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1.1 Temperature
Temperature is the measure of hotness and coldness of an object.
[However, coldness and hotness depends on our objective sense.
Therefore, we should define temperature in another subjective way]
Examples of temperature
Body temperature =
Room temperature =
Suns surface temperature =
Earths core temperature =
Melting point of water =
Boiling point of water =
1.1.1 Temperature Scale
Temperature scale is obtained by choosing two fixed points
There are two common temperature scale.
One is Celsius scale. The other is Kelvin scale
- Celsius Scale
Low fixed point = melting point of water at s.t.p.= 0 oC
Upper fixed point = boiling point of water at s.t.p. = 100 oC
(s.t.p. is standard temperature and pressure)
- Kelvin Scale
Absolute zero: the lowest possible temperature an object can
attain = 0 K = - 273 oC
- Used to define the lower bound of the Kelvin scale
- Atoms freeze at absolute zero
- By Thermodynamics 3rd Law , no object can attain absolute zero
Lower limit for temperature : YES
Upper limit for high temperature : NO
~ Temperature interval of 1 oC = temperature interval of 1 K
~ Kelvin Temperature = 273 + Celsius Temperature
Exercise:
0 oC = ______ K 100oC = ______ K
_______ oC
1.2.2 Thermometer
Thermometer is the apparatus to measure temperature.
There are various kind of thermometer.
Liquid-in-glass thermometer makes use of the thermal expansion of
material.
Hot objects expand; Cold object contract.
Thermome
ter
Mercury-in-glass
Alcohol-in-glass
Color
Safety
Response
Range
Silvery
Poisonous
Quick (Hg is metal)
- 30 oC to +400 oC
Price
More expensive
Application
Laboratory use
Industry
Electronic devices
Industry
Freezer or oven
Aquarium or body
temp.
astronomy
Solid state
Least
Liquid state
Middle
Gas state
Largest
Least
Middle
Largest
Least
Middle
Largest
Symbol : c
Energy require to change the temperature of 1 kg object by 1 K
Unit : J kg-1 K-1
Ex.
Find the energy needed to change
10) 5 kg water from 300K to 350K
11) 0.1 kg water from 30 oC to 100 oC
12) 0.1 kg water from 100 oC to 30 oC
Water at different state has difference specific heat capacity
m1 x c1 x (T - T1) = m2 x c1 x (T2 - T)
Or simply , by solving the equation
T=
m1 c 1 T 1+ m2 c 2 T 2
m1 c 1+ m2 c 2
E.g.
3 kg 40oC water is mixed with 5kg 60oC water
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 oC -1
Let final temperature be T
Cold object:
Temperature change = T - T1 = T 40
Energy gained by cold object = m1 x c1 x (T - T1) = 3 x 4200 x (T
40)
Hot object:
Temperature change = T2 T = 60 T
Energy loss by hot object = m2 x c2 x (T2 - T) = 5 x 4200 x (60 T)
Energy gain = energy lose
m1 x c1 x (T - T1) = m2 x c2 x (T2 - T)
3 x 4200 x (T 40) = 5 x 4200 x (60 T)
12600 T 504000 = 1260000 21000T
33600 T = 1764000
T = 52.5 oC
Or simply
T=
m1 c 1 T 1+ m2 c 2 T 2
m1 c 1+ m2 c 2
T=
= 52.5 oC
Ex.
Find final temperature of the following mixture.
16) 3 kg 60oC water is mixed with 5kg 60oC water
17) 1 kg 80oC water is mixed with 5kg 30oC water
18) 5 kg 30oC water is mixed with 4kg 80oC water
If two different materials are mixed
3 kg 200oC copper is mixed with 5kg 60oC water
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 oC -1
Specific heat capacity of copper = 386 J kg-1 oC -1
Let final temperature be T
Cold object (water)
Temperature change = T - T1 = T 60
m1 x c1 x (T - T1) = m2 x c2 x (T2 - T)
5 x 4200 x (T 60) = 3 x 386 x (200 T)
21000T 1260000 = 231600 1158T
22158T = 1491600
T = 67.3 oC
Or simply
T=
m1 c 1 T 1+ m2 c 2 T 2
m1 c 1+ m2 c 2
T=
= 67.3oC
Ex.
Find final temperature of the following mixture.
16) 3 kg 60oC water is mixed with 5kg 60oC copper
17) 1 kg 80oC water is mixed with 5kg 300oC copper
18) 5 kg 30oC water is mixed with 4kg 180oC copper
to joulemeter
immersion heater
metal
Precaution:
(1) Add oil to the holes => improve thermal contact
(2) Totally immerse the heater
(3) Insert plastic plate under the metal / wrap with cotton
Error:
Heat loss to the surrounding + heat absorbed by apparatus =>
experimental value > actual value
Experiment 2 : Specific heat capacity of water
thermometer
joulemeter
polystyrene
cup
power supply
stirrer
immersion
heater
Precaution:
(1) Totally immerse the heater
(2) Add lid
Error:
Heat loss to the surrounding + heat absorbed by apparatus =>
experimental value > actual value
(Stirrer : make temperature more even)
Latent Heat
= energy needed to change the state
e.g.
Liquid water => Vapor OR Vapor => liquid water
Latent heat of vaporization
Ice => Water OR
Water => Ice
Latent heat of fusion
Specific latent heat
= energy needed to change the state of 1kg object
e.g.
Latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.26x106 J kg-1
Latent heat of fusion of water = 3.34 x105 J kg-1
Eqn:
E=ml
Where m is the mass, l is the specific latent heat
e.g.
Try to find the energy required to
(a) change 20oC water to 100oC steam
(b) change 30oC water to 0oC ice
(c) Which gives more harm to the skin? 100oC water or 100oC
steam?
joulemeter
crushed
ice
experimental
apparatus
control
apparatus
connected to
power supply
water
beaker
electronic balance
Heat loss to the surrounding => experimental value > actual value