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Documenti di Professioni
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MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Dr. Vanita Ahuja
Assistant Professor
Gautam Buddha University
12/15/2011
Information Management
Information:
The most valuable resource
Physical
Money
Information (and data)
Conceptual
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Acquire
q
Assemble, or prepare
Maximize use
Replace
IT and IS
What is Information Technology?
Any form of technology used by people to
handle information.
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Data
Streams of raw facts representing
p
g events
such as business transactions meaningless
without structure
Management Information
Systems
MIS
The study of information systems focusing on
their use in business and management.
Approaches
Technical
Behavioural
Socio-technical
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Why is IS Important?
For an organisation to survive and prosper
More locations (networking, Internet)
New products and services
Improve jobs and work flows:
Efficiency
Cost
Ethical and social issues
Business Enterprise
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Operational Control
Level
Finance
Function
Human
Resources
Function
Information
Services
Function
Manufacturing
Function
Marketing
Function
What Managers do
Strategic
Management
Operational
Planning Level
Control Level
Control Level
Plan
Direct
Organize
Control
Plan
C t l
Control
Staff
Organize
Direct
Staff
Control
Direct
Staff
Organize
Plan
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Environmental
Internal
Summary
Detail
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Open-Loop System
Input
Transformation
Output
Closed system
Not connected to its environment
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Financial
C
Community
it
Suppliers
Government
Global
C
Community
it
The
Firm
Labor
unions
Customers
Competitors
Stockholders
or owners
Strategic Planning
Long-range planning
Intends to give firm most favorable position in
its environment
Specifies strategies for achieving objectives
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Strategic
planning for
financial resources
Strategic
planning for
manufacturing
resources
Strategic
planning for
human
resources
MIS
strategy set
Mission
System
objectives
Objectives
System
constraints
Strategy
Other
strategic
organizational
attributes
MIS
strategic
planning
process
System
design
strategies
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Influence on
Information
Resources
Business
strategy
Influence on
Business
Strategy
Information
resources
and
IS
strategy
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Database Structures
Database
All data stored on computer-based resources
of the organization
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Network structure
Allow given record to point back to any other
record in the database
Solves problem of having to backtrack through
d t
data
Data redundancy
Duplication of data
Data inconsistency
Data independence
Keep data specifications separate from
programs, in tables and indexes
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Salesperson
file
Sales
statistics
file
Customer
file
Accounts
receivable
file
Buyer
file
Inventory
file
Vendor
file
Accounts
payable
file
Purchase
order
file
General
ledger
file
Schema
Data field name
Aliases (other names used for same data
field)
Type of data (numeric alphabetic)
Number of positions
Number of decimal positions
Various integrity rules
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Data
description
language
processor
A DBMS
Model
Database
description
(schema)
Database manager
Query
language
Data manipulation
language (DML)
Database
Performance
statistics
A li ti
Application
programs
Performance
statistics
processor
Transaction
log
Information
Performance
statistics
Information
requests
Backup/recovery
module
Data mart
a more modest approach than data
warehousing, generally only one segment
of the firm
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DBMS Advantages
Reduce data redundancy
Achieve data independence
Enable integration of data from multiple
files
Retrieve data and information quickly
Improve security
Data Communications
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Types of Networks
LAN (local area network)
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Wide Area
Network
Satellite
Users
modem
IXC circuit
Local
loop
Earth
station
(interexchange
(i
t
h
channel)
Earth
station
Telephone
company
central office
Microwave
tower IXC circuit
(interexchange
channel)
Telephone
company
central office
Telephone
company
central office
Microwave
tower
Local
loop
Telephone
company
central office
Users
modem
Intranet
Uses Internet network protocols
Limits accessibility
Firewall
Extranet
For trusted business partners and
customers
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Communications Hardware
Modem
Converts digital to analog and vice versa
Bits per second determines transmission speed
Local loop
Hub
Receives a data packet from a computer at one end
of one spoke of the star topography and copies its
contents to all other computers
Manageable hubs
Communications Connections
Private Lines
Circuit that is always open to communications
traffic
Also called leased line or dedicated line
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Communications Connections
(cont.)
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
Tunneling software makes Internet
connections more secure
Privacy through authentication
More cost effective than private lines
Network Management
Digital nervous systems of an organization
Network
N t
k planning
l
i
Anticipates firms network needs
Monitors performance
Network Control
Determines faults
Errors in data communication
Alerts to potential faults
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Staff
Wireless Networks
Cellular networks
Hand held telephones
Primarily for voice
Wireless LANs
Extensions of regular LANs
Wide-area
Wide area wireless networks
Nationwide
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Simulation
Use of a model is called simulation
Scenario
Conditions that influence the simulation
Scenario data elements
Decision variables
Input
Inp t values
al es
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Simulation (cont.)
Simulation Technique
Single scenario for optimi
optimizing
ing model
What-if game for sub-optimizing models
Change only single decision variable per run
Systematically discover answers to problems
Output format
Include both decision variables and outcomes
on same report
Graphical Output
Reports and model outputs can be
produced
d
d iin ttabular
b l or graphical
hi l fform
Spreadsheets have encouraged the use of
graphics
Can improve decision making capability
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A DSS Model
Environment
Individual
problem
solvers
Other
group
members
Report
writing
software
GDSS
GDSS
software
software
Mathematical
Models
Database
Decision
support
system
Environment
Expert
systems
AI
hardware
Robotics
Natural
language
Learning
Neural
networks
Perceptive
systems
(vision,
hearing)
Artificial Intelligence
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Expert Systems
Computer program that codes the
knowledge of human experts in the form
of heuristics
Two distinctions from DSS
1. Has potential to extend managers
problem-solving ability
2. Ability to explain how solution was
reached
User
Instructions &
information
Solutions &
explanations
Knowledge
User
interface
te ace
Inference
engine
Expert
system
Development
engine
Knowledge
base
Problem
Domain
An Expert
System Model
Expert and
knowledge engineer
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Inference Engine
Performs reasoning by using the contents
off knowledge
k
l d b
base iin a particular
ti l
sequence
Two basic approaches to using rules
1. Forward reasoning (data driven)
2.
2 Reverse reasoning (goal driven)
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A Firm Without
Environmental information and data
An EIS
Top-level
managers
g
Human
Marketing Manufacturing Financial
resource
information
information information information
system
system
system
system
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A Firm With
An EIS
Executive
information
system
Human
resource
information
system
An EIS Model
Executive workstation
Executive
database
Information
requests
Information
displays
To other
executive
workstation
To other
executive
workstation
Corporate
database
Electronic
mailboxes
Software
library
Make
corporate
information
available
Current news,
explanations
p
Corporate mainframe
External
data and
information
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Virtual Organization
Extends idea of a virtual office to an entire
organization
i ti
No ties to physical location
Three I Economy
Information
Ideas
Intelligence
Workstation
OCR
Reader
Workstation
Network server
DBMS
Workstation
Laser
printer
Optical
disk
storage
unit
Workstation
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Environmental users
Those with direct business relationships
Those with no direct relationships
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Input
subsystems
Data Information
Forecasting
subsystem
Accounting
information
system
Internal sources
Internal
audit
subsystem
Environmental
sources
Financial
intelligence
subsystem
Database
Funds
management
subsystem
Users
Control
subsystem
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A. No safety stock
Lead time
Time
Balance
on hand
Safety stock
B. Safety stock
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Receiving area
Location of
Data Collection Terminals
Receiving
inspection
Terminal
Raw-materials
R
Rawt i l
storeroom
7
10
Finished-goods
Finishedstoreroom
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Shipping area
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Quality
control input
Customer
service input
Supplier
file
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Human Resources
Information Systems
Primary HR Activities
Recruiting
Hiring
Education
& Training
Termination
Benefit
Administration
The Firm
Potential
Employees
Employees
Retired
Employees
Data Management
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HRIS Model
Output
subsystems
Input
subsystems
Work force
planning
subsystem
Accounting
information
system
Internal
sources
Human
resources
research
system
Environmental
sources
Data Information
Recruiting
subsystem
HRIS
Database
Work force
management
subsystem
Users
Compensation
Subsystem
Manufacturing
intelligence
subsystem
Benefits
subsystem
Environmental
reporting
subsystem
2 Nonemployee
2.
8% of the firms
mainly organizations external to the firm
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What is an Enterprise
Information System (EntIS)?
Computer-based system that can
perform
f
allll standard
t d d accounting
ti ttasks
k
for all of the organizational units in an
integrated and coordinated fashion
System purpose is to collect and
disseminate data to all processes of the
organization
i ti
Also called enterprise resource planning
(ERP)
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Planning and
Control
Aggregation
of Data
Systems
Manufacturing Informatioon
M
Systems
Financial Information
Information Systems
Information Resources
Marketing Informationn
Systems
EIS
EntIS
Transaction Recording
Data Details
Security Objectives
Confidentiality
Availability
Integrity
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Users
User
Profiles
Identification
Authentication
Access
control
files
Authorization
Database
Software
library
Audit
log
Report
writer
Security
reports
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SDLC Details
Systems Planning
Project definition
Feasibility study/alternatives analysis
Project scope, deliverables
Standards, techniques, methods
Task assessment, skill assessment, preliminary time estimation
Yields Preliminary Investigation Report
Systems Analysis
Analysis of existing hardware/software
User requirements analysis
Logical systems design:
Conceptual data model (Entity-Relationship Diagram)
Conceptual process model (Data Flow Diagram)
Functional application description
Systems Implementation
Application development and/or installation
Testing and Evaluation
Yields Functional Information System
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QUESTIONS
AND
DISCUSSIONS
vanita_ahuja@yahoo.com
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