Cervus Timorensis (Java Deer) Reproduction System in Penangkaran

Deer Cariu and Ranca Upas Province of West Java

Reproduction Performances of Java Deer (Cevus Timorensis) at Deer

Captivities Cariu and Ranca Upas Province of West Java

Deden Ismail
University of Mahasaraswati
Denpasar
2008

This research is conducted at Java Deer (Cervus timorensis)

in two

locations of Penagkaran exactly in Cairu Regency of Bogor as a low land

and in Ranca Upas Regency of Bandung as a high land. The two locations
have a height place, temperature and moisture, the different of
management protection. This research is conducted for one year
(November 1999-December 2000). This research has aim at knowing the
reproduction performance of Java Deer (Rusa Jawa) in the are of two
Penangkaran that include:
1. The total development of new born deer, 2) the ratio of new born
deer, 3) the interval of periodical growth until the dying of rannga.

Based on the research it is found that: 1) the rate of new born

Cervus Timorensis which borne in Cairu 6,3 (six point threefold
more big if compared in Ranca Upas, 2) many are the new born of
female deer in the two locations, 3) the ranggah interval growth
until dying or separated in the two locations at about 12-14
months. The population growth and presentation in Cairu is more
big than compared in Ranca Upas that shows the reproduction
pefor mance of Java Deer (Cervus Timorensis) that protected in
Cairu is relative high quality if compared in Ranca Upas.
Key Word: Reprduction Performance, Java Deer, Penangkaran.

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
In some of animal garden the deer performs a high reproduction level
(Jacoeb and Wiryosuhanto, 1994), and also at Penagkaran in Oilsinbai,
Timor island (Takandjandji, 1996) the population growth for six years at
around 300% and the efforts of penangkaran deer in Perak Malaysia
(PPRUK, 1998) for five years, experience the population growth about
70%. The gender of new born deer in some researches are variety, such as
the gender was borne are mostly the male or on the contrary and some
researchers give different arguments about the factor that the new born
have a specific gender, found in some of a various kinds of deer. This

research is conducted by Degayner and Jordan (1987) to a Deer Whitetail, it is said that the social domination (matrilineal) at white-tail deer
have an impact on the evolution delay, the copulation and the gender of
the new born deer. The mature female deer which dominant, will bear a
new born of doeroe and support the characteristic of matrilineal in a well
habitat, while, the subordinate of will born the dominant of the new born
stag/buck. The different items is also shows by Trivers and Willard
(1973) and Birgersson (1998) which stated that the female deer with a
better condition tend to bear many of the male deer. While at unhealthy
female deer tend to bear many of female deer: the result of male deer
reproduction in copulation with the female deer are variety. Hewison and
Gaillard (1996) in his research about Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus)said
that if the female deer has been experienced in facing the environmental
stress will tend to bear male deer, to avoid the local potential competency
of natural resources accepted by this descendant.
The characteristic of secondary male deer is characterized by the
essence of ranggah. The essence of rangga is a characteristic that begin
the sexual interaction and a territory defense, where the form and its
measure depend on the environmental and factor genetic (Asher, 1992b).
Ranggah deer has many branches and initialed of a pustule that find in
the head. In its growth, ranggah deer is covered by skin that called
velvet. Velvet will get drying and will separated if having a perfect

ranggah growth. To reach a perfectness of ranggah growth needs the time

for 4 months (Jacoeb and Wiryosuhanto, 1994). Ranggah at Java deer in
NTT at the first time growth at the age of 7-9 months (Takandjandji,
1995). After the copulation season, that valid on autumn and will grows
later in the spring season (Jacoeb and Wiryosuhanto, 1994). The rangga
will die, according to Takandjandji (1995) on Java deer in Penagkaran
Oilsonbai (NTT) is on March, May and October. While according to
Sinclair (1998), at the same deer in Queensland, between the month of
January-March will formulated of ranggah skin, in April-June the ranggah
skin become strong, on July-September the ranggah will grows strongly
in every year (Jacoeb and Wiryosuhanto, 1994; Takandjandji, 19950,
while according to Sinclair (1998), this occurs in every 9-24 months.
Ranggah will grows later after 1 month (Takandjandji, 1995), while
according to Sinclair (1998) after 2 months.
The research on reproduction performances of Java deer (Cervus
Timorensis) is conducted in a few of different location of Penangkaran in
Indonesia, because the limitation of Penangkaran deer, besides, many of
people are not understand that the deer have measured for commercial
interest if applying the deer of measure result and qualified as a cattle
breeding if based on the recent requirements.
This research intended to reveal the reproduction performance of Java
deer in the different topography and management.

MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY RESEARCH

The Type of Research
This is a Specific Research and Case Study and Field Research (Ditjen
Dikti, 1982). Based on its characteristic, this research is an Exploration
Research (Hadi, 1994). The characteristic of this research is profoundly
conducted and completed observed an objected research.

Time and Location

This research is conducted for 12 months from November 1999 until
October 2000, in the location that is:
1. Penangkaran Rusa (Penangkaran deer) BKPH (Blok kesatuan
Pemangkuan Hutan) jonggol, RPH (Resor Pangkuan Hutan) Cariu,
Cariu

of

Bogor

regency.

In

the

height

of

200-500m

dpl,

temperature 22 0 -34 0 C, the moisture between 60-80% with the rain

rate between 1000-1200mm per year.
2. Penangkaran deer Ranca Upas, (BKPH Tambak Ruyung Timur,
KPH Southern Badung, the District of Ciwidey, Badung, Regency.
The height 1600-1700m dpl, temperature 18 0 -23 0 C, the moisture
75-95% with the rain rate 1220-1500mm.

Object Research

The object of this research is Java deer (Cervus Timorensis). The

application used in this research is thermometer, hygrometer, camera, to
create photo and photo slide; video camera.

Data Analysis
Variable in this research is independent variable, and dependent variable.
Independent variable in this research is the management protection in the
Penagkaran deer (Cervus Timorensis), while a dependent variable is the
reproduction performance that of Java Deer (Cervus Timorensis) that
include:
1. The Total Development of the new born deer
2. The ratio of gender
3. The time the new born deer of ranggah and the release of ranggah

The definition operational of re production performance of Javan Deer

(Cerves Timorensies) in the research is :
1) The development of the total new born deer is the percentage rate
growth or lessening new born

deer

which borne on that year

if

compared with the previous year in the subsequent of interval.

2) The comparation ratio between

the gender

with female that borne on the total borne

of new born male deer

3) The time growth interval and the release of ranggah : is a

time when ranggah
ranggah is

of the

male

deer began to grow

longer
until the

separated to die. The statistical analysis applied is the

descriptive statistic, that

specialized in determining the different

gender of new borne on the two location of Penangkara used by uji

chi square (minitab release 11.0)

RESULT AND RESOLUTION

The Total Development of Javan new born, can be seen from the effects
for cattle breeding.
The growth of Javan deer in the effarts of Penangkaran Javan der in Cariu
and Ranca Upas can be seen on the table 1 and table 2.
Table 1.

Perkembangan Jumlah Anak Rusia Jawa di Cariu dari Tahun

1996-Oktober 2000.

Year
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Total

Male

Female

2
4
3
7
4
9
2
18
5
18
16
56
The total rate of the birth per year

Total
6
10
13
20
23
72

Source: office rate of BKPH Jonggol (the data processed)

The birth
growth
increase (%)
66,67
116,67
233,33
283,33
700,00
175,00

Table 2

The Growth of The Birth Anak Javan Deer in Ranca Upas

from the year 1982-October 200.

Year
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Total

Male

Female

1
1
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
0
2
0
1
1
0
2
1
1
2
0
0
2
3
3
2
3
1
2
1
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
22
26
The rates of birth growth per year

Total
2
5
3
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
6
5
3
3
3
0
0
2
48

Reproduction
Growth
150,00
50,00
50,00
-50,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
200,00
150,00
50,00
50,00
50,00
-100,00
-100,00
0,00
500,00
27,78

Source: KPH of Southern Bandung (the data is processed)

In table 1, in Penangkaran in Cairu, if compared in Ciaru if
compared with the total the new born of Javan deer in 1996, so the
percentage growth of the new born Javan Deer from 1996 until October
2000 as many as 175%. Anda then from the table 2, in Penangkaran Ranca
Upas, if compared with the total of the new had borne of Javan in 1982,
and the and the percentage rate the newborn of Javan Deer from 1996

until October 2000 at about 175%. Furthermore, from the table 2, in

Penangkaran Ranca Upas, if compared with the total new born of Javan
deer the growth rate of the new born growth ratet of the Javan Deer per
year is 27, 78%.
From the table 1 and table 2 above, can be determined that the
percentage of the new borne Java Deer per year in Carius is about 175%
is far greater if compared with the Ranca Upas is about 27,78%, or the
percentage rate the new born Java Deer in Ciaru is greater 6,3 times if
compared

in Ranca Upas, and this

shows that

the reproduction

performance of Javan Deer that protected in Cariu to be relative more

better of compared in the Ranca Upas, besides, this item shos the
management protection of Javan Deer in Cariu is more better if compared
in Ranca Upas.
From this research performance can also be seen with the
population growth of deer as a Penangkaran result, shows that the deer is
easy to adapt and grows wit. The environment out of its original habitant
(PPRUK, 1998, Sinclair, 1998)
Furthermore, in this research is also is clarified that the long
duration of sex applied peruode at Javan Deer protected Cariu and ranca
Upas at around one until two days, and this is based on the opinion shows
by Takenjandji, (1995), Takenjandji (1998) and Sinaga (1997) and
Semuadi (1998). In this research is also found that the circle of sex

applied on the Javan Deer in Cariu and in Ranca Upas is at not far
different with the ideas from Takandjandji (1995), Semiadi (1998).

The Ratio Gender of the New Born Javan Deer

This research performs that the ratio gender of the gender male
deer compared with female which borne in Carik as 16: 56 or 1: 3, 5
(Table 1I) while in Rance Upas as 22 : 26 or 1 : 1,2 (Table 2).
Furthermore, from this research performance, in Ciaru or in Ranca
Upas, founded are mostly the new borne of Female Javan deer compared
with the male Javan Deer, and the different between the total amount of
new born Javan deer female compared with the different new born of
Javan Deer have a real different (P<0, 05).
The different result protected in Oilsonbai NTT, where the
tendency area mostly found at new born of male deer or if compared with
the new born female. This caused by the probability of female Javan Deer
in Cariu and in Ranca Upas never been experienced in facing the strong
of environment stress such on NTT, that caused by the shortage of grass
for consume and the air with a high temperature. As the result will grown
many of new born female deer. While the female deer that have been
experiences to face the environment stress tend to give a new born of
male deer, to avoid the potential competition of natural resource in the
local environment that will be faced by his descendants (Hewisson and

Gaillard, 1996). Besides, it could caused by a flock of deer in Carisk and

also in Ranca Upas the association

of individu in the

flock is not

strongly, it means, there is no flock of deer with constant flock, so many

ofa female deer with a dominant characteristic in that group. This tend to
bear the new born of female will support the character of materialized in
its position in a flock or group and still maintaining the better habitat.
This performance is based on the Degayner and Jordan (1987) to the deer
white-tail, although for this reason the Javan Deer need conducting a
further profound research.

The Time Growth and the Dying of Rangga.

In the research in Cariu and Ranca Upas, Ranggah Javan Deer
grows after the Javan Deer female age between 7-9 months. This is based
on the from Takandjandji (1995) at Timorensis Deer protected in NTT
Ranggah at Javan Deer in Cariu grows between December-February
while, in ranca Lepas Ranggah will griws between November-January
Ranggah will grows later less for one months after its Ranggah is
separated to die. The hard at about 6-7 months. Interval the time for
Javan Deer growth in Cariu and Ranca Upas from the separating Ranggah
until the next Rangga which grows and separated later at about 12-14

months, based on the ideas shows by Jacob and Wiryosuhanto (1994),

Tajendjandji (1995), and Sinclair (1988).
The release Ranggah at generally, is the hard rangga, and the skin
Ranggah have been separated, so the Ranggah looks clean. When ranggah
will separated, at around the Ranggah with a color white. The time when
Ranggah will separated, the deer usually act depressive, carefully, even
though afraid if Rangga that Rangga that will separate touched by deer or
another material, and often separated herself from the other of male deer,
male deer doesnt have Ranggah be cause the Ranggah is separate or still
young and have the position subordinate score, while in the group of
female nature deer that consist of the group. Young deer and the now born
deer and then the social status of male deer with the young ranggah or
without ranggah are on the same dominant position with the female deer
as a head group or sometimes under the subordinate position. This is
based the ideas of Alikodra (1990) and Word (1998).
A pair of ranggah not separated on the same time, and sometimes
separated from the one ranggah with another ranggah at about 1-2 days.
The old pustule of separted ranggah, usually bleed and the blood will
become dry in a few hours later.
The deer without having ranggah, at generally have a quite
characteristic and submission to (bow) to other male deer which has a
hard ranggah, when feeding the greass will get together in the flock with

the male deer. The dying rangga of Javan Deer carik, generally occurs in
January until June with the highest frequency on April, while in ranca
Upas, ranggah dies or separated between Mei until June. Therefore it will
find the Upas. The time of Ranggah dying is based on the Timorensis
Deer that protected in NTT (Tajandjandji, 1995), but different with the
Javan Deer and Maluku Deer that protected in Queesnalnd Australia
(Sinclair, 1998). Thus copulation season is characteristic by more male
and a close relationship with sexual power to have a copulation release of
ranggah will followed by the ability of the male sexual to having.
The hard of ranggah has a close relationship with the merease of
hormone testosterone and androsteredion directly will accelerate the
growth and proliferasi cell promodial in the front of head bones that
begin with the growth of pedicle, velvent, and then ranggah become hard.
The essence of testotern and androstenedion will gradually increase when
the forming of pedicle until the being velvet, and easy to grow when the
rangga become hard. When ranggah is releasing in the copulation season
will cause the decrease of concentration testosterone and androstenedion
in the blood. The Different Interval of the time for rangga release is also
caused by the different of breeding management, such as the way to
feeding them and the types of food, stable copulation organization, the
controlling of cattle healt and soon, become the breeding management is
also impact to the growth and the release of ranggah (Asher, 1992 b;

Jacoeb and Wiryosuhanto, 1994, Takandjandji, 1995 ; Takandjandji and

Sinaga, 1997; Tuckwell, 1997; Semiadi, 1998; Sinclair 1998).

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

From this research could be concluded that 1) The rate
percentage the new born of Javan Deer in Cariu 6,3 times bigger if
compared with in Ranca Upas, 2) Many new born of new born female
deer is borne at two location, 3) The interval of ranggah growth until the
ranggah release on the two location is about 12-14 months and 4) the
growth of population and the parentage population of new born in Cairu
is more big if compared in Ranca Upas shows that the reproduction
performance of Javan. Deer that protected in Cariu relative more better if
compared with Ranca Upas.
It is suggested that this research could be an initial step for
conducting a further research in the location of other Penangkaran Deer
with the variable of reproduction performance, management and a various
environmental and any other kinds of deer.