of the road test (15,000
km), i.e. the diameter of the piston and the wear
marks, particularly on his side thrust. Piston pin diameter was measured to determine wear of the piston pin. Cracks on the piston and piston ring liner
(ring gap) were measured to determine the wear after 15,000 km usage. Piston rings, particularly compression (ring no.1 and no. 2), wee weighed to determine the wear ring after 15,000 km.
Occurrence of wear of the piston sets can lead
to reduced ability of machines to produce maximum
energy. Results of analysis of the four piston ratings
show the same dimension values before and after
the road test. Good lubrication performance can reduce friction thereby reducing wear of metals.
Analysis of the piston pin was carried out to know
weight loss after implementation of the road test. Piston pin weight losses are very small namely is an
average of 0.0015 grams, so the value of the wear
on the piston pin is considered normal. Visually on
the piston pin there are no visible hot spots (bluish
color) that indicate the occurrence of inter-metal
touches.
Engine piston ring is a component that serves as
seal between the combustion chamber with the lubricants crankcase (Figure 1). A load charge received
by the piston ring is usually very high so that dimensional changes occur and the wear is an
important parameter that must be observed. The results show that there is
wear of the piston ring, indicated by the
occurrence of weight loss. Average
weight loss of each piston ring amounted
Figure 2
Piston ring side clearance
213
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 212 - 219
Ring Gap
to 0.001 grams (R.1), 0.00125 grams (R.2) and 0

grams (R.3), or not more than 0.032%-wt.
Friction between the piston cylinders can cause
wear and tear that resulted in a loss of engine compression. The results show that there is no wear on
the cylinder liner. This was also detected from the
compression constant value until the end of the road
test.
The occurrence of wear and tear can cause the

ring-gap increases (Figure 3) so that engine compression will decrease. Results showed that the ratings
gap on all four-ring pistons remained on average the
same until the end of the road test (Table 1).
Piston ring conditions that remain good shows that
the lubricating oil performance provide lubrication so
well that the wear can be minimized. This was also
detected from the engine compression pressure test
Piston Ring-Side Clearance

This parameter is a measure of the spatial dimension of piston ring placement (Figure 2). This
value is analyzed to determine deposit formation tendency of the ring-land which resulted in ring-sticking. The results show that the ring-side clearance is
still in good condition and remain until the end of the
road test, which is 0.03 mm for ring A, 0.03 mm for
ring B and 0.05 mm for ring C. Ring condition of the
piston ring has a value rating of 10, indicating there is
no ring sticking.
Figure 3
Ring gap measurement
Figure 4
Piston condition (Skirt Varnish)
Table 1
Ring gap analysis
Ring
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.20
0.60
0.60
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.10
Ref.
Remark : a = new part (0 km) ; b = used part (15.000 km)
214
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 212 - 219
Table 2
Skirt varnish and deposit analysis
Piston 1
Piston 2
Piston 3
Piston 4
Ring Sticking
10
10
10
10
Skirt Condition
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
Crown Cutting
10
10
10
10
Rating
Groove Filling
Land deposit
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
10
10
8.6
10
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.1
8.6
8.6
8.9
8.7
10
10
10
10
Table 3
Conrod bearing rating
Position
Connecting rod Bearing (gram)

1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
Top
13.287
13.287
13.192
13.191
13.298
13.298
13.214
13.213
Bottom
13.282
13.281
13.152
13.151
13.305
13.305
13.314
13.314
Remark :
a = new part (0 km)
b = used part (15.000 km)
showed no change, i.e. 5.11 bar. Compression pressure that remains good will indicate the condition of
the combustion chamber is still in accordance with
standard conditions, so that the engine is able to provide optimum performance.
Piston Skirt Varnish and Deposit
The results on the skirt varnish and deposits that
formed on the piston shows characteristics of some
parameters of the condition of the piston component
after the execution of road tests (Table 2).
Piston skirt varnish rating results show that the
value of the component ratings are satisfactory to
meet the ILSAC GF-3 Sequence IIIF, the 9.0 minimum. It is also apparent in the physical condition of
the pistons that are clear of deposits and varnish (Figure 4). Piston skirt are in good condition with a value
rating of 9.5 that indicates the condition of the wear
Figure 5
Connecting rod Bearing Kijang Innova 2006
on piston skirts, especially the thrust side only at trace

levels.
Connecting Rod Bearing
This is the component of the engine that of gets a
high workload, so the likelihood of wear and tear is
215
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 212 - 219
Figure 6
Camshaft
also high. The results on the connecting rod bearing

components showed that almost no wear has occurred during the test road mileage to 15,000 km.
Some little loss of material was detected from the top
of connecting rod bearing and below-average <0.01
grams (Figure 5). The value of weight loss is still
within safe and passes the test based on performance
test ILSAC GF-3 Seq. VII for API SL, at a maximum of 0.0246 grams (Table 3).
Camshaft
This is an important engine component part which
is used as one of the objects of observation and study
(Figure 6). The results on the camshaft components
showed that during road tests little wear has occurred
despite the limitation value which is still very safe.
The result of the camshaft lobe rating average is 0.001
mm on the inlet and the outlet of 0.002 mm (Table 4).
Wearable of the maximum allowable under the standard test of ILSAC GF-3 Seq. IVA amounted to 0.12
mm so that the wear of the camshaft after 15,000 km
mileage is still far below the specified maximum wear
limit.
Camshaft Follower
Camshaft follower is a component that was analyzed in the ratings (Figure 7). Measurements taken
on the dimensions of the camshaft follower shows
that there is no wear and tear on these components
(Table 5). ILSAC GF-3 tests Sequence IIIF provide
maximum limit wear of the camshaft follower of 0.002
mm.
216
Figure 7
Camshaft follower condition after road-test
Table 4
Camshaft component rating
Inlet
a
(mm)
42.925
Inlet
b
(mm)
42.925
Outlet
a
(mm)
42.925
Outlet
b
(mm)
42.925
42.915
42.915
42.935
42.930
42.925
42.923
42.935
42.932
42.915
42.915
42.935
42.932
42.915
42.915
42.935
42.933
No.
42.915
42.913
42.935
42.935
42.925
42.920
42.935
42.932
42.915
42.915
42.935
42.933
Remark:
a = new part (0 km)
b = used part (15.000 km)
Table 5
Analysis of wear of the camshaft follower
No.
Inlet (m m )
Outlet (m m )
16.995
16.995
16.995
16.995
16.995
16.995
16.995
16.995
16.995
16.995
16.995
16.995
16.995
16.995
16.995
16.995
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 212 - 219
Oil Screen
Resume of Components Analysis and Rating
Oil screen is very important component to ensure the cleanliness of lubricating oil that circulates in
the engine is in clean condition (Figure 8). Analyses
of these components are conducted to determine
whether there is a blockage or are still in good condition. This parameter can be found by doing an oil
screen weighing. The results show that the condition
of oil and the screen still does not show blockages.
This is detected from the result of oil weighing a fixed
screen, which is 279.84 grams. This is in accordance
with the restrictions in the standard test sequence
VG ILSAC GF-3, which should not happen in the oil
screen clogging.
Summary results of the analysis and rating engine components made with reference to the specification of performance parameters specified for the
level of lubricating oil of API SL and ILSAC GF-3
(Table 8).
Oil Filter
Oil filter function is to filter out the impurities
brought by the lubricating oil (Figure 9). Oil filters,
does its function to filter sludge, dust and metal wear.
Blockage on the lubricating oil filter may cause the
lubricant not to circulate properly so as not to be capable of providing excellent lubrication performance.
The results show the existence of impurities retained
on the filter, amounting to 2.62 grams. This amount is
classified as very small and not to cause filter clogging, so it is still safe to use.
a. Sequence IIIF
Study results showed that lubricating oil drain interval SAE 15W40 API SL through the road test can
give a good performance and test standards sequence
III F (Table 8).
b. Sequence IVA
Testing sequence IVA is conducted to determine
the wear characteristics. Wear value is limited by its
Table 6
Measurements oil filter
Weight (gram)
Weight (gram)
(new part - 0 km) (used part - 15.000 km)
248.87
Table 7
Sludge dan varnish formation analysis
Sludge Formation and Varnish

Sludge and varnish formation is a condition that
may interfere with the performance of vehicle engine lubrication. Analysis of sludge and varnish formation on the crankcase oil pan, a living dead zone
camshaft, valve cover, oil pump strainer and oil filter
(Figure 10). The results show that there is no formation of sludge and varnish formed so that in general
these components are in clean condition (Table 6).
Figure 8
Oil Screen Kijang Innova 2006
251.49
No
Sludge / Varnish Analysis Result
Oil pan carter
Clean
Dead zone camshaft
Clean
Valve cover
Clean
Strainer oil pump
Clean
Oil filter
Clean
Figure 9
Oil filter
217
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 212 - 219
maximum value. The results showed

that the wear that occurs during the road
test still meet the standard specifications (Table 8). Figure 11 shows the difference of the two components that
have passed and the one which failed
to meet the standard specification test
sequence IVA.
c. Sequence VII
Wear of bearings is a common phenomenon that occurs in engine operation. However, the wear should not exceed the maximum limit value. Analysis of the wear pads are made with the
lost weight calculation shows that the
some bearing weight loss has occurred
during the road test. The magnitude of
weight loss is only 0.010 grams, less
than the maximum limit of 0.0264
grams (Table 8). This means that it still
meets the specifications set forth in sequence VII.
d. TEOST Test
This analysis is intended to determine the trend of high temperature deposit formation. The results show that
there is no deposit formation as a result of heating at high temperature. This
can be known from observation of hard
deposits on the walls of the lubricant
crankcase, valve covers and other engine parts. TEOST limiting high temperature deposit a maximum of 45 milligrams (Table 8).
Figure 10
Sludge and varnish formation
Table 8
Lubricating oil analysis based on the level
and quality of API SL ILSAC GF-3
Te s t Param e te rs
Standard
Value
Se q. IIIF
Average piston skirt varnish
Minimum cinematic viscosity increase
Low temperature viscosity, cP
9.0
10.0
Stay in grade
Stay in grade
7000 max
4673
0.002
No w ear
0.12
0.0015
0.0264
0.010
45
Average cam lif ter w ear, mm

Se q. IVA
Average cam w ear, max, 7 position, mm
Se q. VII
Bearing w eight loss, max, gram
TEOST test, high T-deposit, mg
Se q. VIII, s he ar s tability
Stay In grade Stay In grade
e. Shear Stability, Seq. VIII

Lubricating oil resistance characteristic to the shear force is an important parameter to ensure that lubricating oil can still provide good lubrication
on vehicle engine parts. Style shear can
cause damage to polymer additives
which decreased the viscosity of lubricating oil. To avoid products with bad
quality, viscosity resistance is limited by
its minimum value. Test results of shear
stability characteristics of lubricating
oils showed a trend lubricating oil dilu-
218
Te s t Value
Figure 11
Cam lobes wear
VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 212 - 219
tion due to shear force. However viscosity values

are still within the range of specifications, stay in
grade (Table 8). This indicates that the lubricating
oil has a very good stability against shear forces so
that the degradation of polymer additives that occurred
did not cause lubricating oil to be off-specification.
IV. CONCLUSION
The rating of engine components before and after the road test can identify the quality and performance of lubricant oil during use. The results showed
that the lubricant oil SAE 15W40/API SL formula of
Lemigas still performing well enough to use up to
15,000 miles. The discrepancy with the lubricant oil
quality standards can cause wear and damage to
engine components. The existence of lubricant oil
which has not registered and does not meet the specifications set out to show the importance of control of
lubricant oil on the market. Also replacement of lubrication system parts and engine service on a regular basis is important enough for the performance of
engine components to work at its optimum.
REFERENCES
1. Booser E.R., Handbook of Lubricant Theory
and Practice of Tribology, Vol.I, Application
and Maintenance, Florida, USA, 1996.
2. Booser E.R., Handbook of Lubricant Theory
and Practice of Tribology, Vol.II, Application
and Maintenance, Florida, USA, 1996.
3. Dirjen Migas, Daftar Umum Nomor Pelumas
Terdaftar , Jakarta 2005.
4. Keputusan Menteri Pertambangan dan Energi
No. 1748 K/34/MPE/1999,
30 Desember
1999 jo. No. 019/34/M.PE/1988 12 January 1988
Ketentuan Wajib Daftar Pelumas yang
beredar di Indonesia.
5. Keputusan Presiden No. 8 Tahun 1988 dan
Keputusan Presiden No. 21 Tahun 2001 Tentang
Penyediaan dan Pelayanan Pelumas.

6. Keputusan Bersama Menteri Energi Dan Sumber
Daya Mineral, Menteri Keuangan Dan Menteri
Perindustrian Dan Perdagangan Republik Indonesia, tentang Ketentuan Impor Pelumas
Menteri Energi Dan Sumber Daya Mineral,
Menteri Keuangan Dan Menteri Perindustrian
Dan Perdagangan Republik Indonesia.
7. ASTM Standard Hand Book Vol. 05.01 : ASTM
D 445 -04 Standard Test Method for Cinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque
Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity), 2005
8. SAE Handbook, Fuel and Lubricants, Vol. I,
Part 12, 2002.
9. Freeman, P., Lubrication and friction, Sir
Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd., USA, 1962.
10. Wartawan, A.L., Pelumas Otomotif dan
Industri, Balai Pustaka Jakarta, 1998.
11. Wartawan, Anton L, Efek Temperatur
Terhadap Keausan, 2000.
12. ASTM Standard Hand Book Vol. 05.01: ASTM
D2270-04, Standard Practice for Calculating
Viscosity Index from Cinematic Viscosity at 40
& 100C, 2005
13. SNI 06-7069-2005, Badan Standardisasi Nasional,
2005.
D 5293-04, Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Between 5 and
35C Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator,
2005
D 4683-04, Standard Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Shear Rate and High
Temperature by Tapered Bearing Simulator,
2005.
219
SUBJECT INDEX
A
alteration 166, 173, 174, 177
low permeability 198, 199, 200, 201, 203
and core flooding 180

API SL lubricating oil 218
C
cautious core handling 165
compositional 155, 156, 158, 163
compositional 188, 189, 190, 196, 197
core cleansing 165, 173, 176, 177, 178
compressed natural gas 204, 205
E
equation of state 188, 190, 196
equation of state 156
efficiency stove 210
M
misleading petrophysical data 165
maksimum Power 210
P
petrography 198, 199
petrochemical industry 204, 205
PPO 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 217
R
reservoir characterization 198, 199, 203
rating 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225
S
sandstones 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171,

173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179
fluid saturation 180
sandstone 198, 199, 200, 201, 203
syntetic fuel oils and synthetic lube base 204
gravity segregation 188, 189, 190, 192, 193,

196, 197
Spesification 210
T
gravity segregation 155, 156, 158, 159, 160,

163
tracer 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187
gasoline engine components 218
H
heterogeinity 180
K
kerosine alternatif fuel 210
volatile 155, 156, 158, 163, 164

volatile
W
wettability degradation 165, 177, 178
wettability
AUTHORS INDEX
Bambang SR., Tri, see, Lelono, Eko Budi, 33 (1) : 1 - 8

Darwita, LABORATORY STUDY OF CALCIUM SULFATE SOLUBILITY CALCULATION BY USING
SKILLMAN, McDONALD, AND STIFF METHOD, 33 (1) : 84 - 90
Desrina, R., CONTRIBUTION OF REFINERY CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION TO GLOBAL WARMING, 33 (2) : 151 - 154
E
Syahrial, Ego, A NEW APPROACH OF COMPOSITIONAL SIMULATION FOR A VOLATILE OIL RESERVOIR MODELING, , 33 (1) : 9 - 24
Syahrial, Ego, EFFECT OF COMPOSITION VARIATION WITH DEPTH ON VOLATILE OIL RESERVOIRS, 33 (1) : 52 - 58
Ego Syahrial, APPLICATION OF NEW COMPOSITIONAL SIMULATION APPROACH TO MODEL
GRAVITY SEGREGATION IN VOLATILE OIL RESERVOIRS, 33 (3) : 155 - 164
F
Firdaus, Mufdi, see, Lelono, Eko Budi, 33 (1) : 71 - 83
H
Haris, Abdul, see, Nasution, A.S., 33 (2) : 143 - 150
Herlina, Leni, see, Nasution, A.S., 33 (2) : 143 - 150
Haris, Abdul, see, Nasution, A.S., 33 (3) : 204 - 209
Herlina, Leni, see, Nasution, A.S., 33 (3) : 204 - 209
I
Iskandar, Utomo P., see, Syahrial, Ego, 33 (2) 129 - 134
J
Widarsono, Bambang, see, Musu, Junita Trivianty, 33 (1) : 44 - 51
L
Lelono, Eko Budi, PALAEOENVIRONMENTS OF THE PERMIAN-CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS OF
THE BINTUNI BAY, PAPUA, 33 (1) : 71 - 83
M
Makmur, Tjuwati, THE ADVANTAGE OF OIL CONTENT IN INJECTION WATER DETERMINATION
BEFORE IMPLEMENTATION OF WATERFLOOD IN OILFIELD, 33 (1) : 10 - 34
Mardono, STUDY ON THE IMPACT BIODIESEL ONTO FUEL PUMP AND NOZZLE WEAR IN 5
KVA GENERATOR DIESEL ENGINE, 33 (2) : 115 - 119
Marino, Darsono, see, usman, 33 (2) : 120 - 128
Maymuchar, see, Mardono, 33 (2) : 115 - 119
Musu, Junita Trivianty, RESERVOIR QUALITY REDUCTION CAUSED BY CLAY INDUCED DUCTILITY, 33 (1) : 10 - 34
Musu, Junita Trivianty, INTEGRATING PETROGRAPHY WITH CORE-LOG-WELL TEST DATA FOR
LOW PERMEABILITY SANDSTONE RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION: PRELIMINARY RECOMMENDATION FOR PRODUCTION OPTIMIZATION, 33 (3) : 198 - 203
Munadi, Suprajitno, AVO INVERSION USING LEVENBERG-MARQUARDT OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE, 33 (2) : 98 - 105
Morina, see, Nasution, A.S., 33 (2) : 143 - 150
Morina, see, Nasution, A.S., 33 (3) : 204 - 209
N
Nasution, A.S., PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, 33 (2) : 143 - 150
Nasution, A.S., THE CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL GAS, 33 (3) : 204 - 209
P
Pasarai, Usman, WORKSHEET SCREENING OF CO2 EOR SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA, 33 (1) : 10 - 34
Pasarai, Usman, see, Syahrial, Ego, 33 (2) : 129 - 134
Purba, Humbang, see, Munadi, Suprajitno, 33 (2) : 98 - 105
Pratama I., Utomo, see, Pasarai, Usman, 33 (1) : 10 - 34
Pratama I., Utomo, see, Sugihardjo, 33 (3) : 180 - 187
Prasetyo, Hadi, see, Musu, Junita Trivianty, 33 (3) : 198 - 203
R
Rahman, Maizar, INDONESIAS REFINING DEVELOPMENTS: FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES, 33 (2) : 91 - 97
S
Sismartono, Danang, see, Pasarai, Usman, 33 (1) : 10 - 34
Syahrial, Ego, UNDERSTANDING CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE (CCS) POTENTIAL IN INDONESIA, 33 (2) : 129 - 134
Syahrial, Ego, MODELING GRAVITY SEGREGATION IN STRATIFIED AND DIPPING RESERVOIR
OF VOLATILE OIL, 33 (3) : 188 - 197
Subiyanto, see, Widodo, Setyo, 33 (3) : 218 - 225
Sari H., Shinta, Widodo, Setyo, 33 (3) : 218 - 225
Soelistijono, Marzuki, see, Usman, 33 (2) : 120 - 128
Susantoro, Tri Muji, OIL SPILL POLLUTION DETECTION USING PALSAR DATA IN TIMOR SEA,
33 (2) : 135 - 142
Suliantara, see, Susantoro, Tri Muji, 33 (2) : 135 - 142
Sunardjanto, Djoko, see, Susantoro, Tri Muji, 33 (2) : 135 - 142
Sugihardjo, TRACER TESTS FOR HETEROGENEITY CHARACTERIZATION AND SATURATION DETERMINATION ON CORE FLOODING, 33 (3) : 180 - 187
U
Usman, STUDY ON PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT OF LOW PERMEABILITY GAS RESERVOIR
BY HYDRAULIC FRACTURING, 33 (2) : 120 - 128
Usman, see, Sugihardjo, 33 (3) : 180 - 187
W
Widarsono, Bambang, DIFFERENTIAL STRAIN ANALYSIS: AN INVESTIGATION OVER ITS FEASIBILITY FOR DETERMINING COALS CLEAT ORIENTATION, 33 (2) : 106 - 114
Widarsono, Bambang, AN INVESTIGATION OVER ROCK WETTABILITY AND ITS ALTERATION
ON SOME INDONESIAN SANDSTONES, 33 (3) : 165 - 179
Widodo, Setyo, STUDY ON COMPONENTS RATING OF GASOLINE ENGINE AS A PERFORMANCE
QUALITY INDICATOR OF API SL LUBRICANT, 33 (3) : 218 - 225
Y
Yuliarita, Emi, PERFORMANCE TESTING ON MIXTURE OF KISAMIR PURE PLANT OIL (PPO)
AND KEROSENE AS WICK STOVE FUEL, 33 (3) : 210 - 217
Yuliani R., Catur, see, Widodo, Setyo, 33 (3) : 218 - 225
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to convey our gratitude to Peer Group, Senior Editos, and Editors who
have assisted and edited articles in Lemigas Scientific Contributions (LSC) Volume 33 (no:
1, 2 and 3)
I. Peer Group
1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Septoratno Siregar (Petroleum Engineering)
2. Prof. Dr. Wahjudi Wisaksono (Energy and Environment)
3. Prof. Dr. R.P. Koesoemadinata (Geological Engineering)
4. Ir. E. Jasjfi, M.Sc, APU. (Chemical Engineering)
5. Dr. Ir. M. Kholil, M.Kom. (Management of Environment)
II. Senior Editors
1. Dr. Ir. Noegroho Hadi Hs., APU. (Chemical Engineering)
2. Prof. (R). Dr. Maizar Rahman (Chemical Engineering)
3. Prof. (R). Dr. Suprajitno Munadi (Geophysics)
4. Prof. (R). Dr. E. Suhardono (Industrial Chemistry)
III. Editors
1. Ir. Bambang Wicaksono T.M., M.Sc. (Petroleum Geology)
2. Dr. Ir. Ego Syahrial, M.Sc. (Petroleum Engineering)
3. Prof. (R). M. Udiharto (Biology)
4. Drs. Mardono, MM. (Chemical Engineering)
5. Dr. Usman, M.Eng. (Petroleum Engineering
6. Abdul Haris, S.Si., M.Si. (Chemistry and Environment)
7. Ir. Yusep K Caryana, M.Sc. (Gas Engineering and Management)
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UMUM
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hurup arab superscript untuk penjelasannya dalam catatan kaki.
- Catatan kaki ditulis dalam satu halaman sesuai dangan nomor catatan kaki yang bersangkutan. Catatan kaki ditulis horizontal
dengan urutan sebagai berikut: nama pengarang, tahun penerbitan, judul, halaman yang dikutip. Data Publikasi (Kota Penerbitan,
Nama Penerbitan, jumlah halaman).
- Pendahuluan secara ringkas menguraikan masalah-masalah, tujuan, dan pentingnya penelitian. Jangan menggunakan subbab.
- Bahan dan Metode harus secara jelas dan ringkas menguraikan penelitian dengan rincian secukupnya sehingga memungkinkan
peneliti lain untuk mengulangi penelitian yang terkait.
- Hasil disajikan secara jelas tanpa detil yang tidak perlu. Hasil tidak boleh disajikan sekaligus dalam tabel dan gambar.
- Tabel disajikan dalam bahasa Indonesia, dengan judul di bagian atas tabel dan keterangan. Tabel diketik menggunakan program
MS-Excel.
- Gambar, grafik, potret dan lain-lain: semuanya asli, jelas memenuhi syarat untuk peroses pencetakan: serta diberi nomor urut
dan judul.
- Kesimpulan disajikan secara ringkas dengan mempertimbangkan judul naskah, maksud, tujuan, serta hasil penelitian.
- Di samping naskah dan lampiran penunjang seperti gambar/grafik, kirimkan juga disket/CD nya ke redaksi atau melalui e-mail:
agus salim@lemigas.esdm.go.id
3 Kepustakaan
Kepustakaan adalah daftar literaktur (buku atau non buku) yang dipakai oleh Penulis dalam meyusun naskah/artikel.
Kepustakaan ditulis pada akhir karangan dengan urutan secara alfabetis berdasarkan nama pengarang, seperti contoh sebagai berikut;
a. Buku
- Satu pengarang
Davis, Gordon B., 1976, Management Information System, Conceptual Foundation Structur and developnet, Me Graw Hill.
- Dua Pengarang
Newman W.H. dan E. Kirby Warren, 1977, The Procces of Management, Concept, Behavior, and Pratice, Pretice-Hall of India
Privat Ltd., New Delhi, hlm. 213.
- Lebih dari tiga pengarang
Bennet J.D., Bridge D. Mcc, Cancron N. R., Djunudin A, Ghazali S. A, Jeffry D.H., Kartawa W., Keats W Rock N.M.S., dan
Thompos S.J 1981, The Geology of the Langsa Quadrange, Sumatra, GRDC, Bandung.
Atau disingkat
Bannet J.D., dkk., 1981. The Geology of the Langsa Quadrangle, Sumatra, GRDC, Bandung.
b. Non buku
- Udiharto M., 1992. Pengaruh Aktivitas Bakteri Termofil terhadap Porositas Batuan, Diskusi Ilmia VII Hasil Penelitian Lemigas,
Februari, PPTMG LEMIGAS, Jakarta.
- Weissmann J., Dr.: 1972, Fuel for internal Contribution Engines and Furnace, Report, Inhouse Research, Mei, LEMIGAS,
Jakarta.
- Gianita Gandawijaya, 1994,Teknologi GPS, Alat Bantu Navigasi Pesawat Terbang, Kompas, Juli 27, Jakarta.
c. Web sites :
http://www.environmental law net.com. Sebutkan tanggal bulan dan tahun.
WEWENANG REDAKSI
a. Dewan redaksi berhak melakukan penyunpingan atas suatu artikel termasuk mengubah judul artikel.
b. Naskah yang telah diperiksa dewan redaksi dan dianggap perlu perbaikan akan dikirim kembali kepada penulis untuk diperbaiki.
c. Naskah yang tidak bisa dimuat akan dikembalikan kepada penulis.
LAIN-LAIN
Lembaran Publikasi Lemigas menerima sumbangan naskah dari penulisan di luar Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Minyak
dan Gas Bumi LEMIGAS dengan ketentuan isinya memenuhi kriteria standar Majalah Lembaran Publikasi Lemigas.

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Cover

Tools Name : Measurement of CBM Gas Content in Rambutan Field

ISSN : 0126 - 3501

Volume 33, No. 3, December 2010

: Dra. Yanni Kussuryani, M.Si. (Kimia)

: Agus Salim, S.H., M.H. (Economic Law)

Ass. Managing Editor : Drs. Heribertus Joko Kristadi, M.Si. (Geophysic)

Prof. Dr. Ir. Septoratno Siregar (Petroleum Engineering)

Dr. Ir. Noegroho Hadi Hs., APU. (Chemical Engineering)

1. Ir. Bambang Wicaksono T.M., M.Sc. (Petroleum Geology)

ISSN : 0126 - 3501

Volume 33, Number 3, December 2010

APPLICATION OF NEW COMPOSITIONAL SIMULATION APPROACH

AN INVESTIGATION OVER ROCK WETTABILITY AND ITS

TRACER TESTS FOR HETEROGENEITY CHARACTERIZATION

MODELING GRAVITY SEGREGATION IN STRATIFIED

INTEGRATING PETROGRAPHY WITH CORE-LOG-WELL TEST DATA FOR

PERFORMANCE TESTING ON MIXTURE OF KISAMIR PURE PLANT OIL

STUDY ON COMPONENTS RATING OF GASOLINE ENGINE

ISSN : 0126 - 3501

Date of issue: 2010 - 12

Bambang Widarsono (Researcher at LEMIGAS R

Sugihardjo1), Usman1), and Utomo Pratama I.

Ego Syahrial (Technological Assessor at LEMIGAS

Junita Trivianty Musu1), Hadi Prasetyo2) and Bambang

grained sand with low to moderate bioturbation.

Emi Yuliarita (Researcher at LEMIGAS R & D

Setyo Widodo1), Shinta Sari H.2), Catur Yuliani R.1),

APPLICATION OF NEW COMPOSITIONAL SIMULATION

LEMIGAS SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS

VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 155 - 164

APPLICATION OF NEW COMPOSITIONAL SIMULATION

method to real field case study of that particular type

APPLICATION OF NEW COMPOSITIONAL SIMULATION

LEMIGAS SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS

VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 155 - 164

During the late of 1960s, the use of numerical

of heterogeneity under different recovery

APPLICATION OF NEW COMPOSITIONAL SIMULATION

LEMIGAS SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS

VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 155 - 164

WPi , j ,k 1 Poi , j ,k 1 WPi , j 1,k Poi , j 1,k WPi 1, j ,k Poi 1, j ,k

WPi 1, j ,k Poi 1, j ,k WPi , j 1,k Poi , j 1,k

where transmissibility term Tl in the x-direction,

WPi , j ,k 1 Poi , j ,k 1 WS i , j ,k 1 S wi , j ,k 1 WS i , j 1,k S wi , j 1,k

WS i , j 1,k S wi , j 1,k WS i , j ,k 1 S wi , j ,k 1 Crw

H Pi 1, j ,k Poi 1, j ,k H Pi , j 1,k Poi , j 1,k

H Pi , j ,k 1 Poi , j ,k 1 H S i , j ,k 1 S wi , j ,k 1 H S i , j 1,k S wi , j 1,k

The system of equations above can be written in matrix

This particular matrix form can be solved in each

C. Composition and Saturation Equations

Twn 1 nw1 wqw

B. Linearisation and Discretisation

APPLICATION OF NEW COMPOSITIONAL SIMULATION

LEMIGAS SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS

VOL. 33. NO. 3, DECEMBER 2010 : 155 - 164

reservoir simulator which models the behaviour of

Thickness of the Pay Zone, h

Residual Oil Saturation, S or

Residual Gas Saturation, S gr

Initial Oil Saturation, S oi

Initail Gas Saturation, S gi