ABSTRACT

The project is to protect three phase induction motor from single phasing, overvoltage and
under voltage. For three phase induction motor, it is necessary that all phases of supply
should present. While it is on load when any one of the fuse goes out, or missing, the motor
will continue to run with two phases only, but it will start drawing huge current for the same
load. This high current may run the motor unless switched off immediately. A single phasing
preventer avoid type of single phasing condition, the motor will not run unless all three
phases are present. In this context we need to design a preventer which prevents this type of
faulty condition and protect costly motor under such conditions.

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INDEX OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................ 1
CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 4
1.

Three phase motor operation ................................................................................................ 4

2.

Single Phasing and Prevention............................................................................................... 5

3.

Effect of Single-Phasing on Three-Phase Motors .................................................................. 5

CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 7
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 7
1.

Circuit diagram for single phasing protection ....................................................................... 7

2.

Over and under and over voltage protection.......................................................................... 9

3.

Control circuit components ...................................................................................................... 9

3.1. Power Supply ......................................................................................................................... 10
3.2. Comparator (IC 741) and Relay Driver Circuit (ULN 2004)..................................................... 10
3.3. PCB Relay ............................................................................................................................... 11
3.4.

Contactor .......................................................................................................................... 13

CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 14
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................................... 14
1.

Single phasing protection ....................................................................................................... 14

2.

Over and under voltage protection........................................................................................ 15

CHAPTER 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 17
CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 17
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 18

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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 .......................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 SINGLE PHASING CONDITION ....................................................................................... 6
FIGURE 2 CONTROL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER................................... 7
FIGURE 3 CONTROL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR OVER AND UNDER VOLTAGE PREVENTER ................ 9
FIGURE 4 OP-AMP IC ............................................................................ FIGURE 5 ULN 2004 IC
10
FIGURE 6 CIRCUIT SYMBOL FOR REALY..................................................................................... 11
FIGURE 7 PCB RELAY............................................................................................................... 11

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The three phase motors are used widely for the industrial and domestic purposes. They
work properly when three phase supply is given to them. But when a two phase supply is
given to it, the working is not the same as with three phase supply. To avoid a condition like
that either the supply should be cut-off for the good of the motor or some arrangements could
be made to supply balanced three supplies to the motor. This project aims at the protection of
the three phase induction motor against sudden phase loss and operation in two phases by
compensation of the lost phase to increase the continuity of motor operation.

1. Three phase motor operation

The motor is connected to the three phase supply directly. A 3 phase induction motor
derives its name from the fact that the rotor current is induced by the magnetic field, instead
of electrical connections. The operating principle of a 3 phase induction motor is based on the
production of e.m.f. The AC induction motor is a rotating electric machine designed to
operate from a three-phase source of alternating voltage. The stator is a classic three-phase
stator with the winding displaced by 120. The rotor has skewed rotor conductors which are
short circuited by end ring for squirrel cage induction motor. The rotor may also have
winding which are connected to slip ring for slip ring induction motor. The motor draws
twice that of the rated current during starting for a short -time and runs below the rated
current during normal operation. The starting current is limited by the starters like star-delta
starter, rotor resistance starter.

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2. Single Phasing and Prevention

In three phase induction motors and load when there is any fault in a single phase the
motor will draw more current in other two phases and will supply reduced amount of load
power. It can also be define as the condition where one phase conductor develops on opencircuit fault or in the case of one pole of the circuit breaker not making contact while
induction motor is running or three phase load is connected, condition known as single
phasing develops. So as the efficiency of the system is decreased it is not economical to
operate the load in this condition. A device must sense and respond to the resulting increase
in current when the single-phasing condition occurs and do this in the proper length of time to
save the motor from damage. So we design a system called single phasing preventer which
will disconnect the load when there is fault in any of the phases. Similarly protection is also
required if line voltage is below or upper limit of desired voltage, to protect motor from
damage over and under voltage protection also necessary.

3. Effect of Single-Phasing on Three-Phase Motors

The effect of single-phasing on three-phase motors varies with service conditions and
motor thermal capacities. When single- phased, the motor temperature rise may not vary
directly with the motor current. When single-phased, the motor temperature rise may increase
at a rate greater than the increase in current. In some cases, protective devices which sense
only current may not provide complete single-phasing protection. However, practical
experience has demonstrated that motor running overload devices properly sized and
maintained can greatly reduce the problems of single-phasing for the majority of motor
installations. In some instances, additional protective means may be necessary when a higher
degree of single-phasing protection is required. Generally, smaller horsepower rated motors

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have more thermal capacity than larger horsepower rated motors and are more likely to be
protected by conventional motor running overload devices.

Figure 1 Single phasing condition

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CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY

The hardware implementation includes many components which are discussed below.
The circuit diagram is given below.

1. Circuit diagram for single phasing protection

Figure 2 Control circuit diagram for single phasing preventer

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The block diagram of Figure 2 explains the complete operation. The phase sensing circuit
detects the availability of the three phases and gives status signals to comparator (Op-amp)
and accordingly energizing signal to tripping coil or energizing coil of contactor connected in
series with the main circuit.
The relay driver IC ULN 2004 gives the output signal as per input status and operational
modes to operate the relays and contactor. Three relays contacts (NC), corresponding to each
phase control circuits, are connected in series of energizing coil of contactor. If any of the
three phases get open then corresponding to that phase ULN 2004 pin output will get high
and the potential difference of relay contact is zero. It means that relay will get de-energize
and it will open the circuit of energizing coil of contactor. It results in disconnection of
power supply to the three phase motor or load. The control circuit require proper supply
source for the operation of control circuit.

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2. Over and under and over voltage protection

Figure 3 Control circuit diagram for Over and under voltage preventer

3. Control circuit components

230/12 V , 500mA potential transformer
Power Supply
741Op-Amp Comparator
ULN2004 relay driver IC

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 5V PCB relay
Contactor

3.1. Power Supply

The power which is required for the operation of the control circuit board is provided
by the power supply unit. The rectifier board is required which provides constant +4.5 V for
proper operation of comparator ICs. A +4.5 V power supply is provided for the relay
operation.
This unit consists of the following,
1. Transformer,
2. Bridge Rectifier,
3. Voltage Regulator

3.2. Comparator (IC 741) and Relay Driver Circuit (ULN 2004)

Figure 4 Op-Amp IC

Figure 5 ULN 2004 IC

Comparator gives a logic output indicating the relative potentials on its two inputs. An
op-amp amplifies the differential voltage between its two input and is designed always to be
used in closed-loop applications. Supply voltage is given to +V and V is connected to
ground. The output of this comparator will be logic high (i.e., supply voltage) if the non-

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inverting terminal input is greater than the inverting terminal input of the comparator. If the
inverting terminal input is greater than the non-inverting terminal input then the output of the
comparator will be logic low (i.e., ground).
In faulty condition, output of comparator is high and therefore output of the relay driver
IC (ULN2004) is low and normally close contact of pcb board relay is open, hence normally
open type contactor coil is denergized results open the three phase supply of motor.

3.3. PCB Relay

The output of relay driver IC ULN 2004 is given to the relay. The relay is given a +5
volts power supply from power supply circuit. A relay is an electrically operated switch.
Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a
lever and changes the switch contacts.

Figure 6 Circuit symbol for realy

Figure 7 PCB Relay

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The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and have double
throw (changeover) switch contacts as shown in the diagram.
The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO.

COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.

NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.

NO = Normally Open, COM is connect to COM and NO if you want the switched
circuit to be on when the relay coil is on.

Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to be ON when relay coil is
ON.
Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to be ON when the relay is
OFF
Advantages of Relays

Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
Relays can switch higher voltages than standard transistors.
Relays are often a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
Relays can switch many contacts at once.

Disadvantages of Relays

Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.

Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many times
per second.

Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.

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Relays require more current than many ICs can provide, so a low power transistor
may be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil.

3.4. Contactor
A contactor is an electrically controlled switch used for switching a power circuit, similar to a
relay except with higher current ratings. A contactor is controlled by a circuit which has a
much lower power level than the switched circuit. The contactor is actuated by the low power
relay circuit . The contactor consists of a electromagnetic coil which attracts the moving
contacts by changing the contact positions. Contactor is of two types namely normally closed
(NC) and normally open (NO).

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CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

1. Single phasing protection

In single phasing protection, connection should not loose. Give three phase power
supply through contactor and current transformer. Make sure that control circuit power
supply should not on before motor reach full load condition. As motor runs on full load, then
switch on the control circuit supply.

Current transformer secondary coil has induced a 10 voltage AC for 2 ampere line
current.
This voltage is fed into rectifier and get 7 voltage DC which is fed into inverting pin
of op-amp 741. We take op-amp as comparator.

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 Now give external dc supply 4.5 voltage for reference on non inverting pin of op-amp.
Also give 4.5 voltage to +VCC pin of op-amp and 9th pin of ULN2004 relay driver
IC.
Connect ground to -VCC of op-amp and pin-8 of ULN2004IC.
Connect op-amp output pin to relay driver IC 1st pin. And connect output pin of relay
driver IC to PCB energizing pin. Another pin of PCB relay to 4.5 voltage. Also
replicate connection for another two phases.
We take reference voltage less than rectified voltage because in healthy condition opamp output is low and according to relay driver IC appropriate output pin of relay
driver IC is high, means 4.5 voltage is available on both energizing terminal of PCB
relay, and that will continue the contactor 240V AC supply by normally close contact.
Hence motor continuously run in healthy condition.
But when single phasing is occur, at that instant voltage is zero on secondary of
current transformer, therefore op-amp output will high and according to relay driver
IC pcb relay contact will open and contactor open the contacts of motor power supply.
And induction motor will protected from single phasing.

2. Over and under voltage protection

Connect all connection as shown in circuit diagram for over and under voltage
condition. Make sure all connection should tight and do not ON control circuit supply
before motor run on rated voltage condition.
Connect three potential transformer 230/14 V AC on each phase. Each transformer
primary one terminal on line and another terminal on neutral.
Secondary of each potential transformer is connect to rectifier to get dc voltage.

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 In over and under voltage protection there are two op-amp for each phase is used, one
for over voltage condition check and another for under voltage condition check.
We take 1.1 per unit voltage for over voltage condition and 0.9 pu voltage for under
voltage condition. Means 253V phase to neutral for over voltage and 207V for under
voltage condition.
Therefore we have to take to reference voltages for over and under voltage condition.
We take 10 V DC reference for over voltage condition and 12.4 V DC reference for
over voltage condition.
For healthy condition dc rectified voltage is in between 10 V to 12.4 V.
If voltage will go below or above limit of reference voltage, op-amp will make output
high and according to relay driver IC, PCB will make normally close contact to open
and contactor coil will de energized and motor will stop.

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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
Single phasing preventer continuously check continuity of three phase supply of the three
phase induction motor and protect the motor against single phasing condition.
Over voltage and under voltage control circuit continuously check line to neutral voltage,
if over or under voltage condition found, control circuit trip the contactor and protect motor.

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REFERENCES
1. B. A. Oza, N. C. Nair, R. P. Mehta, V. H. Makwana Power System Protection And
Switchgear Tmh Publication 2011.

2. Robert Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky Electronic Devices And Circuit Theory Prentice
Hall.

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