1.

5 p.

5.0 g of calcium carbonate (containing 3.0 % of alloy) were heated. The obtained gas was
absorbed by previously weighted sodium hydroxide.
1. What was the increase of mass if 98% of the gas were absorbed by
the sodium hydroxide?
2. Write down equations of proper reactions!
3. What will be mass of the calcium carbonate after heating?
4. Name a compound besides gas emerged while heating calcium
carbonate. What will be the fraction of mass of it in the remains?
2.

7 p.

Acetic acid and citric acid are comonly used compounds. Their formulae are as follows:

Acetic acid is a weak one-valent acid while citric acid is a weak three-valent acid.
1. Cicle residuals in the formulae of the acids.
Both acetic and citric acids are appropriate means for removal of incrustation
from dishes. 10.0 g of incrustation containing 80.0% calcium carbonate, 19.0%
magnesium carbonate and 1.00% ferrum(III) oxide was formed in some vessel.
2. Calculate the volume of 70% acetic acid (density - 1.07 g/ml) needed to clean
the vessel. Write down equations for appropriate equations.
3. Calculate mass of citric acid monohydrate C6H8O7H2O needed to clean the
vessel. Write down equations for appropriate equations.
4. Explain which acid is more comfortable to use.

3.

7 p.

If the USA decides to attack Iraq one of the possible ways of retaliation of Iracis is
burning the oilfields as it was in the first Persian Gulf War.
What wolume of CO2 and CO and how many tonns of water and grim would emerge
if Iraq will burn down "just" 0,6 km3 (cubic kilometers) of oil with density of 750
kg/m3? The elemental composition of oil is as follows: 87% C and 13% H. On average
80% of carbon will form CO2, 7% - CO and 13% - grim.
4.

11 p.

200ml of limewater was neccessary for a practical task. Technician decided to make it
using calcium oxide. Bottle containing calcium oxide was not firmly closed. And was
covered by a thick layer of dust formed during years. The technician decided not to use
this substance. He weighted 2.0g of calcium and put it in a mensure containing 200ml of
water.
1. Write down equations of reactions for prepearing limewater from calcium
oxide.
2. Why the technician decided not to use calcium oxide?
3. Write down equations of reactions for process emerged in the mensure and
calculate mass for all compounds emerged.
4. Is it possible to use the content of the mensure for the practical task? Base
your answer on calculations noting that at 20C 0.16g of calcium hidroxide
can be solved in 100g of water.
5. Did the technician use the reagents economically? Explain your answer.
6. What would you do in his position?
7. What is fraction of mass in a saturated limewater at 20C?
8. What are storage procedures for the obtained solution?
9. In what proval reactions limewater is used?

5.

9-10

7 p.

The art of fireworks was formed in the East while in the Europe the black powder was
created which is the main compound for the pyrotechnics materials. The Franciscan
monk Roger Beakon was exploring properities of saltpetre (KNO3) and discovered a way
to create the black powder. The composition of it remains practically unchanged since
1242: 75% of Indian saltpetre (KNO3), 10% of sulfur, and 15% - carbon.
In explosion of the black powder potassium sulfide, the main compound of the air and
carbon dioxide are formed.

1. Write down equations for reaction corresponding to explosion of the black

powder.
2. For creating of 30 grams of the black powder a charcoal containing 20% of
non-flammable alloy was used. The presence of alloy was taken into account
while making the powder. Calculate the mass and fraction of mass of carbon
in the freshly made poeder.
3. 50 grams of the black powder were made by using only pure reagents. Will
there be enough oxygen to burn all the carbon according to the equation of
reaction?
4. Will all the sulfur be converted into potassium sulfide? Base your answers on
calculations!

6.

10

4 p.

The comb present in the mucous membrane of a human stomach secrete ~0.8% muriatic
acid. The acidous medium is essential for successful action of enzymes splitting
nutritives. The optimum pH in the stomach is -2.
1. Calculate the optimum concentration of muriatic acid in the stomach.
Enlarged concentration of acid causes burning and may cause serial affections of
stomach. To decrease concentration of acid one may use some medical preperates
containing bases. An example of such preperates is Rennie. One pastille of Rennie
vontains 680 mg of calcium carbonate and 80 mg magnesium carbonate
2. Calculate the less number of pastilles needed to elevate pH from 1 to 2,
assuming stomach to contain 0.3 l of liquid.

7.

10

6 p.

Some unidentified crystalline substance X was explored. To identify this substance one
needed to determine its molar weight. Physical methods of exploration were used to
determine the crystalline structure of the substance. It proved to be a ionic type criystal
grid. The element forming crystal grid is cube with length of edge 4.1310-8 cm and the
cube is formed by only one formular unit of substance X (it's like the cation is inside the

cube and each peak of cube is formed by 1/8 of the anion). Later was discovered the
density to be 3.97 g/cm3.
Calculate molar weight of substnce X and determine Apriniet vielas
X molmasu un nosakiet, kas t ir par vielu, ja ts formulvienbu veido
IA grupas metls un kds halogns.

8.

10

7 p.

The solution contained a soluble compound of a two valent metal Me, mass of the metal's
ions in the solution was 1.00g.Sulfate of the metal is practically insoluble. Sulfuric acid
(concentration c = 0.1 mol/l) was gradually added to the solution. Experiment was ended
when 100 ml of the solution of sulfuric acid were added.
1. Calculate mass of the precipitation after experiment if Me = Sr ; Ba.
2. Construct a mathematical equation showing the mass of precipitation m
depending on the volume of sulfuric acid v added during the experiment.
3. Represent obtained equation graphically if Me = Sr ; Ba.

9.

10-11

6 p.

A plastic bottle in the lab contained an unidentified liquid. The liquid consistet of two
layers which didn't mix together. They were seperated to identify.
One of the layers turned out to be an organic compound with molar wieght 119.5 g/mol.
It consisted of 0.008 fractions by mass H, 0.891 - Cl and one other element.
1) Determine chemical composition of the organic substance.
The second layer was a water solution of two compounds coloring paper of universal
indicator red.
2) What substances may cause coloring paper of universal indicator
red?
o
o
o
o

Bases
Acids
Salines
Mixture of acid and saline

10 ml of the solution was titrated with 0.05 M NaOH. 4 ml of NaOH were used for
titration. Afterwards there was only one substance in the solution constitued of two
elements in proportions 1:1 and the relation between molar wights of the elements is
0.648.
3) Determine which two substances were present in the initial sample.
The titrated sample was steamed and the dry remains weighted. Mass was 0.1287 g.
4) Determine amount of both substances in the initial sample.
5) Note the correct answer:
o
o

Layer of water solution in the bottle was above the organic substance
Layer of water solution in the bottle was below the organic substance
/P>
6) How do you think is it correct to store these substances in a plastic
bottle? Motivate your answer.

10.

11

7 p.

Several features may attest a chemical reaction: ooze of light or heat, change of colour,
presence of some odours, formation of precipitation or gas.
Write one chemical equation where as much as possible of the named features are
present.
11.

11

5 p.

In a 5 liters gas-bag at a pressure of 2 atm (1 atm = 101,325 kPa) and at a temperature of

20oC a mixture of propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) was present. This mixture was
completely burnt and 672 kJ of thermal energy was released.
Calculate composition of the mixture in molar parts assuming that burning one
mole of butane 2877 kJ are released and one mole of propane - 1195 kJ.
R=8,314 kPa*l*mol-1*K-1
0o C = 273,15 K

12.

11

6 p.

A and B are elementar substances and in normal conditions are gases. They react with an
explosion even at 250 oC and form a substance C which is a weak acid in a water
solution. Boiling point of the substance is at 19,5 oC and in this temperature steam density
ratio versus hydrogen is 60. Raising the temperature this ratio decreases and reaches
minimum above 90 oC.
1. What are gases A and B?
2. Determine substance C assuming that transmitting it through solution of
calcium hydrogencarbonate a white precipitation is formed and some gas
oozes.
3. Explain why the density ratio of C versus hydrogenium decreases while
increasing temperature?
13.

11-12

11 p.

One of the oldest known metals is copper.

Our ancestry copper and its alloys used to make bijouterie, housecraft requisites and
weapons. Today copper is widely used in technique.
1. What for is used copper of very high purity (99,95%)? Why especially
copper?
Ores usually contains less than 5% of copper. To determine exact fraction of mass of
copper in a sample of ore containing copper oxides a chemical analysis is made.
concentration of copper ions usually is done fotometrically exploring absorption of light
in solutions. Absorption A is proportional to its concentration in solution:
A = b c,
where molar absorption of the substance (if c= 1 mol/l), b path of the light ray, cm,
c concentration of the substance, mol/l.
A sample with mass 1.000g was treated with excess of sulfuric acid. Colour of copper
hydrate ion is not intensive enough Therefor excess of sulfuric acid was neutralized with
NaOH and some ammonia was added and the solution was diluted to 500 ml with water.
A dark blue solution was obtained.
2) Write equations of the chemical reactions noted above!

3) What are complex compounds, how do they form?

Absorption of the solution was investigated in a layer of 1 cm and obtained A = 0.150.
Molar absorption of copper tetraaminocomplex is 120 l / (mol.cm)
4) Calculate fraction of mass for copper in the sample!
Nowdays copper usually is obtained in a hydrometalurgical process where ore containing
copper oxide is extracted by sulfuric acid and then copper is obtained from the solution
by electrolysis.
5) Write equation for electrolysis of copper sulfate!
Calculate time to obtain 1.00kg of copper in an electrolysis plant if current is 1500 A
and outcome by current is 90%.
While exploring copper compounds a young chemist decided to obtain copper (II)
hydroxide. To be sure he added a lot of concentrated NaOH to a solution of copper
sulfate. In the beginning really a blue precipitation formed but they dissolved when more
solution was added.
Then he decided to obtain copper (II) iodide mixing copper(II) sulfate with excess of
potassium iodide. And again something failed instead of a nice blue colour a brown
precipitation formed which turned violet when gasoline was added.
6) Help your collegue! Write equations for described reactions and explain why the
youbg chemist failed to obtain wanted substances?

14.

12

5 p.

To describe fraction of unsaturated organic substances in some samples like fat and oil
the so called iodine number is used which shows mass of iodine in grams which will react
with 100 g of substance saturating the unsaturated bounds.
Sample of fat substances consists of glycerin tripalmitate and glycerin
trioletate. Calculate amount of glycerin trioletate in the sample in mol
% if the iodine number for the sample is J = 6.35.
Palmitic acid - C16H32O2, oleic acid - C18H34O2.

15.

12

17 p.

Just 50 years ago soda was widely used for washing now its completely replaced by
washing powder. It always contains one or more surface - active substances whose
molecule contains a long hydrofobe residual of hydrocarbon and a hydrofile group
usually forming ions. Most of powders also contains enzymes, water mitigaters and some
strong oxidiser. for example a washing powder might contain the following substances:
peptidase, sodium salt of some alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, sodium perborate and sodium
triphosphate.

1. What is the medium in soda solution? Motivate your answer with equation of
protolysis (hydrolysis) reaction.
What mystical changes occours to fat in a water solution of soda while
heating? What is the name for such reactions. Write what happens to such
molecule of fat:

Name all substances formed in the reaction.

2. To wich of named substance classes belongs each substance constituing
washing powder?
3. Hidrofobe groupe of surface active substance during the washing is included
inside the fat paricles while the hydrofile remains in the water. Show how the
surface active substance places on the surface of fat and enables its removal
from contexture.
4. What class of substances is split by enzyme contained by washing powder?
What is name for chemical bound split by enzyme? What class of substances
belongs enzyme itself?
Write an example for enzyme catalysed reaction. Choose any simple built
compound which may be split by enzyme as substrate.

What is optimum temperature for anzymatic reactions? How boiling affects

structure and action of enzyme?
5. Water mitigater included in the washing powder forms soluble complex
compounds with ions of calcium and magnesium. Show structure for anion.
In a hard water fatty acids forms insoluble salines of calcium and magnesium
whic precipiates on surface of contexture. Write an example for such reaction
(note the medium present in the solution).
6. Determine degree of oxidation for each atom in the oxidiser added to washing
powder.
The oxidiser slowly hydrolyses in water solution forming hydrogen
peroxide and one valent anion where the central atom is bound to four
equal groups. Write equation for this reaction (none of atoms changes
degree of oxidation in this reaction).
Write equations for half-reaction of reduction of hydrogen peroxide
during washing. In what temperature and medium hydrogen peroxide
would be the most effective as oxidiser?
For what kind of smutchs to clean oxidiser is added to powder?

16.

12

14 p.

The sweet taste of honey is caused by fructose (fraction of mass in honey - 40%), glycose
(30%), maltose (7%) etc.Maltose is a disacharide which is formed when from two
molecules of -D-glycose one molecule of water splits off.

1. Calculate volume of carbon dioxide needed by plants in photosynthesis so

that bees may collect 1 kg of honey (in warm and sunny summer days when
temperature is 25 oC and pressure 780 mm Hg). Write equation for
photosynthesis.
2. In a human body honey is "burnt" to obtain energy. .Write equations for
appropriate equations

Calculate volume of air needed to inhale for "burning" of 100 g of honey (in
cold and rainy autumn day when temperature is 10 oC and pressure - only
740 mm Hg). Note that oxygen volume part in the air is 16%.
Human inhales and exhales on average 14 times per minute each time inhaling ~
0.5 l of air. Calculate how long a human hav to breathe to "burn" 100 g of
honey.
Combustion heat for glycose is 2816 kJ/mol, fructose 2827 kJ/mol and maltose
5649 kJ/mol. Calculate how many liters of water might be heated from a
room temperature (20 oC) to temperature of human body (36,5 oC) with
energy obtained by eating 100 g of honey specific heat for water is 4,18 J/
(gK).
3. Glycose and fructose in honey is mainly formed from disacharide as a result of
action bee's enzymes and acids Molecule of sacharose is formed by residuals of
-D-glycose and -D-fructose and it is an unreducing carbohydrate. Write
formula of sacharose and explain why it is an unreducing carbohydrate.
Write equation for reaction where -D-glycose and -D-fructose are formed
from saccharose.
Splitting of saccharose is catalysed by enzyme invertase. Its molar wieght is 270
kDa (270 000 g/mol). On the bottle is said that 1 mg of invertase coincides to
500 units of activity. Enzyme with activity one unit splits 1 mmol of saccharose
per minute (55 oC, pH 4,5). Calculate number of saccharose molecules split by
one molecule of invertase in one second.
4. Maltose is a reducing carbohydrate. Draw structural formula for maltose.