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  • Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

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    aquel1983
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    Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappeared on March 8, 2014 while flying from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to Beijing, China with 239 people on board. The last communication with air traffic control was at 1:19 AM when the plane was over the South China Sea. Military radar tracked the plane as it deviated from its planned flight path and crossed into the Strait of Malacca before disappearing from radar over the Andaman Sea. Despite an extensive search effort over two years across two large bodies of water, only small pieces of debris have been found with no sign of the main wreckage or cause of the disappearance.

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    Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

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    Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappeared on March 8, 2014 while flying from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to Beijing, China with 239 people on board. The last communication with air traffic control was at 1:19 AM when the plane was over the South China Sea. Military radar tracked the plane as it deviated from its planned flight path and crossed into the Strait of Malacca before disappearing from radar over the Andaman Sea. Despite an extensive search effort over two years across two large bodies of water, only small pieces of debris have been found with no sign of the main wreckage or cause of the disappearance.

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    226 visualizzazioni52 pagine

    Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

    Caricato da

    aquel1983
    Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappeared on March 8, 2014 while flying from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to Beijing, China with 239 people on board. The last communication with air traffic control was at 1:19 AM when the plane was over the South China Sea. Military radar tracked the plane as it deviated from its planned flight path and crossed into the Strait of Malacca before disappearing from radar over the Andaman Sea. Despite an extensive search effort over two years across two large bodies of water, only small pieces of debris have been found with no sign of the main wreckage or cause of the disappearance.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    MalaysiaAirlinesFlight370

    FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

    MalaysiaAirlinesFlight370(MH370/MAS370)[b]was
    ascheduledinternationalpassengerflightthat
    disappearedon8March2014,whileflyingfromKuala
    LumpurInternationalAirportnearKualaLumpur,
    Malaysia,toBeijingCapitalInternationalAirportin
    Beijing,China.Theflightlastmadevoicecontactwith
    airtrafficcontrolat01:19MYT(17:19UTC,7March)
    whenitwasovertheSouthChinaSea,lessthananhour
    aftertakeoff.Theaircraftdisappearedfromairtraffic
    controllers'radarscreensat01:22.[3][4]Malaysian
    militaryradarcontinuedtotracktheaircraftasitdeviated
    fromitsplannedflightpathandcrossedtheMalay
    Peninsula.ItlefttherangeofMalaysianmilitaryradarat
    02:22whileovertheAndamanSea,200nauticalmiles
    (370km230mi)northwestofPenanginnorthwestern
    Malaysia.[5]:3[6]Theaircraft,aBoeing777200ER,was
    carrying12Malaysiancrewmembersand227
    passengersfrom15nations.[7]

    MalaysiaAirlinesFlight370

    9MMRO,theaircraftinvolvedintheincident,
    photographedin2011
    Incidentsummary
    Date

    8March2014

    Summary

    Missing,searchongoingone
    flaperonfound

    Site

    SouthernIndianOcean(presumed)

    AmultinationalsearcheffortbeganintheGulfof
    Passengers
    227
    ThailandandtheSouthChinaSea,wheretheflight's
    Crew
    12
    signalwaslostonsecondarysurveillanceradar,andwas
    Fatalities
    239(all,presumed)[a]
    soon[8][9]extendedtotheStraitofMalaccaandAndaman
    Survivors
    0(presumed)[a]
    Sea.[10][11][12]Analysisofsatellitecommunications
    betweentheaircraftandInmarsat'ssatellite
    Aircrafttype Boeing777200ER
    communicationsnetworkconcludedthattheflight
    Operator
    MalaysiaAirlines
    continueduntilatleast08:19MYTandflewsouthinto
    Registration
    9MMRO
    thesouthernIndianOcean,althoughthepreciselocation
    Flightorigin KualaLumpurInternational
    cannotbedetermined[13][14][15]Australiatookchargeof
    Airport
    thesearchefforton17March,whenthesearchshiftedto
    Destination
    BeijingCapitalInternational
    thesouthernIndianOcean.[16]On24March2014,the
    Airport
    Malaysiangovernment,notingthatthefinallocation
    determinedbythesatellitecommunicationisfarfrom
    anypossiblelandingsites,concludedthat"flightMH370endedinthesouthernIndianOcean."[13][14][15][17]
    Thecurrentphaseofthesearchisacomprehensivesearchoftheseafloorabout1,800kilometres(1,100mi)
    southwestofPerth,WesternAustralia,whichbeganinOctober2014.[18][19][20]Despitethelargestandmost
    expensivesearchinaviationhistory,[21][22][23][24]nopieceoftheaircraftwasfoundformorethanayear,
    andthebulkoftheaircrafthasnotbeenfound,promptingmanytheoriesaboutitsdisappearance.On29
    July2015,marinedebriswasfoundonRunionIslandwhichwaslaterconfirmedtobeaflaperonfrom
    Flight370.[25][26][27]

    MalaysiaestablishedtheJointInvestigationTeam(JIT)toinvestigatetheincident,workingwithforeign
    aviationauthoritiesandexperts.[5]:1Neitherthecrewnortheaircraft'scommunicationsystemsrelayeda
    distresssignal,indicationsofbadweather,ortechnicalproblemsbeforetheaircraftvanished.[28]Two
    passengerstravellingonstolenpassportswereinitiallysuspectinthedisappearance,buttheywerelater
    determinedtobeasylumseekersandterrorismhasbeenruledout.[29][30][31]Malaysianpolicehave
    identifiedtheCaptainastheprimesuspectifhumaninterventionwasthecauseofthedisappearance,after
    clearingallotherpassengersofanysuspiciousmotives.[32]Powerwaslosttotheaircraft'ssatellitedataunit
    (SDU)atsomepointbetween01:07and02:03theSDUloggedontoInmarsat'ssatellitecommunication
    networkat02:25threeminutesaftertheaircraftlefttherangeofradar.[5]:22Basedonanalysisofthe
    satellitecommunications,theaircraftturnedsouthafterpassingnorthofSumatraandflewforfivehours
    withlittledeviationinitstrack,endingwhenfuelwasexhausted.[5]:34[33][34][35]
    Atthetimeofitsdisappearance,andifthepresumedlossofallonboardisconfirmed,Flight370would
    havebeenthedeadliestaviationincidentinMalaysiaAirlines'historyandthedeadliestinvolvingaBoeing
    777.[36][37]Itwassurpassedinbothregards131dayslaterbythecrashofanotherMalaysiaAirlinesBoeing
    777Flight17thatwasshotdownoverUkraine.[38]MalaysiaAirlineswasstrugglingfinancially,a
    problemwhichwasexacerbatedbyadeclineinticketsalesafterFlight370disappearedandbeforethe
    crashofFlight17theairlinewasrenationalisedbytheendof2014.TheMalaysiangovernmentreceived
    significantcriticism,especiallyfromChina,forfailingtodiscloseinformationinatimelymannerduring
    theearlyweeksofthesearch.Flight370'sdisappearancebroughttothepublic'sattentionthelimitsof
    aircrafttrackingandflightrecorders,includingseveralissuesraisedfouryearsearlierbutnevermandated
    followingthelossofAirFranceFlight447.AtaskforcesetupbytheInternationalAirTransport
    Association,withthesupportoftheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization,proposedanewstandard
    that,byDecember2015,commercialaircraftmustreporttheirpositionevery15minutes.[39][40]The
    MalaysianMinistryofTransportissuedaninterimreporton8March2015.[41][42]

    Contents
    1Disappearance
    1.1Departure
    1.2Communicationlost
    1.3Radar
    1.4Satellitecommunicationresumes
    1.5Responsebyairtrafficcontrol
    1.6Announcementofdisappearance
    1.7Timelineofdisappearance
    1.8Presumedloss
    1.9Reportedsightings
    1.10Debrisdiscovered
    2Search
    2.1SoutheastAsia
    2.2SouthernIndianOcean
    2.2.1Initialsearch
    2.2.2Underwatersearch
    2.2.3Marinedebris
    3Aircraft

    3Aircraft
    4Passengersandcrew
    4.1Crew
    4.2Passengers
    5Investigation
    5.1Internationalparticipation
    5.2Analysisofsatellitecommunication
    5.2.1Background
    5.2.2Communicationsfrom02:25to08:19MYT
    5.2.3Deductions
    5.2.4Analysis
    5.3Possibleinflightevents
    5.3.1Powerinterruption
    5.3.2Unresponsivecreworhypoxia
    5.4Possiblecausesofdisappearance
    5.4.1Passengerinvolvement
    5.4.2Crewinvolvement
    5.4.3Cargo
    6Aftermath
    6.1Informationsharing
    6.2MalaysiaAirlines
    6.2.1Financialtroubles
    6.2.2Compensationforpassengers'kin
    6.3Malaysia
    6.4China
    6.4.1Relativesofpassengers
    6.4.2Boycotts
    6.5Airtransportindustry
    6.5.1Aircrafttracking
    6.5.2Transponders
    6.5.3Flightrecorders
    6.5.4Safetyrecommendations
    7Timelineofevents
    8Inpopularculture
    9Seealso
    10Notes
    11References
    12Externallinks
    12.1Reports
    12.2Pressreleases/Media

    Disappearance
    Flight370wasascheduledredeyeflightintheearlymorninghoursof8March2014fromKualaLumpur,
    MalaysiatoBeijing,China.ItwasoneoftwodailyflightsoperatedbyMalaysiaAirlinesfromitshubat
    KualaLumpurInternationalAirport(KLIA)toBeijingCapitalInternationalAirportscheduledtodepart

    at00:35localtime(MYTUTC+08:00)andarriveat06:30localtime(CSTUTC+08:00).[43][44]Onboard
    Flight370were227passengers,10cabincrew,twopilots(acaptainandfirstofficer),and14,296kg
    (31,517lb)ofcargo.[41]:1,12,30
    Theplannedflightdurationwas5hours,34minutes,whichwouldconsumeanestimated37,200kg
    (82,000lb)ofjetA1fuel.[41]:1,30The
    aircraftcarried49,100kilograms
    (108,200lb)ofjetfuel,including
    reserves,whichallowedanenduranceof
    7hours,31minutes.[41]:1,30Theextra
    fuelwasenoughtodiverttoalternate
    airportsJinanYaoqiangInternational
    AirportandHangzhouXiaoshan
    InternationalAirportwhichwould
    require4,800kg(10,600lb)or
    10,700kg(23,600lb),respectively,to
    reachfromBeijing.[41]:30

    Departure
    At00:42,Flight370tookofffrom
    runway32R,[41]:1andwasclearedbyair
    trafficcontrol(ATC)toclimbtoflight
    KnownflightpathtakenbyFlight370(red),derivedfromprimary
    level180[c]approximately18,000feet
    (military)andsecondary(ATC)radardata.
    (5,500m)onadirectpathto
    navigationalwaypointIGARI(located
    at656'12N10335'6E).VoiceanalysishasdeterminedthattheFirstOfficercommunicatedwithATC
    whiletheflightwasonthegroundandthattheCaptaincommunicatedwithATCafterdeparture.[41]:21
    Shortlyafterdeparture,theflightwastransferredfromtheairport'sairtrafficcontrolto"LumpurRadar"air
    trafficcontrolonfrequency132.6MHz.AirtrafficcontroloverpeninsularMalaysiaandadjacentwatersis
    providedbytheKualaLumpurAreaControlCentre(ACC)LumpurRadaristhenameofthefrequency
    usedforenrouteairtraffic.[45]LumpurRadarclearedFlight370toflightlevel350[c]approximately
    35,000ft(10,700m).At01:01,Flight370'screwreportedtoLumpurRadarthattheyhadreachedflight
    level350,whichtheyconfirmedagainat01:08.[41]:12[46]

    Communicationlost
    Theaircraft'sfinalautomatedpositionreportandlast
    transmissionusingtheAircraftCommunications
    AddressingandReportingSystem(ACARS)protocol
    wassentat01:07[5]:2[47][48]:36amongthedataprovided
    inthemessagewastotalfuelremaining43,800kg
    (96,600lb).[49]:9Thefinalverbalcontactwithairtraffic

    Externalvideo
    ATCconversationswithFlight370
    (http://www.youtube.com/watch?
    v=q13aTqdMAFw)Audiorecordingsof
    conversationsbetweenATCandFlight370from
    predeparturetofinalcontact(00:2501:19).

    controloccurredat01:19:30,whenCaptainShah[41]:21acknowledgedasendoffbyLumpurRadartoHo
    ChiMinhACC:[d][41]:2[46][50]
    LumpurRadar:"Malaysianthreesevenzero,contactHoChiMinhonetwozerodecimalnine.
    Goodnight."
    Flight370:"Goodnight.Malaysianthreesevenzero."
    ThecrewwasexpectedtocontactairtrafficcontrolinHoChiMinhCityastheaircraftpassedinto
    Vietnameseairspace,justnorthofthepointwherecontactwaslost.[51][52]Thecaptainofanotheraircraft
    attemptedtoreachthecrewofFlight370"justafter[01:30]"[53]usingtheinternationaldistressfrequencyto
    relayVietnameseairtrafficcontrol'srequestforthecrewtocontactthemthecaptainsaidhewasableto
    establishcontact,butonlyheard"mumbling"andstatic.[53]CallsmadetoFlight370'scockpitat02:39and
    07:13wereunansweredbutacknowledgedbytheaircraft'ssatellitedataunit.[5]:18[48]:40

    Radar
    At01:20:31,Flight370wasobservedonradarattheKualaLumpur
    ACCasitpassedthenavigationalwaypointIGARI
    (65612N103356E)intheGulfofThailandfivesecondslater,
    theModeSsymboldisappearedfromradarscreens.[41]:2At
    01:21:13,Flight370disappearedfromtheradarscreenatKuala
    LumpurACCandwaslostaboutthesametimeonradaratHoChi
    MinhACC,whichclaimstheaircraftwasatthenearbywaypoint
    BITOD.[41]:2[46]Airtrafficcontrolusessecondaryradar,which
    reliesonasignalemittedbyatransponderonaircrafttherefore,
    after01:21thetransponderonFlight370wasnolongerfunctioning.
    Thefinaldatafromthetransponderindicatedtheaircraftwasflying
    atitsassignedcruisealtitudeofflightlevel350[c]andwastravelling
    at471knots(872km/h542mph)trueairspeed.[54]Therewerefew
    cloudsaroundthispointandnorainorlightningnearby.[41]:3336
    LateranalysisestimatedthatFlight370had41,500kg(91,500lb)of
    fuelwhenitdisappearedfromsecondaryradar.[41]:30

    DatafromMalaysianmilitaryradar
    showingFlight370(green)crossing
    theStraitofMalaccaandAndaman
    Seatowhereitwaslastseenbyradar.
    Theleftofthetwosegmentsofthe
    flighttrackfollowsairrouteN571
    betweenwaypointsVAMPIand
    MEKARthewhitecircleappearsto
    highlightasectionwheretheaircraft
    wasnottrackedbyradar.

    Atthetimethetransponderstoppedfunctioning01:21:13
    militaryradarshowedFlight370turningright,but"almost
    immediately"[41]:3theaircraftbeganaleftturntoasouthwesterlydirection.[41]:3From01:30:3501:35,
    militaryradarshowedFlight370at35,700ft(10,900m)[e]ona231magneticheading,withaground
    speedof496knots(919km/h571mph).[41]:3Flight370continuedacrosstheMalayPeninsula,fluctuating
    between31,00033,000ft(9,40010,100m)inaltitude.[41]:3AcivilianprimaryradaratSultanIsmailPetra
    Airportwitha60nmi(110km69mi)rangemadefourdetectionsofanunidentifiedaircraftbetween
    01:30:37and01:52:35thetracksoftheunidentifiedaircraftare"consistentwiththoseofthemilitarydata."
    [f][41]:34At01:52,Flight370wasdetectedpassingjustsouthofPenangIsland.Fromthere,theaircraftflew

    acrosstheStraitofMalaccatoorclosetothewaypointVAMPI,passingoverPulauPerakat02:03,after
    whichitflewalongairrouteN571towaypointsMEKAR,NILAM,andpossiblyIGOGU.[5]:3,38Thelast
    knownlocation,fromandnearthelimitsofMalaysianmilitaryradar,wasat02:22,10nauticalmiles
    (19km12mi)afterpassingwaypointMEKAR[41]:3,7and200nmi(370km230mi)northwestofPenang
    atanaltitudeof29,500ft(9,000m).[55][56]
    Becauseofsensitivityaboutrevealingmilitaryradarcapabilities,countriesintheregionwhereFlight370
    disappearedwerereluctanttoreleaseinformationtheymayhavecollectedfrommilitaryradar.Despitethe
    aircraftpossiblyhavingflownnearoroverthenortherntipofSumatra,[46]Indonesiawhichhasanearly
    warningradarsystemhaspubliclydeniedsightingFlight370onradaraftercontactwaslost,althoughthe
    IndonesianmilitarydidtrackFlight370earlierwhenenroutetowaypointIGARI.[41]:4[57]Thailandand
    VietnamalsodetectedFlight370onradarbeforethetransponderstoppedworking,butnotafterwards.[41]
    :45NoradarcontactwasdetectedbyAustralia,includingtheJORNoverthehorizonradarsystem,which
    wasbelievedtobelookingnorthtodetectillegalmigrantsandnotwestovertheIndianOceanwhereFlight
    370ispresumedtohaveflownbasedonsatellitecommunications.[58]

    Satellitecommunicationresumes
    At02:25,theaircraft'ssatellitecommunicationsystemsenta"logonrequest"messagethefirstmessage
    onthesystemsincetheACARStransmissionat01:07whichwasrelayedbysatellitetoagroundstation,
    bothoperatedbysatellitetelecommunicationscompanyInmarsat.Afterloggingontothenetwork,the
    satellitedataunitaboardtheaircraftrespondedtohourlystatusrequestsfromInmarsatandtwogroundto
    aircraftphonecalls,at02:39and07:13,whichwentunansweredbythecockpit.[5]:18[48]Thefinalstatus
    requestandaircraftacknowledgementoccurredat08:10.Theaircraftsentalogonrequestat08:19:29
    whichwasfollowed,afteraresponsefromthegroundstation,bya"logonacknowledgement"messageat
    08:19:37.ThelogonacknowledgementisthelastpieceofdataavailablefromFlight370.Theaircraftdid
    notrespondtoastatusrequestfromInmarsatat09:15.[5][48][59][60]

    Responsebyairtrafficcontrol
    At01:38,HoChiMinhAreaControlCentre(ACC)contactedKualaLumpurAreaControlCentretoquery
    thewhereaboutsofFlight370andinformedthemthattheyhadnotestablishedverbalcontactwithFlight
    370,whichwaslastdetectedbyradaratwaypointBITOD.Thetwocentresexchangedfourmorecallsover
    thenext20minuteswithnonewinformation.[46][61]
    At02:03,KualaLumpurACCrelayedtoHoChiMinhACCinformationreceivedfromMalaysiaAirlines'
    operationscentrethatFlight370wasinCambodianairspace.HoChiMinhACCcontactedKualaLumpur
    ACCtwiceinthefollowingeightminutesaskingforconfirmationthatFlight370wasinCambodian
    airspace.[46]At02:15,thewatchsupervisoratKualaLumpurACCqueriedMalaysiaAirlines'operations
    centre,whichsaidthatitcouldexchangesignalswithFlight370andthatFlight370wasinCambodian
    airspace.[61]KualaLumpurACCcontactedHoChiMinhACCtoaskwhethertheplannedflightpathfor
    Flight370passedthroughCambodianairspace.HoChiMinhACCrespondedthatFlight370wasnot
    supposedtoenterCambodianairspaceandthattheyhadalreadycontactedPhnomPenhACC(which
    controlsCambodianairspace),whichhadnocontactwithFlight370.[46]KualaLumpurACCcontacted
    MalaysiaAirlines'operationscentreat02:34,inquiringaboutthecommunicationstatuswithFlight370,

    andwereinformedthatFlight370wasinanormalconditionbasedonasignaldownloadandthatitwas
    locatedat145400N1091500E.[46][61]Later,anotherMalaysiaAirlinesaircraft,Flight386boundfor
    Shanghai,attherequestofHoChiMinhACC,attemptedtocontactFlight370ontheLumpurRadar
    frequencythefrequencyonwhichFlight370lastmadecontactwithMalaysianairtrafficcontrolandon
    emergencyfrequencies.Theattemptwasunsuccessful.[46][62]
    At03:30,MalaysiaAirlines'operationscentreinformedKualaLumpurACCthatthelocationsithad
    providedearlierwere"basedonflightprojectionandnotreliableforaircraftpositioning."[46]Overthenext
    hour,KualaLumpurACCcontactedHoChiMinhACCaskingwhethertheyhadcontactedChineseair
    trafficcontrol.At05:09,SingaporeACCwasqueriedforinformationaboutFlight370.At05:20,an
    undisclosedofficialidentifiedinthepreliminaryreportreleasedbyMalaysiaas"Capt[nameredacted]"
    contactedKualaLumpurACCrequestinginformationaboutFlight370heopinedthat,basedonknown
    information,"MH370neverleftMalaysianairspace."[46]
    ThewatchsupervisoratKualaLumpurACCactivatedtheKualaLumpurAeronauticalRescue
    CoordinationCentre(ARCC)at05:30,
    overfourhoursaftercommunication
    waslostwithFlight370.[61]TheARCC
    isacommandpostatanAreaControl
    Centrethatcoordinatessearchand
    rescueactivitieswhenanaircraftislost.

    Announcementof
    disappearance
    MalaysiaAirlinesissuedamedia
    statementat07:24,onehourafterthe
    scheduledarrivaltimeoftheflightat
    Beijing,statingthatcontactwiththe
    flighthadbeenlostbyMalaysianATC
    at02:40andthatthegovernmenthad
    initiatedsearchandrescueoperations
    [63]thetimewhencontactwaslostwas
    latercorrectedto01:21.[64]Neitherthe
    crewnortheaircraft'scommunication
    systemsrelayedadistresssignal,
    indicationsofbadweather,ortechnical
    problemsbeforetheaircraftvanished
    fromradarscreens.[28]

    FlightInformationRegionsinthevicinityofwhereFlight370
    disappearedfromsecondaryradar.KualaLumpurACCprovides
    ATCservicesontworoutes,locatedwithinFIRSingapore,between
    MalaysiaandVietnam.(Airroutesaredepictedasroughly5nmi/8
    10kmwide,butvaryinwidth,withsomeaswideas20nmi/3035
    km.)

    Timelineofdisappearance
    Time

    Elapsed
    (HH:MM)

    MYT

    UTC

    00:00

    8March

    7March

    00:41

    16:41

    Event
    TakeofffromKualaLumpurInternationalAirport

    00:20

    01:01

    17:01

    CrewconfirmsaltitudeofFlightLevel350(approximately35,000ft/10700m)[50]

    00:26

    01:07

    17:07

    LastACARSdatatransmissionreceived[47][48]:36crewconfirmsaltitudeofFlight
    Level350,asecondtime[50]

    00:26
    01:22

    01:07
    02:03

    17:07
    18:03

    Satellitecommunicationlinklostsometimeduringthisperiod.[48]:36

    00:38

    01:19

    17:19

    LastMalaysianATCvoicecontact

    00:40

    01:21

    17:21

    Lastsecondaryradar(transponder)contactat65515N1033443E[3][4]

    00:41

    01:22

    17:22

    TransponderandADSBnolongeroperating.

    00:44

    01:25

    17:25

    Aircraftdeviatedfromplannedroute[5]:2

    00:49

    01:30

    17:30

    Voicecontactattemptbyanotheraircraft,atrequestofHoChiMinhAreaControl
    Centre(HCMACC)mumblingandradiostaticheardinreply[53]

    00:56

    01:37

    17:37

    MissedexpectedhalfhourlyACARSdatatransmission[47]

    00:57

    01:39

    17:38

    HCMACCcontactsKualaLumpurACC(KLACC)toinquireaboutFlight370.
    HCMACCtellsthemthatverbalcontactwasnotestablishedandFlight370
    disappearedfromitsradarscreensnearBITODwaypoint.KLACCrespondedthat
    Flight370didnotreturntoitsfrequencyafterpassingwaypointIGARI.[41]:2[46]

    01:05

    01:46

    17:46

    HCMACCcontactsKLACCagain,informthemradarcontactwasestablished
    nearIGARI,butlostnearBITODandthatverbalcontactwasnotestablished.[46]

    01:16

    01:57

    17:57

    HCMACCinformsKLACCthattherewasnocontactwithFlight370,despite
    attemptsonmanyfrequenciesandaircraftinthevicinity.[46]

    01:22

    02:03

    18:03

    MalaysiaAirlinesdispatchcentresentamessagetothecockpitinstructingpilotsto
    contactVietnamATC,whichwasnotrespondedto.[65]Agroundtoaircraft
    ACARSdatarequest,transmittedfromthegroundstationmultipletimesbetween
    02:0302:05,wasnotacknowledgedbytheaircraft'ssatellitedataunit.[48]:3639

    01:22

    02:03

    18:03

    KLACCcontactsHCMACCandrelaysinformationfromMalaysiaAirlines'
    operationscentrethatFlight370isinCambodianairspace.[46]

    01:34

    02:15

    18:15

    KLACCqueriesMalaysiaAirlines'operationscentre,whichrepliesthatitisable
    toexchangesignalswithflightwhichisinCambodianairspace.[46]

    01:37

    02:18

    18:18

    KLACCcontactsHCMACCaskingthemifFlight370wassupposedtoenter
    Cambodianairspace.HCMACCrepliesthatFlight370'splannedroutedidnottake
    itintoCambodianairspaceandthattheyhadcheckedandCambodiahadno
    informationorcontactwithFlight370.[46]

    01:41

    02:22

    18:22

    LastprimaryradarcontactbyMalaysianmilitary,200nauticalmiles(370km
    230mi)NWofPenang,64938N974315E[5]:3

    01:44

    02:25

    18:25

    "Logonrequest"sentbyaircrafttosatellite.Satellitecommunicationlinkis
    reestablishedafterbeinglostforbetween2268min.[5]:18[48]:39Sometimesreferred
    toasthefirsthourly"handshake"afterdisappearingfromradar.[59][66]

    01:53

    02:34

    18:34

    KLACCqueriesMalaysiaAirlines'operationscentreaboutcommunicationstatus
    withFlight370,butitwasnotsureifamessagesenttoFlight370wassuccessful
    ornot.[46]

    01:54

    02:35

    18:35

    MalaysiaAirlines'operationscentreinformsKLACCthatFlight370isinanormal
    conditionbasedonsignalsfromtheaircraftandlocatedat145400N1091500E
    (NorthernVietnam)at18:33UTC.KLACCrelaysthisinformationtoHCMACC.
    [46]

    Groundtoaircrafttelephonecall,viatheaircraft'ssatellitelink,wentunanswered.

    01:58

    02:39

    18:39

    [5]:18[48]:40

    02:49

    03:30

    19:30

    MalaysiaAirlines'operationscentreinformsKLACCthatpositioninformationwas
    basedonflightprojectionandnotreliableforaircrafttracking.Between03:30and
    04:25,KLandHCMACCsqueryChineseairtrafficcontrol.[46]

    04:28

    05:09

    21:09

    SingaporeACCqueriedforinformationaboutFlight370.[46]

    05:49

    06:30

    22:30

    MissedscheduledarrivalatBeijingCapitalInternationalAirport

    05:51

    06:32

    22:32

    KualaLumpurAeronauticalRescueCoordinationCentre(ARCC)isactivated.[41]:2

    06:32

    07:13

    23:13

    GroundtoaircrafttelephonecallplacedbyMalaysiaAirlines,[65]viatheaircraft's
    satellitelink,wentunanswered.[5]:18[48]:40

    06:43

    07:24

    23:24

    MalaysiaAirlinesissuesapressstatementannouncingthatFlight370ismissing[64]

    07:30

    08:11

    8March

    00:11

    SixthandlastsuccessfulautomatedhourlyhandshakewithInmarsat3F1[59][67]

    07:38

    08:19:29

    "Logonrequest"sentbyaircrafttosatellite(sometimesreferredtoasa"partial
    [68][69]believedtohaveoccurredwhenemergencypowerrestartedthe
    00:19:29 handshake")
    SDUshortlyafterfuelexhaustionandlossofpower.[5]:18,33[48]:41

    07:38

    08:19:37

    Afterthegroundstationrespondedtothelogonrequest,theaircraftrepliedwitha
    00:19:37 "logonacknowledgement"transmissionat08:19:37.443.Thisisthelast
    transmissionreceivedfromFlight370.[5]:18[48]:41

    08:34

    09:15

    01:15

    Aircraftdidnotrespondtoascheduled,hourlyhandshakeattemptbyInmarsat.[48]
    :41[59]

    Presumedloss
    On24March,MalaysianPrimeMinisterNajibRazakappearedbeforemediaat22:00localtimetogivea
    shortstatementregardingFlight370,duringwhichheannounced:
    ThiseveningIwasbriefedbyrepresentativesfromtheUKAirAccidentsInvestigationBranch.
    TheyinformedmethatInmarsat,theUKcompanythatprovidedthesatellitedatawhich
    indicatedthenorthernandsoutherncorridors,hasbeenperformingfurthercalculationsonthe
    data.Usingatypeofanalysisneverbeforeusedinaninvestigationofthissort...Inmarsatand
    theAAIBhaveconcludedthatMH370flewalongthesoutherncorridor,andthatitslast
    positionwasinthemiddleoftheIndianOcean,westofPerth.Thisisaremotelocation,far
    fromanypossiblelandingsites.ItisthereforewithdeepsadnessandregretthatImustinform
    youthat,accordingtothisnewdata,flightMH370endedinthesouthernIndianOcean.[17]
    JustbeforeNajibspokeat22:00MYT,anemergencymeetingwascalledinBeijingforrelativesofFlight
    370passengers.[17]MalaysiaAirlinesannouncedthatFlight370wasassumedlostwithnosurvivors.It
    notifiedmostofthefamiliesinpersonorviatelephone,andsomereceivedthefollowingSMS(inEnglish
    andChinese):[17]

    MalaysiaAirlinesdeeplyregretsthatwehavetoassumebeyondanyreasonabledoubtthat
    MH370hasbeenlostandthatnoneofthoseonboardsurvived.Asyouwillhearinthenext
    hourfromMalaysia'sPrimeMinister,wemustnowacceptallevidencesuggeststheplanewent
    downintheSouthernIndianOcean.[13][14][15]
    On29January2015,theDirectorGeneraloftheDepartmentofCivilAviationMalaysia,AzharuddinAbdul
    Rahman,announcedthatthestatusofFlight370wouldbechangedtoan"accident",inaccordancewiththe
    ChicagoConventiononInternationalCivilAviation:[1]
    Wehaveconcludedthattheaircraftexhausteditsfueloveradefinedareaofthesouthern
    IndianOcean,andthattheaircraftislocatedontheseafloorclosetothatdefinedarea.Thisisa
    remotelocation,farfromanypossiblelandingsites.Itisalsoanareawithadversesea
    conditionswithknowndepthsofmorethan6,000metres.After327days...andbasedonall
    availabledataaswellascircumstancesmentionedearlier,survivabilityinthedefinedareais
    highlyunlikely....OnbehalfoftheGovernmentofMalaysia,weofficiallydeclareMalaysia
    AirlinesflightMH370anaccidentinaccordancewiththeStandardsofAnnexes12and13to
    theChicagoConventionandthatall239ofthepassengersandcrewonboardMH370are
    presumedtohavelosttheirlives.[1]
    Iftheofficialassumptionisconfirmed,atthetimeofitsdisappearanceFlight370wasthedeadliestaviation
    incidentinthehistoryofMalaysiaAirlines(surpassingthe1977hijackingandcrashofMalaysianAirline
    SystemFlight653thatkilledall100passengersandcrewonboard)andthedeadliestinvolvingaBoeing
    777,surpassingAsianaAirlinesFlight214(3fatalities).[36][37]Inbothofthosecategories,Flight370was
    surpassed131dayslaterbyMalaysiaAirlinesFlight17,anotherBoeing777200ER,whichwasshotdown
    on17July2014,killingall298personsaboard.[38]

    Reportedsightings
    Thenewsmediareportedseveralsightingsofanaircraftthatfitthedescriptionofthemissingaircraft.For
    example,on19March2014,CNNreportedthat"severalpeopleonthegroundoratseaclaimedtheysaw
    MalaysiaAirlinesFlight370beforeitwentmissingafteritspostmidnighttakeofffromKualaLumpuron
    March8.Thepurportedeyewitnessesincludefishermen,anoilrigworkerandislandersinanatoll.Some
    evenallegedtheysawitcrash.Whilenoneoftheirclaimshavebeensubstantiated,theirassertionsaddto
    theongoingmysteryofthemissingBoeing777andthe239peopleaboard."[70]
    Twodayslater,theLondonbasedDailyMailreportedthat"aMalaysianwomanonaflightacrossthe
    IndianOceanclaimedtohaveseenanaircraftinthewaterneartheAndamanIslandsonthedaythejet
    disappeared."[71]Threemonthslater,theLondonTelegraphreportedthat"aBritishwomansailingwithher
    husbandacrosstheIndianOceanfromIndiatoThailandhasclaimedshemayhaveseenthemissing
    MalaysiaAirlinesplaneonfire.KatherineTee,41,wasonnightwatchonMarch78butsaidshedidnot
    reportthesightinguntilSundaybecauseshewashavingmaritalproblemsandthoughtshewaslosingher
    mind."[72]

    Debrisdiscovered
    On29July2015,airlinermarinedebriswasfoundonabeachinSaintAndr,onRunion,anislandinthe
    westernIndianOcean,about4,000km(2,500mi)westoftheunderwatersearcharea.[73]Theobjecthada
    stenciledinternalmarking"657BB"consistentwiththecodeforaportionofarightwingflaperon(a
    trailingedgecontrolsurface)fromaBoeing777.[25][74]Thefollowingday,adamagedsuitcase,whichmay
    beassociatedwithFlight370,wasfound.[75]Thelocationisconsistentwithmodelsofdebrisdispersal16
    monthsafteranorigininthecurrentsearcharea,offthewestcoastofAustralia.[76][77][73][78]On31July,a
    ChinesewaterbottleandanIndonesiancleaningproductwerefoundinthesamearea.[79][80]
    ThefirstobjecttobefoundwastransportedfromRunionanoverseasdepartmentofFranceto
    Toulouse,forexaminationbyFrance'scivilaviationaccidentinvestigationagency,theBureaud'Enqutes
    etd'AnalysespourlaScuritdel'AviationCivile(BEA),andaFrenchdefenceministrylaboratory.[73]
    MalaysiaissendinginvestigatorstobothRunionandToulouse.[73][81]Frenchpoliceareconductinga
    searchofthewatersaroundRunionforadditionaldebris.[73]On2August,Malaysianofficialsconfirmed
    thattheobjectwasaflaperonfromaBoeing777aircraftandthattheverificationwasmadewith
    investigatorsfromFrance,Malaysia,Boeing,andtheUSNTSB.[82]
    On5August,thePrimeMinisterofMalaysiaannouncedthatthefoundflaperonwasconfirmedtobefrom
    flightMH370'saircraftFrenchofficialshaveonlystatedthatthereisa"veryhighprobability"[83]the
    objectisfromFlight370.[84][85][83]Therehavebeenmanyclaimsthatadditionaldebrishadbeenfoundon
    RunionwhichmayhavecomefromFlight370,butnoneappearstohavecomefromanaircraftasof5
    August.[77][86]

    Boeing777flaperon

    Locationoffound
    Currentswithinthe
    debrisrelativetoFlight IndianOcean
    370'sflightpathand
    thecurrentsearcharea

    Search
    Asearchandrescueeffortwaslaunchedsoonaftertheaircraft'sdisappearanceinSoutheastAsia,butthe
    followingweek,analysisofsatellitecommunicationsbetweentheaircraftandacommunicationssatellite
    determinedthattheaircrafthadcontinuedflyingforseveralhoursandthefinaltransmissionfromthe
    aircraftwasmadeovertheSouthernIndianOcean,westofAustralia.Thesurfacesearchinthesouthern

    IndianOceanbetween18Marchand28Aprilsearchedover4,600,000squarekilometres(1,800,000sqmi)
    andinvolved19vesselsand345searchsortiesbymilitaryaircraft.[87]Thecurrentphaseofthesearchisa
    bathymetricsurveyandsonarsearchoftheseafloor,about1,800kilometres(1,100mi)southwestofPerth,
    Australia.[18]
    ThesearchforFlight370isthemostexpensivesearchoperationin
    aviationhistory.[21][22][88][89]InJune2014,Timeestimatedthatthe
    totalsearchefforttothatpointhadcostapproximatelyUS$70
    million.[90]ThetenderfortheunderwatersearchisAU$52million
    (US$43millionor35million)sharedbyAustraliaandMalaysia
    for12months,butwoulddifferiffoundinmoreorlesstime.[19]
    Since30March2014,thesearchhasbeencoordinatedbytheJoint
    AgencyCoordinationCentre(JACC),anAustraliangovernment
    agencyestablishedspecificallytocoordinatethesearcheffortto
    locateandrecoverFlight370,whichprimarilyinvolvesthe
    Malaysian,Chinese,andAustraliangovernments.[91]

    ADVOceanShielddeploysthe
    Bluefin21autonomousunderwater
    vehicle,whichconductedtheseafloor
    sonarsurveyfrom14Aprilto28
    May.

    SoutheastAsia
    TheKualaLumpurAeronautical
    RescueCoordinationCentre
    (ARCC)wasactivatedat05:30
    fourhoursaftercommunication
    waslostwithFlight370toco
    ordinatesearchandrescueefforts.
    [61]Searcheffortsbeganinthe
    GulfofThailandandSouthChina
    Sea.Ontheseconddayofthe
    search,Malaysianofficials
    revealedthatradarrecordings
    indicatedFlight370mayhave
    turnedaroundthesearchzone
    wasexpandedtoincludepartof
    theStraitofMalacca.[92]On12
    TheinitialsearchareainSoutheastAsia
    March,thechiefoftheRoyal
    MalaysianAirForceannounced
    thatanunidentifiedaircraft
    believedtobeFlight370hadtravelledacrosstheMalaypeninsulaandwaslastsightedonmilitaryradar
    370km(200nmi230mi)northwestofPenangIslandsearcheffortsweresubsequentlyincreasedinthe
    AndamanSeaandBayofBengal.[56]
    RecordsofsignalssentbetweentheaircraftandacommunicationssatelliteovertheIndianOceanrevealed
    thattheaircrafthadcontinuedflyingforalmostsixhoursafteritsfinalsightingonMalaysianmilitary
    radar.InitialanalysisofthesecommunicationsdeterminedthatFlight370wasalongoneoftwoarcs
    equidistantfromthesatellitewhenitslastsignalwassentthesamedaythisanalysiswaspublicly

    disclosed,15March,authoritiesannouncedtheywouldabandonsearcheffortsintheSouthChinaSea,Gulf
    ofThailand,andStraitofMalaccatofocustheireffortsonthetwocorridors.Thenorthernarcfrom
    northernThailandtoKazakhstanwassoondiscountedastheaircraftwouldhavetopassthroughheavily
    militarisedairspaceandthosecountriesclaimedtheirmilitaryradarwouldhavedetectedanunidentified
    aircraftenteringtheirairspace.[93][94][95]

    SouthernIndianOcean
    Thefocusofthesearch
    shiftedtotheSouthern
    IndianOceanwestof
    Australiaandwithin
    Australia'sconcurrent
    aeronauticalandmaritime
    SearchandRescueregions
    thatextendto75E
    longitude.[96][97]
    Accordingly,on17March,
    Australiaagreedtoleadthe
    searchinthesouthernlocus
    fromSumatratothe
    southernIndianOcean.[16]
    [98]

    Initialsearch
    From1827March,the
    searcheffortfocusedona
    TheshiftingsearchzonesforFlight370intheSouthernIndianOcean.Theinset
    2
    305,000km
    showsthepathoftakenbythevesselADVOceanShieldoperatingatowedpinger
    (118,000sqmi)areaabout
    locator,acousticdetections,andthesonarsearch.Thecurrentunderwaterphase
    2,600km(1,600mi)south
    (boththewideareasearchandpriorityarea)isshowninpink.
    [99]
    westofPerth that
    AustralianPrimeMinister
    TonyAbbottsaidis"asclosetonowhereasit'spossibletobe"andwhichisrenownedforitsstrongwinds,
    inhospitableclimate,hostileseas,anddeepoceanfloors.[100][101]Satelliteimageryoftheregionwas
    analysedseveralobjectsofinterestandtwopossibledebrisfieldswereidentifiedonimagescaptured
    between1626March.Noneofthesepossibleobjectswerefoundbyaircraftorships.[102]
    Revisedestimatesoftheradartrackandtheaircraft'sremainingfuelledtoamoveofthesearch1,100km
    (680mi)northeastofthepreviousareaon28March[103][104][105]whichwasfollowedbyanothershifton4
    April.[106][107]Anintenseeffortbegantolocatetheunderwaterlocatorbeacons(ULBsinformallyknown
    as"pingers")attachedtotheaircraft'sflightrecorders,whosebatterieswereexpectedtoexpirearound7
    April.[108][109]Twoshipsequippedwithtowedpingerlocators(TPLs)andasubmarineequippedwitha
    hullmountedacousticsystem,[5]:1112begansearchingforpingsalonga240kilometre(150mi)seabedline
    believedtobetheFlight370impactarea.[108][110][111]Operatorsconsidereditashotinthedark,[112]when

    comparingthevastsearchareawiththefactthataTPLcouldonlysearchupto130km2(50sqmi)perday.
    [112]Between48Aprilseveralacousticdetectionsweremadethatwereclosetothefrequencyandrhythm
    ofthesoundemittedbytheflightrecorders'ULBsanalysisoftheacousticdetectionsdeterminedthat,
    althoughunlikely,thedetectionscouldhavecomefromadamagedULB.[5]:13Asonarsearchofthe
    seafloornearthedetectionswascarriedoutbetween14Apriland28MaywithoutanysignofFlight370.[5]
    :14ItwaslaterrevealedthatthebatteryfortheULBattachedtoFlight370'sflightdatarecorderhadexpired
    inDecember2012andmaynothavebeenascapable.[113][114]
    Underwatersearch
    InlateJune,detailsofthenextphaseofthesearchwereannounced
    WikimediaCommonshas
    [115]officialshavecalledthisphasethe"underwatersearch",despite
    mediarelatedto:
    [20]
    SearchforMalaysia
    thepreviousseafloorsonarsurvey. Continuedrefinementof
    AirlinesFlight370
    analysisofFlight370'ssatellitecommunicationsidentifieda"wide
    (category)
    areasearch"alongthearcwhereFlight370waslocatedwhenitlast
    communicatedwiththesatellite.Theprioritysearchareawithinthe
    wideareasearchisinitssouthernextent.[116]Someoftheequipmenttobeusedfortheunderwatersearch
    operatesbestwhentowed200m(650ft)abovetheseafloorattheendofa10km(6mi)cable.[117]
    Availablebathymetricdataforthisregionwasofpoorresolution,thusnecessitatingabathymetricsurveyof
    thesearchareabeforetheunderwaterphasebegan.[118]CommencinginMay,thebathymetricsurvey
    chartedaround208,000squarekilometres(80,000sqmi)ofseafloorthrough17December2014,whenit
    wassuspendedfortheshipconductingthesurveytobemobilisedintheunderwatersearch.[119]
    Theunderwaterphaseofthesearch,whichbeganon6October2014,[116]usesthreevesselsequippedwith
    toweddeepwatervehicles,whichusesidescansonar,multibeamechosounders,andvideocamerasto
    locateandidentifyaircraftdebris.[120]AfourthvesselparticipatedinthesearchbetweenJanuaryMay
    2015ithadanautonomousunderwatervehicle(AUV)tosearchareaswhichcannotbeeffectivelysearched
    byequipmentontheothervessels.[121][122][123]Asof5August2015,nearly60,000km2(23,000sqmi)of
    seafloorhasbeensearchedduringtheunderwaterphaseofthesearch.[77]
    FollowingthediscoveryoftheflaperononRunion,theATSBreviewedtheirdriftcalculationsfordebris
    fromtheaircraftand,accordingtotheJACC,theyare"satisfiedthatthediscoveryoftheflaperonatLa
    Runion...isconsistentwiththecurrentunderwatersearchareainthesouthernIndianOcean."[77]Reverse
    driftmodellingofthedebris,todetermineitsoriginafter16months,alsosupportsthecurrentunderwater
    searcharea,althoughreversedriftmodellingisveryimpreciseoverlongperiodsoftime.[77]
    Marinedebris
    AweekafterthediscoveryofaflaperonfromFlight370onabeachonRunion(anoverseasdepartmentof
    France),Franceannouncedplansforanaerialsearchforpossiblemarinedebrisaroundtheisland.On7
    August2015,Francebegansearchinganarea120km(75mi)by40km(25mi)alongtheeastcoastof
    Runion.[83]Footpatrolsfordebrisalongbeachesarealsoplanned.[86]Malaysiahasaskedauthoritiesin
    neighboringstatestobeonalertformarinedebriswhichcouldbefromanaircraft.[124]

    Aircraft
    Flight370wasoperatedwithaBoeing7772H6ER,[g]serialnumber
    28420,registration9MMRO.The404thBoeing777produced,[126]
    itfirstflewon14May2002andwasdeliverednewtoMalaysia
    Airlineson31May2002.TheaircraftwaspoweredbytwoRolls
    RoyceTrent892engines[126]andconfiguredtocarry282
    passengers.[127]Ithadaccumulated53,471.6hoursand7,526cycles
    inservice[41]:22andhadnotpreviouslybeeninvolvedinanymajor
    Flightdeckof9MMROin2004.
    incidents,[128]thoughaminorincidentwhiletaxiingatShanghai
    PudongInternationalAirportinAugust2012resultedinabroken
    wingtip.[129][130]Itslastmaintenance"Acheck"wascarriedouton
    WikimediaCommonshas
    [131]
    mediarelatedtoaircraft
    23February2014.
    Theaircraftwasincompliancewithall
    9MMRO.
    applicableAirworthinessDirectivesfortheairframeandengines.[41]
    :27Areplenishmentofthecrewoxygensystemaroutine
    maintenancetaskwasperformedon7March2014anexaminationofthisprocedurefoundnothing
    unusual.[41]:27
    TheBoeing777,introducedin1994,isgenerallyregardedbyaviationexpertsashavingasafetyrecordthat
    isoneofthebestofanycommercialaircraft.[36][37]SinceitsfirstcommercialflightinJune1995,there
    havebeenonlyfourotherseriousaccidentsinvolvinghullloss:BritishAirwaysFlight38in2008a
    cockpitfireinaparkedEgyptAir777200atCairoInternationalAirportin2011[132][133]thecrashof
    AsianaAirlinesFlight214in2013,inwhichthreepeoplediedandMalaysiaAirlinesFlight17,whichwas
    shotdownoverUkrainewith298peopleaboardinJuly2014.[38][134]

    Passengersandcrew

    Peopleonboardbynationality
    Nationality
    No.
    Australia

    Canada

    China

    152

    France

    HongKong[h]

    India[136]

    Indonesia

    Iran[i]

    Malaysia[j]

    50

    Netherlands

    NewZealand

    Russia

    Taiwan

    Ukraine

    UnitedStates

    Total

    239

    MalaysiaAirlinesreleasedthenamesandnationalitiesofthe227passengersand12crewmembers,based
    ontheflightmanifest,latermodifiedtoincludetwoIranianpassengerstravellingonstolenpassports.[137]

    Crew
    All12crewmemberswereMalaysiancitizens.Twopilotswereamongthecrew:[138]
    Thepilotincommandwas53yearoldCaptainZaharieAhmadShahfromPenang.Hejoined
    MalaysiaAirlinesasacadetpilotin1981and,aftertrainingandreceivinghiscommercialpilot's
    licence,becameaSecondOfficerwiththeairlinein1983.Shahwaspromotedtocaptainofthe
    Boeing737400in1991,captainofAirbusA330300in1996,andtocaptainofBoeing777200in
    1998.HehadbeenaTypeRatingInstructorandTypeRatingExaminersince2007andhad18,365
    hoursofflyingexperience.[41]:13[138][139]
    Thecopilotwas27yearoldFirstOfficerFariqAbdulHamid.HejoinedMalaysiaAirlinesasa
    cadetpilotin2007andbecameaSecondOfficeronBoeing737400aircraft.Hewaspromotedto
    firstofficerofBoeing737400aircraftin2010andlatertransitionedtoAirbusA330300aircraftin
    2012.InNovember2013,hebegantrainingasfirstofficeronBoeing777200aircraft.Flight370
    washisfinaltrainingflightandhewasscheduledtobeexaminedonhisnextflight.Hamidhad2,763
    hoursofflyingexperience.[41]:14[140][141]

    Passengers
    Ofthe227passengers,152wereChinesecitizens,includingagroupof19artistswith6familymembers
    and4staffreturningfromacalligraphyexhibitionoftheirworkinKualaLumpur38passengerswere
    Malaysian.Theremainingpassengerswerefrom13differentcountries.[142]Twentypassengers12of

    whomwerefromMalaysiaand8fromChinawereemployeesofFreescaleSemiconductor.[143][144]
    Undera2007agreementwithMalaysiaAirlines,TzuChianinternationalBuddhistorganisation
    immediatelysentspeciallytrainedteamstoBeijingandMalaysiatogiveemotionalsupporttopassengers'
    families.[145][146]Theairlinealsosentitsownteamofcaregiversandvolunteers[147]andagreedtobearthe
    expensesofbringingfamilymembersofthepassengerstoKualaLumpurandprovidingthemwith
    accommodation,medicalcare,andcounselling.[148]Altogether,115familymembersoftheChinese
    passengersflewtoKualaLumpur.[149]SomeotherfamilymemberschosetoremaininChina,fearingthey
    wouldfeeltooisolatedinMalaysia.[150]

    Investigation
    Internationalparticipation
    MalaysiasetupaJointInvestigationTeam(JIT),composedofspecialistsfromMalaysia,Australia,China,
    theUK,theUS,andFrance,[5]:1[151]beingledaccordingtotheICAOstandardsby"anindependent
    investigatorincharge".[152][153][154]Theteamconsistsofanairworthinessgroup,anoperationsgroup,anda
    medicalandhumanfactorsgroup.Theairworthinessgroupwillexamineissuesrelatedtomaintenance
    records,structures,andsystemsoftheaircraft.Theoperationsgroupwillreviewflightrecorders,
    operations,andmeteorology.Themedicalandhumanfactorsgroupwillinvestigatepsychological,
    pathological,andsurvivalfactors.[155]Malaysiaalsoannounced,on6April,thatithadsetupthree
    ministerialcommitteesaNextofKinCommittee,acommitteetoorganisetheformationoftheJoint
    InvestigationTeam,andacommitteeresponsibleforMalaysianassetsdeployedinthesearcheffort.[155]
    ThecriminalinvestigationisbeingledbytheRoyalMalaysiaPolice,[1]:9assistedbyInterpolandother
    relevantinternationallawenforcementauthorities.[156][157]
    On17March,Australiatookcontrolforcoordinatingsearch,rescue,andrecoveryoperations.Forthe
    followingsixweeks,theAustralianMaritimeSafetyAuthority(AMSA)andAustralianTransportSafety
    Board(ATSB)workedtodeterminethesearcharea,correlatinginformationwiththeJITandother
    governmentandacademicsources,whiletheJointAgencyCoordinationCentre(JACC)coordinatedthe
    searchefforts.Followingthefourthphaseofthesearch,theATSBtookresponsibilityfordefiningthe
    searcharea.InMay,thesearchstrategyworkinggroupwasestablishedbytheATSBtodeterminethemost
    likelypositionontheaircraftatthe00:19UTCsatellitetransmission.Thegroupincludedaircraftand
    satelliteexpertsfrom:AirAccidentsInvestigationBranch(UK),Boeing(US),DefenceScienceand
    TechnologyOrganisation(Australia),DepartmentofCivilAviation(Malaysia),Inmarsat(UK),National
    TransportationSafetyBoard(US),andThales(UK).[5]:1[158][159]
    TheMalaysianMinistryofTransportissuedaninterimreportentitled"FactualInformation:Safety
    InformationforMH370"on8March2015.Assuggestedbythereport'stitle,itfocusedonproviding
    factualinformationandnotanalysisofpossiblecausesofthedisappearance.[160]

    Analysisofsatellitecommunication

    ThecommunicationsbetweenFlight370andthesatellitecommunicationnetworkoperatedbyInmarsat,
    whichwererelayedbytheInmarsat3F1satellite,providetheonlysignificantcluestothelocationof
    Flight370afterdisappearingfromMalaysianmilitaryradarat02:22.Thesecommunicationshavealsobeen
    usedtodeducepossibleinflightevents(seenextsection).Theinvestigativeteamwaschallengedwith
    reconstructingtheflightpathofFlight370fromalimitedsetoftransmissionswithnoexplicitinformation
    abouttheaircraft'slocation,heading,orspeed.[5]:1617[66]
    Background
    Aeronauticalsatellitecommunication(SATCOM)systemsareused
    totransmitmessagesfromtheaircraftcockpitaswellasautomated
    messagesfromonboardsystemsusingtheACARS
    communicationsprotocol,butmayalsobeusedtotransmitFANS
    andATNmessagesandprovidevoice,faxanddatalinks[161]using
    otherprotocols.[66][162][163]Theaircraft'ssatellitedataunit(SDU)is
    usedtosendandreceivesignalswiththesatellitecommunications
    networkitoperatesindependentlyofotheraircraftequipment
    whichcommunicatethroughtheSATCOMsystem,manyusingthe
    AdepictionofanInmarsat3series
    ACARSprotocol.SignalsfromtheSDUarerelayedbyasatellite,
    satellite.Flight370wasincontact
    whichsimplychangesthesignal'sfrequency,andthenreceivedbya
    withInmarsat3F1(alsoknownas
    groundstationwhichprocessesthesignaland,ifapplicable,routes
    "IOR"forIndianOceanRegion).
    ittoitsdestination(e.g..MalaysiaAirlines'operationscentre)
    signalstotheaircraftaresentinreverseorder.WhentheSDUis
    poweredonandattemptstoconnectwiththeInmarsatnetwork,itwilltransmitalogonrequest,whichthe
    groundstationacknowledges.[5]:17[163]Thisis,inpart,todeterminethattheSDUbelongstoanactive
    servicesubscriberandalsousedtodeterminewhichsatelliteshouldbeusedtotransmitmessagestothe
    SDU.[163]Afterconnecting,ifagroundstationhasnotreceivedanycontactfromaterminalforonehour,[k]
    thegroundstationwilltransmita"logoninterrogation"messageinformallyreferredtoasa"ping"[5]:18
    anactiveterminalautomaticallyresponds.Theentireprocessofinterrogatingtheterminalisreferredtoasa
    'handshake'.[59][164]
    Communicationsfrom02:25to08:19MYT
    AlthoughtheACARSdatalinkonFlight370stoppedfunctioningbetween01:07and02:03MYT,[48]:36the
    SDUremainedoperable.[5]AfterlastcontactbyprimaryradarwestofMalaysia,thefollowingrecordswere
    recordedinthelogofInmarsat'sgroundstationatPerth,WesternAustralia(alltimesMYT/UTC+8):[5]:18
    [48][l]

    02:25:27Firsthandshakealogonrequestinitiatedbyaircraft
    02:39:52Groundtoaircrafttelephonecall,acknowledgedbySDU,unanswered
    03:41:00Secondhandshake(initiatedbygroundstation)
    04:41:02Thirdhandshake(initiatedbygroundstation)
    05:41:24Fourthhandshake(initiatedbygroundstation)
    06:41:19Fifthhandshake(initiatedbygroundstation)
    07:13:58Groundtoaircrafttelephonecall,acknowledgedbySDU,unanswered
    08:10:58Sixthhandshake(initiatedbygroundstation)

    08:19:29Seventhhandshake(initiatedbyaircraft)widelyreportedasa"partialhandshake'",
    consistingoftwotransmissions:[48]
    08:19:29.416"logonrequest"messagetransmittedbyaircraft(seventh"partial"handshake)
    08:19:37.443"logonacknowledge"messagetransmittedbyaircraft,lasttransmission
    receivedfromFlight370
    Theaircraftdidnotrespondtoapingat09:15.[48]
    Deductions
    Afewdeductionscanbemadefromthesatellitecommunications.Thefirstisthattheaircraftremained
    operationaluntilatleast08:19sevenhoursafterfinalcontactwasmadewithairtrafficcontroloverthe
    SouthChinaSea.Thevaryingburstfrequencyoffset(BFO)valuesindicatetheaircraftwasmovingat
    speed.Theaircraft'sSDUneedslocationandtrackinformationtokeepitsantennapointedtowardsthe
    satellite,soitcanalsobededucedthattheaircraft'snavigationsystemwasoperational.[165]:4
    Sincetheaircraftdidnotrespondtoapingat09:15,itcanbeconcludedthatatsomepointbetween08:19
    and09:15,theaircraftlosttheabilitytocommunicatewiththegroundstation.[59][60][164]Thelogon
    messagesentfromtheaircraftat08:19:29was"logonrequest".[5]:22ThereareonlyafewreasonstheSDU
    wouldtransmitalogonrequest,suchasapowerinterruption,softwarefailure,lossofcriticalsystems
    providinginputtotheSDU,oralossofthelinkduetotheaircraft'sattitude.[5]:22Investigatorsconsiderthe
    mostlikelyreasontobethattheyweresentduringpowerupafteranelectricaloutage.[5]:33At08:19,the
    aircrafthadbeenairbornefor7h38minthetypicalKualaLumpurBeijingflightis512hoursandfuel
    exhaustionwaslikely.[5]:33[5]:33[166]Intheeventoffuelexhaustionandengineflameoutwhichwould
    eliminatepowertotheSDUtheaircraft'sramairturbinewoulddeploy,providingpowertosome
    instrumentsandflightcontrols,includingtheSDU.[5]:33Approximately90secondsafterthe02:25
    handshakealsoalogonrequestcommunicationsfromtheaircraft'sinflightentertainmentsystemwere
    recordedinthegroundstationlog.Similarmessageswouldbeexpectedfollowingthe08:19handshakebut
    nonewerereceived,supportingthefuelstarvationscenario.[5]:22
    Analysis
    Twoparametersassociatedwiththesetransmissionsthatwererecordedinalogatthegroundstationwere
    keytotheinvestigation:
    Bursttimeoffset(BTO)thetimedifferencebetweenwhenasignalissentfromthegroundstation
    andwhentheresponseisreceived.Thismeasureistwicethedistancefromthegroundstationto
    satellitetotheaircraftandincludesthetimethattheSDUtakesbetweenreceivingandrespondingto
    themessageandtimebetweenreceptionandprocessingatthegroundstation.Thismeasurecanbe
    analysedtodeterminethedistancebetweenthesatelliteandtheaircraftandresultsinaringonthe
    Earth'ssurfacethatisequidistantfromthesatelliteatthecalculateddistance,whichcanbereducedto
    arcsbyeliminatingpartsoftheringsoutsidetheaircraft'srange.[5]:18[165]:46
    Burstfrequencyoffset(BFO)thedifferencebetweentheexpectedandreceivedfrequencyof
    transmissions.ThedifferenceiscausedbyDopplershiftasthesignalstravelledfromtheaircraftto
    thesatellitetothegroundstationthefrequencytranslationsmadeinthesatelliteandattheground

    stationasmall,constanterror(bias)intheSDUthatresultsfromdriftandageingandcompensation
    appliedbytheSDUtocountertheDopplershiftontheuplink.Thismeasurecanbeanalysedto
    determinetheaircraft'sspeedandheading,butmultiplecombinationsofspeedandheadingcanbe
    validsolutions.[5]:18[165]:911
    Bycombiningthedistancebetweentheaircraftandsatellite,speed,andheadingwithaircraftperformance
    constraints(e.g.fuelconsumption,possiblespeedsandaltitudes),investigatorsgeneratedcandidatepaths
    thatwereanalysedseparatelybytwomethods.Thefirstassumestheaircraftwasflyingononeofthethree
    autopilotmodes(twoarefurtheraffectedbywhetherthenavigationsystemusedmagneticnorthortrue
    northasareference)andcalculatestheBTOandBFOvaluesalongtheseroutesandcomparesthemwith
    thevaluesrecordedfromFlight370.Thesecondmethodgeneratedpathswhichhadtheaircraft'sspeedand
    headingadjustedatthetimeofeachhandshaketominimisethedifferencebetweenthecalculatedBFOof
    thepathandthevaluesrecordedfromFlight370.[5]:18,2528[167]:1011Aprobabilitydistributionforeach
    methodattheBTOarcofthesixthhandshakeofthetwomethodswascreatedandthencompared80
    percentofthehighestprobabilitypathsforbothanalysescombinedintersecttheBTOarcofthesixth
    handshakebetween32.5Sand38.1S,whichcanbeextrapolatedto33.5Sand38.3SalongtheBTOarc
    oftheseventhhandshake.[167]:12

    Possibleinflightevents
    Powerinterruption
    TheSATCOMlinkfunctionednormallyfrompreflight(beginningat00:00MYT)untilitrespondedtoa
    groundtoairACARSmessagewithanacknowledgemessageat01:07.GroundtoairACARSmessages
    continuedtobetransmittedtoFlight370untilInmarsat'snetworksentmultiple"RequestforAcknowledge"
    messagesat02:03,withoutaresponsefromtheaircraft.Atsometimebetween01:07and02:03,powerwas
    losttotheSDU.At02:25,theaircraft'sSDUsenta"logonrequest".[5]:22[48]:3639Itisnotcommonfora
    logonrequesttobemadeinflight,butitcouldoccurformultiplereasons.Ananalysisofthe
    characteristicsandtimingoftheserequestssuggestapowerinterruptioninflightisthemostlikelyculprit.
    [5]:33[168]Asthepowerinterruptionwasnotduetoengineflameout,perATSB,itmayhavebeentheresult
    ofmanuallyswitchingofftheaircraft'selectricalsystem.[5]:33
    Unresponsivecreworhypoxia
    AnanalysisbytheATSBcomparingtheevidenceavailableforFlight370withthreecategoriesof
    accidentsaninflightupset(e.g.,stall),aglideevent(e.g.,enginefailure,fuelstarvation),andan
    unresponsivecreworhypoxiaeventconcludedthatanunresponsivecreworhypoxiaevent"bestfitthe
    availableevidence"[5]:34forthefivehourperiodoftheflightasittravelledsouthovertheIndianOcean
    withoutcommunicationorsignificantdeviationsinitstrack,[5]:34likelyonautopilot.[33][34][35]Thereisno
    consensusamonginvestigatorsontheunresponsivecreworhypoxiatheory.[33]Ifnocontrolinputswere
    madefollowingflameoutandthedisengagementofautopilot,theaircraftwouldlikelyhaveenteredaspiral
    dive[5]:33andentertheoceanwithin20nmi(37km23mi)oftheflameoutanddisengagementofautopilot.
    [5]:35

    Possiblecausesofdisappearance

    Passengerinvolvement
    TwomenboardedFlight370withstolenpassports,whichraisedsuspicionintheimmediateaftermathofits
    disappearance.[169][170]Thepassports,oneAustrianandoneItalian,werereportedstoleninThailandinthe
    precedingtwoyears.[169]Interpolstatedthatbothpassportswerelistedonitsdatabaseoflostandstolen
    passports,andthatnocheckhadbeenmadeagainstitsdatabase.[171][172]Malaysia'sHomeMinister,Ahmad
    ZahidHamidi,criticisedhiscountry'simmigrationofficialsforfailingtostopthepassengerstravellingon
    thestolenEuropeanpassports.[172]Thetwoonewayticketspurchasedfortheholdersofthestolen
    passportswerebookedthroughChinaSouthernAirlines.[169]ItwasreportedthatanIranianhadorderedthe
    cheapestticketstoEuropeviatelephoneinBangkok,Thailandandpaidincash.[173][174]Thetwo
    passengerswerelateridentifiedasIranianmen,oneaged19andtheother29,whohadenteredMalaysiaon
    28FebruaryusingvalidIranianpassports.TheheadofInterpolsaidtheorganizationwas"inclinedto
    concludethatitwasnotaterroristincident".[29]Thetwomenwerebelievedtobeasylumseekers.[30][31]
    UnitedStatesandMalaysianofficialswerereviewingthebackgroundsofeverypassengernamedonthe
    manifest.[142]On18March,theChinesegovernmentannouncedthatithadcheckedalloftheChinese
    citizensontheaircraftandruledoutthepossibilitythatanywerepotentialhijackers.[175]Onepassenger
    whoworkedasaflightengineerforaSwissjetchartercompanywasbrieflysuspectedasapotential
    hijackerbecausehewasthoughttohavetherelevantskillset.[176]
    Crewinvolvement
    InvestigatorsbelievesomeoneinthecockpitofFlight370reprogrammedtheaircraft'sautopilotbeforeit
    travelledsouthacrosstheIndianOcean.[177][178]Policesearchedthehomesofthepilotsandseizedfinancial
    recordsforall12crewmembers,includingbankstatements,creditcardbillsandmortgagedocuments.[179]
    [180]On2April2014,Malaysia'sPoliceInspectorGeneralsaidthatmorethan170interviewshadbeen
    conductedaspartofMalaysia'scriminalinvestigation,includinginterviewswithfamilymembersofthe
    pilotsandcrew.[181][182]
    MediareportshaveclaimedthatMalaysianpolicehaveidentifiedCaptainShahastheprimesuspectif
    humaninterventionisproventobethecauseofFlight370'sdisappearance.[32][183][184][185]TheUnited
    States'FederalBureauofInvestigationreconstructedthedeleteddatafromCaptainShah'shomeflight
    simulatoraMalaysiangovernmentspokesmanindicatedthat"nothingsinister"[186]hadbeenfoundonit.
    [186][187]ThepreliminaryreportissuedbyMalaysiainMarch2015statesthattherewas"noevidenceof
    recentorimminentsignificantfinancialtransactionscarriedout"[41]:20byanyofthepilotsorcrewandthat
    analysisofthebehaviourofthepilotsonCCTVshowed"nosignificantbehaviouralchanges".[41]:21
    Cargo
    Flight370wascarrying10,806kg(23,823lb)ofcargo,ofwhichfourULDsofmangosteensandtwo
    palletscontaininglithiumionbatteriesareofinterest,accordingtoMalaysianinvestigators.[41]:103,108109
    ThefourULDsofmangosteenswereloadedintotheaftcargobayoftheaircraft.Thelithiumionbatteries

    weredividedamongtwopalletsintheforwardcargobayandonepalletplacedintherearoftheaftcargo
    bay.[41]:106
    Therewere221kg(487lb)oflithiumionbatteriescontainedwithina2,453kg(5,408lb)consignment
    beingtransportedbetweenMotorolaSolutionsfacilitiesinBayanLepas,MalaysiaandTianjin,Chinathe
    restoftheconsignmentconsistedofwalkietalkiechargersandaccessories.[41]:103Thelithiumionbatteries
    wereassembledon7MarchandtransportedtothePenangCargoComplextobetransportedbyMASkargo
    MalaysiaAirlines'cargosubsidiarytobeloadedontoatrucktotransportittoKualaLumpur
    InternationalAirportandonwardsbyairtoBeijing.[41]:104AtthePenangCargoComplex,theconsignment
    wasinspectedbyMASkargoemployeesandMalaysiancustomsofficials,butdidnotgothroughasecurity
    screening,beforethetruckwassealedfortransfertotheairport.[41]:104Theconsignmentdidnotgothrough
    anyadditionalinspectionsatKualaLumpurInternationalAirportbeforeitwasloadedontoFlight370.[41]
    :104BecausethelithiumionbatterieswerepackagedinaccordancewithIATAguidelines,[m]theywerenot
    regulatedasdangerousgoods.[41]:106Lithiumionbatteriescancauseintensefiresiftheyoverheatand
    ignite,whichhasledtostrictregulationsontheirtransportaboardaircraft.[188][189]Afirefueledbylithium
    ionbatteriescausedthecrashofUPSAirlinesFlight6andlithiumionbatteriesaresuspectedtohave
    causedafirewhichresultedinthecrashofAsianaAirlinesFlight991bothwerecargoaircraft.[190][189][191]
    Someairlineshavestoppedcarryingbulkshipmentsoflithiumionbatteriesonpassengeraircraft,citing
    safetyconcerns.[190][189]
    A4,566kg(10,066lb)consignmentofmangosteenswasaboardFlight370,overhalfofwhichwas
    harvestedinMuar,MalaysiaandtheremainderfromSumatra,Indonesia.[41]:107Themangosteenswere
    packagedinplasticbasketscontaining89kg(1820lb)ofmangosteensandcoveredwithawatersoaked
    spongetopreservetheirfreshness.[41]:108ThemangosteenswereloadedintofourULDsatKualaLumpur
    InternationalAirportandinspectedbyofficialsfromMalaysia'sFederalAgricultureMarketingAuthority
    beforebeingloadedontoFlight370.[41]:108AccordingtotheheadofMalaysianpolice,InspectorGeneral
    TanSirKhalidAbuBakar,thepeoplewhohandledthemangosteensaswellastheChineseimporterswere
    questionedtoruleoutsabotage.[192][193]

    Aftermath
    Informationsharing
    PubliccommunicationfromMalaysianofficialsregardingthelossoftheflightwasinitiallybesetwith
    confusion.[n]TheMalaysiangovernmentandtheairlinereleasedimprecise,incomplete,andsometimes
    inaccurateinformation,withcivilianofficialssometimescontradictingmilitaryleaders.[207]Malaysian
    officialswerecriticisedforsuchpersistentreleaseofcontradictoryinformation,mostnotablyregardingthe
    lastpointandtimeofcontactwiththeaircraft.[208]
    AlthoughMalaysia'sactingTransportMinisterHishammuddinHussein,whoisalsothecountry'sDefence
    Minister,deniedtheexistenceofproblemsbetweentheparticipatingcountries,academicssaidthatbecause
    ofregionalconflicts,thereweregenuinetrustissuesinvolvedincooperationandsharingintelligence,and
    thatthesewerehamperingthesearch.[209][210]Internationalrelationsexpertssaidentrenchedrivalriesover
    sovereignty,security,intelligence,andnationalinterestsmademeaningfulmultilateralcooperationvery

    difficult.[209][210]AChineseacademicmadetheobservationthatthepartiesweresearchingindependently,
    thusitwasnotamultilateralsearcheffort.[210]TheGuardiannotedtheVietnamesepermissiongivenfor
    Chineseaircrafttooverflyitsairspaceasapositivesignofcooperation.[210]Vietnamtemporarilyscaled
    backitssearchoperationsafterthecountry'sDeputyTransportMinistercitedalackofcommunicationfrom
    Malaysianofficialsdespiterequestsformoreinformation.[211]China,throughtheofficialXinhuaNews
    Agency,saidthattheMalaysiangovernmentoughttotakechargeandconducttheoperationwithgreater
    transparency,apointechoedbytheChineseForeignMinistrydayslater.[209][212]
    Malaysiahadinitiallydeclinedtoreleaserawdatafromitsmilitaryradar,deemingtheinformation"too
    sensitive,"[209]butlateracceded.[209][210]Defenceexpertssuggestedthatgivingothersaccesstoradar
    informationcouldbesensitiveonamilitarylevel.Asanexample:"Therateatwhichtheycantakethe
    picturecanalsorevealhowgoodtheradarsystemis."[209]Onesuggestedthatsomecountriescouldalready
    havehadradardataontheaircraftbutwerereluctanttoshareanyinformationthatcouldpotentiallyreveal
    theirdefencecapabilitiesandcompromisetheirownsecurity.[209]Similarly,submarinespatrollingthe
    SouthChinaSeamighthaveinformationintheeventofawaterimpact,andsharingsuchinformationcould
    revealtheirlocationsandlisteningcapabilities.[213]
    Criticismwasalsolevelledatthedelayofthesearchefforts.On11March,threedaysaftertheaircraft
    disappeared,BritishsatellitecompanyInmarsathadprovidedofficials(oritspartner,SITA)withdata
    suggestingtheaircraftwasnowhereneartheareasintheGulfofThailandandtheSouthChinaSeabeing
    searchedatthattimeandmayhavediverteditscoursethroughasouthernornortherncorridor.This
    informationwasonlypubliclyacknowledgedandreleasedbyNajibon15Marchinapressconference.[66]
    [214]Explainingwhyinformationaboutsatellitesignalshadnotbeenmadeavailableearlier,Malaysia
    Airlinessaidthattherawsatellitesignalsneededtobeverifiedandanalysed"sothattheirsignificance
    couldbeproperlyunderstood"beforeitcouldpubliclyconfirmtheirexistence.[215]Hishammuddinsaid
    MalaysianandUSinvestigatorshadimmediatelydiscussedtheInmarsatdatauponreceivingthemon12
    March,andontwooccasions,bothgroupsagreedthatitneededfurtherprocessingandsentthedatatothe
    UStwiceforthispurpose.Dataanalysiswascompletedon14March:bythen,theAAIBhadindependently
    arrivedatthesameconclusion.[216]
    InJune2014,relativesofpassengersonFlight370beganacrowdfundingcampaignonIndiegogotoraise
    US$100,000withanultimategoalofraisingUS$5millionasarewardtoencourageanyonewhoknows
    thelocationofFlight370orthecauseofitsdisappearancetorevealwhattheyknow.[217][218]The
    campaign,whichended8August2014,raisedUS$100,516from1007contributors.[217]

    MalaysiaAirlines
    Amonthafterthedisappearance,MalaysiaAirlines'chiefexecutiveAhmadJauhariYahyaacknowledged
    thatticketsaleshaddeclinedbutfailedtoprovidespecificdetails.Thismaypartiallyresultfromthe
    suspensionoftheairline'sadvertisementcampaignsfollowingthedisappearance.Ahmadstatedinan
    interviewwiththeWallStreetJournalthattheairline's"primaryfocus...isthatwedotakecareofthe
    familiesintermsoftheiremotionalneedsandalsotheirfinancialneeds.Itisimportantthatweprovide
    answersforthem.Itisimportantthattheworldhasanswers,aswell."[219]Infurtherremarks,Ahmadsaid

    hewasnotsurewhentheairlinecouldstartrepairingitsimage,butthattheairlinewasadequatelyinsured
    tocoverthefinanciallossstemmingfromFlight370'sdisappearance.[219][220]InChina,wherethemajority
    ofpassengerswerefrom,bookingsonMalaysiaAirlinesweredown60percentinMarch.[221]
    MalaysiaAirlinesretiredtheFlight370(MH370)flightnumberandreplaceditwithFlight318(MH318)
    beginning14March.Thisfollowsacommonpracticeamongairlinestorenameflightsfollowingnotorious
    accidents.[222][223]TheflightMalaysiaAirline'sseconddailyflighttoBeijingwaslatersuspended
    beginning2Mayaccordingtoinsiders,thiswasduetolackofdemand.[44][224]
    MalaysiaAirlineswasgivenUS$110millionfrominsurersinMarch2014tocoverinitialpaymentsto
    passengers'familiesandthesearcheffort.[225]InMay,remarksfromleadreinsureroftheflight,Allianz,
    indicatedtheinsuredmarketlossonFlight370,includingthesearch,wasaboutUS$350million.[226][227]
    Financialtroubles
    AtthetimeofFlight370'sdisappearance,MalaysiaAirlineswasstrugglingtocutcoststocompetewitha
    waveofnew,lowcostcarriersintheregion.Inthepreviousthreeyears,MalaysiaAirlineshadbooked
    lossesof:RM1.17billion(US$356million)in2013,RM433millionin2012,andRM2.5billionin2011.
    [219]MalaysiaAirlineslostRM443.4million(US$137.4million)inthefirstquarterof2014(January
    March).[220]ThesecondquarterthefirstfullquarterintheaftermathofFlight370'sdisappearancesaw
    alossofRM307.04million(US$97.6million),whichrepresenteda75percentincreaseoverlossesfrom
    thesecondquarterof2013.[228]IndustryanalystsexpectMalaysiaAirlinestolosefurthermarketshareand
    faceachallengingenvironmenttostandoutfromcompetitorswhileaddressingtheirfinancialplight.[219]
    Thecompany'sstock,downasmuchas20percentfollowingthedisappearanceofFlight370,hadfallen80
    percentoverthepreviousfiveyears,whichcontrastswithariseintheMalaysianstockmarketofabout80
    percentoverthesameperiod.[221]
    ManyanalystsandthemediasuggestedthatMalaysiaAirlineswouldneedtorebrandandrepairitsimage
    and/orrequiregovernmentassistancetoreturntoprofitability.[229][230][231][232][233]ThelossofFlight17in
    JulygreatlyexacerbatedMalaysiaAirline'swoes.Thecombinedeffectonconsumerconfidenceoftheloss
    ofFlights370and17andtheairline'spoorfinancialperformanceledKhazanahNasionalthemajority
    shareholder(69.37percent)[234]andaMalaysianstateruninvestmentarmtoannounceon8Augustits
    plantopurchasetheremainderoftheairline,therebyrenationalisingit.[235][236][237]
    Compensationforpassengers'kin
    LackofevidenceindeterminingthecauseofFlight370'sdisappearance,indeedevenphysicalevidence
    thattheaircraftcrashed,raisesmanyissuesregardingresponsibilityfortheaccidentandpaymentsmadeby
    insuranceagencies.[238]UndertheMontrealConvention,itisthecarrier'sresponsibilitytoprovelackof
    faultinanaccidentandeachpassenger'snextofkinareautomaticallyentitled,regardlessoffault,toa
    paymentofapproximatelyUS$175,000[o]fromtheairline'sinsurancecompanyatotalofnearlyUS$40
    millionforthe227passengersonboard.[238]

    MalaysiaAirlineswouldstillbevulnerabletocivillawsuitsfrompassengers'families.[238]Compensation
    awardedduringorsettledoutofcourtduringciviltrialswilllikelyvarywidelyamongpassengersbasedon
    countryofthecourt.AnAmericancourtcouldlikelyawardupwardsofUS$810million,whileChinese
    courtswouldlikelyawardasmallfractionofthat.[239][240][241]DespitetheannouncementthatFlight370
    endedinthesouthernIndianOcean,itwasnotuntil29January2015thattheMalaysiangovernment
    officiallydeclaredFlight370anaccidentwithnosurvivors,amovethatwouldallowcompensationclaims
    tobemade.[242]ThefirstlawsuitrelatedtothedisappearancewasfiledinOctober2014beforeFlight370
    wasdeclaredanaccidentonbehalfoftwoMalaysianboyswhosefatherwasapassenger,[p]fornegligence
    infailingtocontacttheaircraftsoonafteritwaslostandforbreachofcontractforfailingtobringthe
    passengertohisdestination.[245]
    MalaysiaAirlinesofferedexgratiacondolencepaymentssoonafterthedisappearance.InChina,families
    ofpassengerswereoffered31,000(aboutUS$5,000)"comfortmoney"[246]butsomefamiliesrejectedthe
    offer.[247]ItwasalsoreportedthatMalaysianrelativesreceivedonly$2,000.[247]InJune,Malaysia'sdeputy
    ForeignMinisterHamzahZainuddinsaidthatfamiliesofsevenpassengersreceived$50,000advance
    compensationfromMalaysiaAirlines,[248]butthatfullpayoutwouldcomeaftertheaircraftisfoundor
    officiallydeclaredlost[249](whichlateroccurredinJanuary2015).[242]

    Malaysia
    Questionsandcriticismswereraisedbyairforceexpertsandthe
    MalaysianoppositionaboutthecurrentstateofMalaysia'sairforce
    andradarcapabilities.ThefailureoftheRoyalMalaysianAirForce
    toidentifyandrespondtoanunidentifiedaircraft(laterdetermined
    tobeFlight370)flyingthroughMalaysianairspacehasbeen
    criticisedbymany.[250][251][252][253]TheMalaysianmilitarybecame
    awareoftheunidentifiedflightonlyafterreviewingradar
    recordingsseveralhoursafterFlight370'sdisappearance.[252]Not
    onlywasthefailuretorecogniseandreacttotheunidentified
    aircraftasecurityblunder,itwasalsoamissedopportunityto
    interceptFlight370andpreventthetimeconsumingandexpensive
    searchoperation.[252][253]

    MessagesforMH370atabookstore
    inMalaysia

    MalaysianPrimeMinisterNajibRazakrespondedtocriticismofhisgovernmentinanopinionpiece
    publishedintheTheWallStreetJournal:
    Withoutphysicalevidence,oraclearexplanationforwhythishappened,peoples'attentionhas
    naturallyfocusedontheauthoritiesandMalaysiahasbornethebruntofthecriticism.Inthe
    passageoftime,IbelieveMalaysiawillbecreditedfordoingitsbestundernearimpossible
    circumstances.Itisnosmallfeatforacountrythesizeofourstoovercomediplomaticand
    militarysensitivitiesandbring26differentcountriestogethertoconductoneoftheworld's
    largestpeacetimesearchoperations.Butwedidn'tgeteverythingright...theresponsetime
    shouldandwillbeinvestigated...IpledgethatMalaysiawillkeepsearchingfortheplaneforas
    longasittakes.

    MalaysianPrimeMinisterNajibRazak,Malaysia'sLessonsFromtheVanishedAirplane
    (TheWallStreetJournal,13May2014)[254]
    Intheopinionpiece,Najibgoesontoemphasisetheneedfortheaviationindustryto"notonlylearnthe
    lessonsofMH370butimplementthem,"sayinginclosingthat"theworldlearnedfrom[AirFranceFlight
    447]butdidn'tact.Thesamemistakemustnotbemadeagain."[254]
    OppositionleaderAnwarIbrahimstronglycriticisedtheMalaysiangovernmentregardingitsresponseto
    Flight370'sdisappearanceandthemilitary'sresponsewhenFlight370turnedbackovertheMalay
    Peninsulahehascalledforaninternationalcommitteetotakechargeoftheinvestigation"tosavethe
    imageofthecountryandtosavethecountry."[255]MalaysianauthoritieshaveaccusedAnwarwhowas
    jailedoncontentiouschargesthedaybeforeFlight370disappearedofpoliticisingthecrisis.Flight370's
    captainwasasupporterofAnwarandthetwokneweachother.[255]
    Malaysia'sDefenceandTransportMinisterHishammuddinHusseinacentralfigureinthesearchand
    investigationofFlight370andactiveonTwitterwascriticisedforresponding/retweetingatweetbya
    Malaysianjournalist:"Rightuare:)@IsmailAmsyar:#MH370isablessingindisguise4allofus.I
    understandnowdbeautyofunity&sweetnessofhavingeachother."[256]Theremarkswereviewedas
    insensitivetothevictims'families.Bothtweetswereremoved.[256][257]QuestionedwhyMalaysiadidnot
    scramblefighterjetstointercepttheaircraftasittrackedbackacrosstheMalayPeninsula,henotedthatit
    wasdeemedacommercialaircraftandwasnothostile,remarking:"Ifyou'renotgoingtoshootitdown,
    what'sthepointofsending[afighterjet]up?"[258]
    Thepoorresponsetothecrisisandlackoftransparencyintheresponsehasbroughtattentiontothestateof
    mediainMalaysia.Afterdecadesofhavingtightcontrolofmedia,duringwhichgovernmentofficialswere
    accustomedtopassingoverissueswithoutscrutinyoraccountability,Malaysiawassuddenlythrusttothe
    forefrontofglobalmediaandunabletoadjusttodemandsfortransparency.Confrontedbyaforeign
    journalistabouttheslowresponseandconflictinginformation,DefenceandTransportMinister
    HishammuddinHusseinrespondedthathehadreceived"alotoffeedbacksayingwevebeenvery
    responsibleinouractions...itsveryirresponsibleofyoutosaythat."[259]

    China
    ChineseDeputyForeignMinisterXieHangshengreactedscepticallytotheconclusionbytheMalaysian
    governmentthattheaircrafthadgonedownwithnosurvivors,demanding"alltherelevantinformationand
    evidenceaboutthesatellitedataanalysis"andsaidthattheMalaysiangovernmentmust"finishallthework
    includingsearchandrescue."[69][260]Thefollowingday,25March,ChinesepresidentXiJinpingsenta
    specialenvoytoKualaLumpurtoconsultwiththeMalaysiangovernmentoverthemissingaircraft.[261]
    Relativesofpassengers
    On25March,aroundtwohundredfamilymembersoftheChinesepassengersprotestedoutsidethe
    MalaysianembassyinBeijing.[262][263]RelativeswhohadarrivedinKualaLumpuraftertheannouncement
    continuedwiththeirprotest,accusingMalaysiaofhidingthetruthandharbouringthemurderer.Theyalso
    wantedanapologyfortheMalaysiangovernment'spoorinitialhandlingofthedisasterandits"premature"

    conclusionofloss,drawnwithoutphysicalevidence.[264]AnopedforChinaDailysaidthatMalaysiawas
    notwhollytobeblamedforitspoorhandlingofsucha"bizarre"[265]and"unprecedentedcrisis,"[265]and
    appealedtoChinesepeoplenottoallowemotionstoprevailoverevidenceandrationality.[265]TheChinese
    ambassadortoMalaysiadefendedtheMalaysiangovernment'sresponse,statingthattherelatives'"radical
    andirresponsibleopinionsdonotrepresenttheviewsofChinesepeopleandtheChinesegovernment".[266]
    TheambassadoralsostronglycriticisedWesternmediaforhaving"publishedfalsenews,stokedconflict
    andevenspreadrumours"[267]tothedetrimentofrelativesandofSinoMalaysianrelations.[267]Onthe
    otherhand,aUSDepartmentofDefenseofficialcriticisedChinaforwhatheperceivedasproviding
    apparentlyfalseleadsthatdetractedfromthesearcheffortandwastedtimeandresources.[268][269]
    Boycotts
    SomeChinesehaveboycottedallthingsMalaysian,includingvacationsandsingers,inprotestof
    Malaysia'shandlingoftheFlight370investigation.[270][271]BookingsonMalaysiaAirlinesfromChina,
    wherethemajorityofpassengerswerefrom,weredown60percentinMarch.[221]InlateMarch,several
    majorChineseticketingagenciesELong,LY.com,QunarandMangodiscontinuedsaleofairlinetickets
    toMalaysia[270][272]andseverallargeChinesetravelagenciesreporteda50percentdropintourists
    comparedtothesameperiodtheyearbefore.[224]ChinaisthethirdlargestsourceofvisitorsforMalaysia,
    accountingfor1.79milliontourists.[224]Onemarketanalystpredicteda2040percentdropinChinese
    touriststoMalaysia,resultinginalossof48billionyuan(RM2.14.2billionUS$650million1.3billion).
    [224][273]

    Theboycottshavelargelybeenledorsupportedbycelebrities.[224][274]FilmstarChenKunposteda
    messagetoWeibowherehehas70millionfollowersstating:"I...willstartaboycottfrommyinner
    heartonanycommercialsandtravelrelatingtoMalaysia.Thiswilllast...untiltheMalaysiangovernment
    takesdowntheirclownlikemaskandtellsthetruth."[224]Thepostwassharedover70,000timesanddrew
    over30,000comments.[224]Over337,000peopleretweetedatweetfromTVhostMengFei,whichsaid
    "IveneverbeentoMalaysiaandIdonotplantogothereinthefuture.Ifyoufeelthesame,pleaseretweet
    thismessage."[224]
    ChinaandMalaysiahaddubbed2014tobethe"MalaysiaChinaFriendshipYear"tocelebrate40yearsof
    diplomaticrelationsbetweenthetwocountries.[272]

    Airtransportindustry
    Thefactthat,inadigitallyconnectedworld,amodernaircraftcoulddisappearhasbeenmetwithsurprise
    anddisbeliefbythepublicandwhilechangesintheaviationindustryoftentakeyearstobeimplemented,
    airlinesandairtransportauthoritieshaverespondedswiftlytotakeactiononseveralmeasurestopreventa
    similarincidentfromoccurring.[275][276][277][278]
    Aircrafttracking

    TheInternationalAirTransportAssociationanindustrytradeorganisationrepresentingover240airlines
    (representing84percentofglobalairtraffic)andtheUnitedNations'civilaviationbodythe
    InternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO)areworkingonimplementingnewmeasurestotrack
    aircraftinflightinrealtime.[279]TheIATAcreatedataskforce(whichincludesseveraloutside
    stakeholders)[279]todefineaminimumsetofrequirementsthatanytrackingsystemmustmeet,allowing
    airlinestodecidethebestsolutiontotracktheiraircraft.TheIATA'staskforceplanstocomeupwith
    severalshort,medium,andlongtermsolutionstoensurethatinformationisprovidedinatimelymanner
    tosupportsearch,rescue,andrecoveryactivitiesinthewakeofanaircraftaccident.[280]Thetaskforcewas
    expectedtoprovideareporttotheICAOon30September2014,butonthatdaysaidthatthereportwould
    bedelayed,citingtheneedforfurtherclarificationonsomeissues.[281][282]InDecember2014,theIATA
    taskforcerecommendedthat,within12months,airlinestrackcommercialaircraftinnolongerthan15
    minuteintervals,althoughitstillhasnotreleaseditsreportandfulldetailsofproposedchanges.TheIATA
    itselfdidnotsupportthedeadline,whichitbelievescannotbemetbyallairlines,buttheproposedstandard
    hasthesupportoftheICAO.AlthoughtheICAOcansetstandards,ithasnolegalauthorityandsuch
    standardsmustbeadoptedbymemberstates.[39][40]
    InMay2014,Inmarsatsaiditwouldofferitstrackingserviceforfreetoallaircraftequippedwithan
    Inmarsatsatelliteconnection(whichamountstonearlyallcommercialairliners).[283]Inmarsathasalso
    changedthetimeperiodforhandshakeswiththeirterminalsfromonehourto15minutes.[165]:2
    Transponders
    Therewasacallforautomatedtranspondersafterthe11September2001terroristattacksnochangeswere
    madeasaviationexpertspreferredflexiblecontrol,incaseofmalfunctionsorelectricalemergencies.[284]In
    thewakeofFlight370,theairtransportindustryisstillresistanttotheinstallationofautomated
    transponders,whichwouldlikelyentailsignificantcosts.Pilotshavealsocriticisedchangesofthiskind,
    insistingontheneedtocutpowertoequipmentintheeventofafire.Nonetheless,newtypesoftamper
    proofcircuitbreakersarebeingconsidered.[277]
    Flightrecorders
    ThefrenziedsearchfortheflightrecordersinearlyApril,duetothe30daybatterylifeoftheunderwater
    locatorbeacons(ULBs)attachedtothem,broughtattentiontothelimitationsoftheULBs.[q][285]Notonly
    isthebatterylifeoftheULBslimited,butthenominaldistanceatwhichthesignalfromtheULBscanbe
    detectedis2,0003,000m(1.21.9mi),upto4,500m(2.8mi)underfavourableconditions.[5]:11Evenif
    theflightrecordersarelocated,thecockpitvoicerecordermemoryhascapacitytostoreonlytwohoursof
    data,continuouslyrecordingovertheoldestdata.Thislengthcomplieswithregulationsanditisusually
    onlydatafromthelastsectionofaflightthatisneededtodeterminethecauseofanaccident.Theevents
    whichcausedFlight370todivertfromitscourseanddisappearhappenedmorethantwohoursbeforethe
    flightended.[286]Giventheselimitationsandtheimportanceofthedatastoredonflightrecorders,Flight
    370hasbroughtattentiontonewtechnologiesthatenabledatastreamingtotheground.[287][288]
    AcalltoincreasethebatterylifeofULBswasmadeaftertheunsuccessfulinitialsearchin2009forthe
    flightrecordersonAirFranceFlight447,whichwerenotlocateduntil2011.TheICAOdidnotmakesuch
    arecommendationuntil2014,withimplementationby2018.[287]TheEuropeanAviationSafetyAgencyhas

    stateditsnewregulationsrequirethatthetransmittingtimeofULBs
    fittedtoaircraftflightrecordersmustrangefrom30to90days.The
    agencyproposedanewunderwaterlocatorbeaconwithalarger
    transmittingrangetobefittedtoaircraftflyingoveroceans.[280]
    Safetyrecommendations
    InJanuary2015,theUSNTSBcitedFlight370andAirFrance
    Flight447whenitissuedeightsafetyrecommendations[r]relatedto
    locatingaircraftwreckageinremoteorunderwaterlocationsand
    repeatedrecommendationsforacrashprotectedcockpitimage
    recorderandtamperresistantflightrecordersandtransponders.[289]
    [290]

    Timelineofevents

    Detectionoftheacousticsignalfrom
    theULBsmustbemadebelowthe
    thermoclineandwithinamaximum
    range,undernominalconditions,of
    2,0003,000m(1.21.9mi).Witha
    ULBbatterylifeof3040days,
    searchingfortheimportantflight
    recordersisverydifficultwithout
    precisecoordinatesofthelocationthe
    aircraftenteredthewater.

    8March2014
    Flight370disappearsafterdepartingKualaLumpurat00:41
    MYT(16:41UTC,7March).Asearchandrescueeffortis
    launchedintheSouthChinaSeaandGulfofThailand.[291]
    10March
    Malaysia'smilitaryannouncesthatFlight370mayhaveturnedbackandflewwesttowardsMalaysia.
    ThesearchisexpandedtoincludetheStraitofMalacca.[92]
    12March
    MalaysiaannouncesthatFlight370crossedtheMalayPeninsulaandwaslastspottedonmilitary
    radar200nmi(370km230mi)northwestofPenangonMalaysia'swestcoast.Thefocusofthe
    searchisshiftedtotheAndamanSeaandStraitofMalacca.[56][292]
    15March
    OfficialsannouncethatcommunicationsbetweenFlight370andacommunicationssatelliteoperated
    byInmarsatindicateitcontinuedtoflyforseveralmorehoursandwasalongoneoftwocorridorsat
    thetimeofitslastcommunication.[93]
    18March28April
    AerialsearchofthesouthernIndianOcean,westofAustralia,isconducted.[5][293]
    24March
    PrimeMinisterofMalaysiaannouncesthatFlight370ispresumedtohavegonedowninthesouthern
    IndianOceanMalaysiaAirlinesstatestofamiliesthatitassumes"beyondreasonabledoubt"there
    arenosurvivors.[294]Thenorthernsearchcorridor(northwestofMalaysia)andthenorthernhalfof
    thesouthernsearchcorridor(thewatersbetweenIndonesiaandAustralia)aredefinitivelyruledout.
    [295]

    30March
    TheJointAgencyCoordinationCentreiscreatedtocoordinatethemultinationalsearcheffort.[296]
    214April
    Anintenseeffortbyseveralvesselsandaircraftdeployedsonobuoysismadetodetectunderwater
    acousticsignalsmadebyunderwaterlocatorbeaconsattachedtotheaircraft'sdatarecorders.Several
    acousticdetectionsaremadebetween48April.[5]
    14April28May

    Asonarsurveyof860km2(330sqmi)ofseafloornearthe48Aprilacousticdetectionsis
    conducted,yieldingnildebris.[5]
    1May
    ApreliminaryreportfromMalaysiatotheICAO(dated9April2014)ispubliclyreleasedalongwith:
    copiesofcargomanifestdocumentsaudiorecordings(andtranscript)ofcommunicationsbetween
    airtrafficcontrolandFlight370alogofactionstakenbyairtrafficcontrol(KualaLumpurACC)in
    thehoursafterFlight370disappearedfromtheirradar(01:3806:14MYT).[46]
    27May
    ThedatalogsofsatellitecommunicationsbetweenFlight370andInmarsatarereleased,following
    criticismoverthewaythisdatahadbeenanalysedandscepticismofwhetherFlight370reallyended
    inthesouthernIndianOcean.[297]
    MayDecember
    Abathymetricsurveyisconductedintheregiontobe
    searched.
    26June
    Plansforthenextphaseofthesearch(the"underwater
    search")areannouncedtothepublicindepthforthefirsttime
    andtheAustralianTransportSafetyBureaureleasesareport[5]
    Videotourofbathymetrydata
    detailingtheprevioussearchefforts,analysisofsatellite
    collectedduringthebathymetric
    communications,methodologyusedtodeterminethenew
    survey.
    searcharea.[298]
    October2014ongoing
    Theunderwatersearchbeganon6Octoberandwasexpectedtolastupto12months.Thesearchis
    conductedinareaswherethebathymetricsurveyhasbeencompleted.[299][300]
    8October
    Officialsannouncethatthepriorityareatobesearchedisfurthersouthoftheareaidentifiedinthe
    JuneATSBreport.[116]TheATSBreleasesareport(asupplementtotheJunereport)thatdetailsthe
    methodologybehindrefinementstotheanalysisofsatellitecommunications.[49]
    29January2015
    TheMalaysiangovernmentofficiallydeclaresFlight370anaccident,inaccordancewithAnnexes12
    and13totheChicagoConvention,withnosurvivors.[1]
    8March
    TheMalaysianMinistryofTransportpublishesaninterimreport.[41]
    29July
    ArightwingflaperonfromFlight370wasfoundonthebeachofRunionIslandintheIndianOcean,
    16monthsafterFlight370disappeared.[73]

    Inpopularculture
    ThedisappearanceofMalaysiaAirlinesFlight370hasbeendubbedasoneofthegreatestaviation
    mysteriesofalltime.[301]
    Severaldocumentarieshavebeenproducedabouttheflight.TheSmithsonianChannelairedaonehour
    documentaryabouttheflighton6April2014,titledMalaysia370:ThePlaneThatVanished.[302][303]The
    DiscoveryChannelbroadcastaonehourdocumentaryaboutFlight370on16April2014titledFlight370:
    TheMissingLinks.[304][305]

    AnepisodeofthetelevisiondocumentaryseriesHorizontitled"WhereisFlightMH370?"wasbroadcaston
    17June2014onBBCTwo.Theprogramme,narratedbyAmandaDrew,documentshowtheaircraft
    disappeared,whatexpertsbelievehappenedtoit,andhowthesearchhasunfolded.Theprogrammealso
    examinessuchnewtechnologiesasflightrecorderstreamingandAutomaticdependentsurveillance
    broadcast(ADSB),whichmayhelppreventsimilardisappearancesinthefuture.Itconcludesbynotingthat
    OceanShieldhadspenttwomonthssearching850squarekilometres(330sqmi)ofocean,butthatithad
    searchedfartothenorthoftheInmarsat"hotspot"onthefinalarc,atapproximately28degreessouth,
    wheretheaircraftwasmostlikelytohavecrashed.[306]On8October2014,amodifiedversionofthe
    HorizonprogrammewasbroadcastintheUSbyPBSasanepisodeofNova,titled"WhyPlanesVanish",
    withadifferentnarrator.[307][308][309]
    ThefirstfictionalaccountofthemysterywasScottMaka'sMH370:ANovella,publishedthreemonths
    aftertheaircraft'sdisappearance.[310]
    TheaviationdisasterdocumentarytelevisionseriesMayday(alsoknownasAirCrashInvestigationorAir
    Emergency)producedanepisodeonthedisaster,titled"Malaysia370:WhatHappened?"IntheUK,it
    airedonthefirstanniversaryofFlight370'sdisappearance,8March2015.[311]

    Seealso
    AccidentsandincidentsinvolvingtheBoeing777family
    Airsafety
    Listofaccidentsandincidentsinvolvingcommercialaircraft
    Listofaerialdisappearances
    Listofairlineflightsthatrequiredgliding
    Listofunrecoveredflightrecorders
    SearchforMalaysiaAirlinesFlight370

    Notes
    a. NohumanremainsofFlight370passengersorcrewhavebeenlocatedsurvivalintheareawhereFlight370is
    believedtohaveenteredtheoceanisunlikelyandtheMalaysiangovernmentbelievesallpassengersandcreware
    dead.[1]Additionaldetailsinthe"presumedloss"section.
    b. MHistheIATAdesignatorandMASistheICAOairlinedesignator.[2]TheflightwasalsomarketedasChina
    SouthernAirlinesFlight748(CZ748/CSN748)throughacodeshare.[2]Ithasbeencommonlyreferredtoas
    "MH370","Flight370"or"FlightMH370".
    c. Aircraftaltitudeisgiveninfeetabovesealevelandmeasured,athigheraltitudes,byairpressure,whichdeclines
    linearlyasaltitudeabovesealevelincreases.Usingastandardsealevelpressureandformula,thenominal
    altitudeofagivenairpressurecanbedeterminedreferredtoasthe"pressurealtitude".Aflightlevelisthe
    pressurealtitudein100soffeet.Forexample,flightlevel350correspondstoanaltitudewhereairpressureis
    179mmHg(23.9kPa),whichisnominally35,000ft(10,700m)butdoesnotindicatethetruealtitude.
    d. Responsibilityforairtrafficcontrolisgeographicallypartitioned,throughinternationalagreements,intoflight
    informationregions(FIRs).AlthoughtheairspaceatthepointwhereFlight370waslostispartoftheSingapore
    FIR,theKualaLumpurACChadbeendelegatedresponsibilitytoprovideairtrafficcontrolservicestoaircraftin
    thatpartofitsFIR.[45]:13
    e. Heightsgivenbyprimaryradarareactualaltitudes,unlikethepressurealtitudesprovidedbysecondaryradar.
    f. TheinterimreportreleasedbyMalaysiainMarch2015says:"Alltheprimaryaircrafttargetsthatwererecorded
    bytheDCAradarareconsistentwiththoseofthemilitarydatathatweremadeavailabletotheInvestigation
    Team."ThereportdoesnotexplicitlystatethattheunidentifiedaircraftwasFlight370.[41]:34

    g.

    h.
    i.
    j.
    k.
    l.

    m.

    n.

    o.
    p.

    q.

    r.

    Team."ThereportdoesnotexplicitlystatethattheunidentifiedaircraftwasFlight370.[41]:34
    TheaircraftisaBoeing777200ER(forExtendedRange)modelBoeingassignsauniquecustomercodefor
    eachcompanythatbuysoneofitsaircraft,whichisappliedasaninfixinthemodelnumberatthetimethe
    aircraftisbuilt.ThecodeforMalaysiaAirlinesis"H6",hence"7772H6ER".[125]
    OnepassengerboardedwithaHongKongpassport.[135]
    ThemanifestinitiallyreleasedbyMalaysiaAirlineslistedanAustrianandanItalian.Theseweresubsequently
    identifiedastwoIraniannationalswhoboardedFlight370usingstolenpassports.[29]
    38passengersand12crew.
    Thetimingofthelogoninterrogationmessageisdeterminedbyaninactivitytimer,whichwassettoonehourat
    thetimeFlight370disappeared(itwaslaterreducedto15minutes).[5]:18
    InformationreleasedandreportedpubliclyaboutSATCOMtransmissionsfromFlight370havebeen
    inconsistent,especiallytheuseoftheterms"ping"and"handshake".Itwasinitiallyreportedassix"handshakes"
    or"pings"withone"partialhandshakeorping"sentat00:19UTCbyFlight370,unprovokedbytheground
    station.Theeventslistedmayconsistofseveral"transmissions"betweentheaircraftandgroundstationoverthe
    courseofafewseconds.AreadablecopyofthegroundstationlogoftransmissionstoandfromFlight370is
    availablehere[1](http://www.dca.gov.my/mainpage/MH370%20Data%20Communication%20Logs.pdf).
    The2014IATALithiumBatteryGuidanceDocument(5November2013),whichisbasedontheprovisionsofthe
    ICAO'sTechnicalInstructionfortheSafeTransportofDangerousGoodsbyAir(20132014edition)andthe
    55theditionoftheIATA'sDangerousGoodsRegulations.[41]:106,Appendix1.18I
    Examples:
    *MalaysiaAirlines'chiefexecutive,AhmadJauhariYahya,initiallysaidairtrafficcontrolwasincontactwith
    theaircrafttwohoursintotheflightwheninfactthelastcontactwithairtrafficcontrolwaslessthananhour
    aftertakeoff.[194]
    *Malaysianauthoritiesinitiallyreportedthatfourpassengersusedstolenpassportstoboardtheaircraftbefore
    settlingontwo:oneItalianandoneAustrian.[195]
    *Malaysiaabruptlywidenedthesearchareatotheweston9March,andonlylaterexplainedthatmilitaryradar
    haddetectedtheaircraftturningback.[195]ThiswaslaterformallydeniedbyRodzaliDaud.[196]
    *MalaysianauthoritiesvisitedthehomesofpilotZaharieandcopilotFariqon15March,duringwhichthey
    tookawayaflightsimulatorbelongingtoZaharie.MalaysianpolicechiefKhalidAbuBakarsaidthiswasthe
    firstpolicevisittothosehomes.On17March,thegovernmentcontradictedthisbysayingpolicefirstvisitedthe
    pilots'homesonthedayfollowingtheflight'sdisappearance,[197]althoughthishadbeenpreviouslydenied.[198]
    *On16March,Malaysia'sactingtransportministercontradictedtheprimeminister'saccountonthetimingof
    thefinaldataandcommunicationsreceived.NajibRazakhadsaidthattheACARSsystemwasswitchedoffat
    01:07.On17March,Malaysianofficialssaidthatthesystemwasswitchedoffsometimebetween01:07,timeof
    thelastACARStransmission,and01:37,timeofthenextexpectedtransmission.[199][200]
    *Threedaysaftersayingthattheaircraftwasnottransportinganythinghazardous,MalaysiaAirlines'chief
    executiveAhmadsaidthatpotentiallydangerouslithiumbatterieswereonboard.[201]
    *MASchiefexecutiveinitiallyclaimedthatthelastvoicecommunicationfromtheaircraftwas,"allright,good
    night",withthelackofacallsignfuellingspeculationthattheflightmayhavebeenhijacked.[202][203]Three
    weekslaterMalaysianauthoritiespublishedthetranscriptthatindicatedthelastwordswere"Goodnight
    Malaysianthreesevenzero".[50][204][205][206]
    Theexactamountofthiscompensationis113,100specialdrawingrights.Usingtheofficialexchangerates
    (http://www.imf.org/external/np/fin/rates/rms_five.cfm)on16July2014,thisisworthapproximately:
    RM557,0001,073,000US$174,000129,000or102,000.
    InMarch2014,apetitionfordiscoverywasfiledinaUScourtbyalawfirm,notrepresentingrelativesof
    families,againstBoeingandMalaysiaAirlines.Itsoughttoobtainthenamesofmanufacturersofaircraftparts
    alongwithmaintenancerecords.ItwasreportedinthemediaasalawsuitorthatMalaysiaAirlineswasbeing
    sued.[243][244]
    RegulationsrequireULBstotransmitaminimumof30days.TheULBsontheflightrecordersonFlight370
    hadaminimum30daybatterylifeafterimmersion.TheULBmanufacturerpredictedthemaximumbatterylife
    was40daysafterimmersion.[5]:11
    A151throughA158

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    (http://www.jacc.gov.au/media/releases/2014/june/mr052.aspx).JACC.AustraliaDepartmentofInfrastructure
    andRegionalDevelopment.Retrieved27June2014.
    "MH370searchresumesinIndianOcean"(http://www.bbc.com/news/worldasia29502013).BBCNews.6
    October2014.Retrieved8October2014.
    "MH370seabedsearchbeginsindeepIndianOceanwaters"(http://www.smh.com.au/national/mh370seabed
    searchbeginsindeepindianoceanwaters2014100510qli2.html).SydneyMorningHerald.5October2014.
    Retrieved8October2014.
    ThedisappearanceofflightMH370:
    "MalaysiaAirlinesMH370:Oneyearon,stillnotraceofplanethatdisappearedwith239peopleonboard"

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    oneyearonstillnotraceofplanethatdisappearedwith239peopleonboard/1422759).AustraliaPlus
    (AustralianBroadcastingCorporation).8March2015.Archivedfromtheoriginal
    (http://australiaplus.com/international/20150308/malaysiaairlinesmh370oneyearonstillnotraceof
    planethatdisappearedwith239peopleonboard/1422759)on18March2015.Retrieved18March2015.
    "AddressingParliamentonThursday,[AustralianPrimeMinisterTonyAbbott]saidthedisappearanceof
    thepassengerjetwas'oneofthegreatmysteriesofourtime.'"
    "CanMalaysiaAirlinesSurviveAnotherTragedy?"(http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/07/18/mh17
    mh370planedisastermalaysiaairlines_n_5598334.html).HuffingtonPost.Retrieved4January2015.
    "ReporterVelezMitchell:SaturationNewsCoverage'TwistsReality' "
    (http://www.newsmax.com/NewsmaxTv/JaneVelezMitchellmediacoverage
    obsessive/2014/12/30/id/615713/).Newsmax.Retrieved4January2015.
    "Transcripts"(http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1410/07/ath.02.html).CNN.Retrieved12April
    2015.
    "MalaysiaAirlinesdisappearancejoinsgreatestmysteriesofalltime"
    (http://pix11.com/2014/03/17/malaysiaairlinesdisappearancejoinsgreatestmysteriesofalltime/).PIX
    11.Retrieved4January2015.
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    popularstoriesof2014287041471.html).KOMONews.Retrieved4January2015.
    "WorldHeadlines"
    (https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/RSS/RSSWorld/TabId/970/ArtMID/14185/ArticleID/14292/The
    ongoingmysteryofMalaysiaAirlinesFlight370.aspx).OSVNewsweekly.Retrieved4January2015.
    "Malaysia370:ThePlaneThatVanished"(http://www.smithsonianchannel.com/sc/web/show/3406766/malaysia
    370theplanethatvanished).SmithsonianChannel.Retrieved18June2014.
    Morabito,Andrea(3April2014)."SmithsonianChannelwillairdocumentaryonmissingjet"
    (http://nypost.com/2014/04/03/smithsonianchannelwillairdocumentaryonmissingjet/).NewYorkPost.
    Retrieved18June2014.
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    DiscoveryChannel(Asia).DiscoveryNetworksInternational.Retrieved18June2014.
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    "WhyPlanesVanish"(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/whyplanesvanish.html).NOVA.WGBH.Retrieved
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    "NOVAWhyPlanesVanish"(http://video.pbs.org/video/2365334815/).pbs.org.PBS.Retrieved10October
    2014.
    JohnGoglia(8October2014)."WhyPlanesVanish:NOVADocumentaryExploresWhatHappenedtoMissing
    MalaysiaBoeing777"(http://www.forbes.com/sites/johngoglia/2014/10/08/whyplanesvanishnova
    documentaryexploreswhathappenedtomissingmalaysiaboeing777/).Forbes.Retrieved11October2014.
    "TheSurprisinglyGoodFlight370Novel:AuthorScottMakaDefendsHisControversialBook"
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    investigation/about)on13February2015.Retrieved13February2015.

    Externallinks
    Officialwebsite(http://www.mh370.gov.my/index.php/en/)maintainedbytheMalaysian
    government

    JointAgencyCoordinationCentre(JACC)(http://www.jacc.gov.au/)
    Accidentdescription(http://aviationsafety.net/database/record.php?id=201403080)attheAviation
    SafetyNetwork
    ATSBinvestigationofFlight370
    (http://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/investigation_reports/2014/aair/ae2014054.aspx)webpage
    ofAustralianTransportSafetyBureau'sinvestigation(Investigationnumber:AE2014054
    Investigationtitle:"AssistancetoMalaysianMinistryofTransportinsupportofmissingMalaysia
    AirlinesflightMH370on7March2014UTC")
    ICAOstatementonthefirstanniversaryoftheFlight370disappearance
    (http://www.icao.int/Newsroom/NewsDoc2015/COM%20Statement_MH370Anniversary.EN.pdf)

    Reports
    MH370PreliminaryReport(http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2014/04/world/malaysiaflight
    documents/)PreliminaryreportissuedbytheMalaysiaMinistryofTransport.Dated9April2014
    andreleasedpubliclyon1May2014.
    MH370DefinitionofUnderwaterSearchAreas(http://atsb.gov.au/media/5243942/ae2014
    054_mh370__definition_of_underwater_search_areas_18aug2014.pdf)ReportbytheAustralian
    TransportSafetyBureau,released26June2014,andthemostcomprehensivereportonFlight370
    publiclyreleasedatthattime.Thereportfocusesondefiningthesearchareaforthefifthphase,butin
    doingsoprovidesacomprehensiveoverview/examinationofsatellitedata,thefailedsearches,and
    possible"endofflightscenarios".
    FactualInformation:SafetyInvestigationforMH370
    (http://mh370.mot.gov.my/download/FactualInformation.pdf)Interimreportreleased8March2015
    (584pages).

    Pressreleases/Media
    AustralianMaritimeSafetyAuthority(http://amsa.gov.au/media/incidents/mh370search.asp)
    AustralianTransportSafetyBureau(http://www.atsb.gov.au/mh370)
    MalaysiaAirlines(http://www.malaysiaairlines.com/my/en/site/mh370.html)
    MalaysianMinistryofTransport
    (http://www.mot.gov.my/my/Kenyataan%20Media%20MH%20370/MH370%20Press%20Statement
    %20by%20Hishammuddin%20Hussein%20on%202%20April%202014.pdf)
    USDepartmentofDefense(http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2014/0314_flight370/)
    Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
    title=Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370&oldid=675380482"
    Categories: MalaysiaAirlinesFlight370 2014inAustralia 2014inChina
    2014ininternationalrelations 2014inMalaysia AccidentsandincidentsinvolvingtheBoeing777
    Airlineraccidentsandincidentswithanunknowncause AustraliaChinarelations
    AustraliaMalaysiarelations Aviationaccidentsandincidentsin2014
    Aviationaccidentsandincidentsininternationalairspace AviationaccidentsandincidentsinMalaysia
    ChinaMalaysiarelations HistoryoftheIndianOcean MalaysiaAirlinesaccidentsandincidents
    Missingaircraft

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