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Department of Chemical Engineering

University of San Carlos Technological Center


Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City

ChE 422L
Chemical Engineering Laboratory 1

Heat Conduction
(Linear and Radial Heat Conduction in Different Types of Solids)

A laboratory report submitted to


Engr. Ramir Jarabis

by
Siclot, Karynne Bernardine G.

March 20, 2015

1. Introduction
The transfer of energy in the form of heat occurs because of a temperature difference
and the movement of heat flows from high temperature to low temperature. There are
three basic mechanisms in which heat transfer occurs: conduction, convection, and
radiation. (Geankoplis, 2003)
Conduction is the movement of heat without bulk displacement of matter. Heat can be
conducted through solids, liquids, or gases, but it mostly occurs through solids. At a
molecular level, heat is conducted through solids by two mechanisms. The first
mechanism applies mainly to metals where heat is conducted by free electrons which
move through the metal lattice. The other mechanism present in all solids where heat is
transported from one atom or molecule of a higher kinetic energy to another adjacent
atom or molecule with a lower kinetic energy. (Geankoplis, 2003)
Heat conduction can be expressed in terms of the rate of the transfer process as in
Fouriers law for heat conduction:
H
dT
=
A
dx
where

(0)

is the heat transfer rate in the x direction in watts (W), A is the cross-

sectional area normal to the direction of flow of heat in m 2, T is temperature in K, x is


distance in m, and

is the thermal conductivity in W/m-K. The quantity

H / A

is

the heat flux which is directly proportional to the temperature gradient dT/dx. The
negative sign in the equation indicates that the temperature decreases as it flows in the x
direction.
The thermal conductivity of homogeneous solids varies quite widely. Metallic
solids have very high thermal conductivities while some insulating non-metallic materials
such as corkboard have very low conductivities. Insulating materials have low thermal
2

conductivities which approach that of air because such materials contain large amounts of
air trapped in the void spaces. (Geankoplis, 2003)
Equations for one-dimensional steady-state conduction of heat through some simple
geometries can be obtained by using Fouriers law for heat conduction or equation (1).

T
i

01
H

(a)

T
0

(b)

Figure 1. Heat conduction through (a) a flat wall and (b) a cylindrical wall

Heat conduction through a flat wall is expressed by integrating equation (1) to obtain
H
(T T 0)
= i
A
(x ix 0)

(2)

and for radial heat conduction


H
(T T 0 )
= i
2 L
R
ln i
R0

( )

(3)

2. Objectives

Determine experimentally the steady-state temperature profiles in solids of


different types and geometries in which conductive heat transfer occurs.
3

Estimate the thermal conductivity of the solid samples from the temperature
profile data and compare the results with the available data in literature.

3. Methodology
3.1. Materials and Equipment
Table 3.1. Materials used in the experiment for linear and radial conduction

Sample
A
B
C
D
E

Material
Brass cylinder (25 mm diameter)
Stainless steel cylinder (25 mm diameter)
Brass cylinder (13 mm diameter)
Brass disc (for radial conduction)
Cork
Miscellaneous materials
conduction paste
tissues
stopwatch

220V
c

Figure 3.1. The heat conduction set-up: a control box/electrical console, b linear heat
conduction unit, c radial heat conduction unit

The heat conduction equipment was designed for linear and radial heat conduction.
The linear conduction unit is composed of a brass material connected to an electric heater
and a cooling water system on both ends, and enclosed in an insulating material to
prevent convection and radiation. The sample for the linear conduction unit can be
attached between the heating and cooling portions of the cylinder. The radial conduction
unit is composed of a brass disc with an 8-mm diameter heater at the center. The power
control switch is used to adjust the amount of electrical energy to be transferred through
the samples. The electrical console is also connected with a voltmeter and an ammeter to
display the actual amount of power supplied. Temperature sensors which have 10 mm

intervals are attached on either the linear or radial unit and connected to the control box
which displays the temperature at different points of the sample.
3.2. Procedure
3.2.1. Preliminary Steps
The main switch of the electric console and the power control switch were switched
off and set to zero before it was plugged into a 220V outlet. The water supply was turned
on for the cooling system. An electric fan was also placed near the set-up to provide an
additional cooling system. The linear unit was connected to the power socket of the
electrical console.
3.2.2. Linear Heat Conduction
There were four samples used for linear heat conduction: samples A, B, C, and E
(Table 3.1). The first sample used was the brass cylinder with 25 mm diameter. The
sample was applied with a sufficient amount of conduction paste on both sides then
attached to the linear unit. The nine sensor leads were attached on top of the linear
module and connected to their corresponding slots at the back of the electrical console. It
was arranged so that the first sensor was nearest the heat source. The fourth, fifth, and
sixth sensors were attached to the sample. The electric console was switched on and the
power control switch was adjusted to match the power input required for this trial (Table
4.1). Then the readings of the temperature sensors, the voltmeter and the ammeter were
recorded after 25 minutes. The power control switch was adjusted again for a higher
power input as indicated in Table 4.1 for the second trial of the same sample. The
readings for the second trial were recorded after another 25 minutes. The unit was
allowed to cool down and cleaned before replacing the samples. The same procedure was
done for all the other samples for the linear conduction unit except for sample E or the
cork where no conduction paste was applied. The fourth, fifth, and sixth sensor leads
were also left attached to the first sample, so only the temperature readings from the
sensors attached to the unit were recorded.
3.2.3. Radial Heat Conduction
6

The heater of the linear heat conduction module plugged into the power socket of the
electrical console was replaced by that of the radial conduction unit. The six sensor leads
on the linear unit were transferred to the radial unit with the first sensor at the center of
the disc. The electrical console was switched on and the power control switch was set to
the required power input. Then the temperature readings and the actual power input were
recorded after 25 minutes. The power input was increased for the second trial and another
25 minutes was allowed to pass before the readings were recorded.
3.2.4. Shutdown Operations
The power control switch was set to 0% and the main switch of the console was
turned off. The cooling water supply was closed and the fan was turned off. The sensor
leads were disconnected and placed neatly on their respective storage place together with
the samples. All tissues used for wiping off the conduction paste from the metal samples
were thrown in the appropriate trash bins.
4. Results and Discussion
Table 4.1. Assigned set of conditions for experiment

Sample
A
B
C
D
E

Material
Brass Cylinder
Stainless steel
Brass Cylinder
Brass Disc
Cork

Dimensions (mm)
diameter thickness
25
30
25
30
13
30
110
3
49
0.75

Power Input (W)


Trial 1
Trial 2
10
40
10
20
10
-10
40
10
--

Figure 4.1. Temperature profile for linear heat conduction through a 25-mm diameter brass
cylinder

Figure 4.2. Temperature profile for linear heat conduction through a 25-mm diameter
stainless steel

Figure 4.3. Temperature profile for linear heat conduction through a 13-mm diameter
stainless steel

Figure 4.4. Temperature profile for radial heat conduction through a brass disc

Figure 4.5. Temperature profile for linear heat conduction through a cork

Table 4.2. Thermal conductivities of the different samples


Sample
A
B
C
D
E

Trial

exp (W/m.K)

1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1

152.73
157.32
44.08
38.50
216.00
311.69
260.74
0.24

lit (W/m.K)
185
24
185
185
0.07

% difference
17.44
14.96
83.66
60.41
16.76
68.48
40.94
245.42

The temperature profile for the brass cylinder with a diameter of 25 mm is expected to
be linear with the assumption that only heat conduction occurs through the length of the
metal. However, the value of the Pearsons R for the curves in Figure 4.1 is only around
0.97. From the plot, it can be observed that the temperature readings after T 3 increased
and then after T6 there is a sudden decrease in the temperature. Overall, it appears that
there is a deviation between T3 and T4 and also between T6 and T7. These data points are
10

where the sample is connected with a paste. This is probably because of the application of
the paste to attach the sample to the set-up. There may not have been enough paste
applied on the surface of the sample. The heat that had passed through the first layer of
conduction paste and entered the sample might have not easily passed through the next
layer of conduction paste. So the heat in the sample somehow became trapped and the
temperature in the sample continued to increase as more heat is being transferred through
the cylinder. This may be why the temperature readings from the sensors attached to the
sample is relatively higher.
Figure 4.2 shows the temperature profile for conduction through stainless steel. The
plot has a steeper line along the length of the sample compared to that of the brass
cylinder. This indicates that stainless steel has a greater resistance to heat flow than brass.
This is also evident in the values for the thermal conductivities of the metals. Brass has a
higher thermal conductivity than stainless steel. The brass cylinder with a smaller
diameter also shows a temperature profile of different slopes. The curve along the length
of the sample is steeper. This means that there is higher resistance to heat conduction with
a smaller surface area. In linear conduction, the sample with the steepest curve is the
cork. The temperature profile shows a very steep line which is almost vertical. This
proves that cork does indeed have a high resistance to heat conduction.
The thermal conductivities of the different samples are tabulated in Table 4.2. These
values were obtained from the temperature profile data and using equations (2) and (3)
for linear and radial heat conduction, respectively. It follows literature values in a way
that brass has the highest thermal conductivity and cork as the lowest value. Literature
values are from experimental measurements and are given for the purpose of comparison.
The differences between the experimental values obtained and from literature could be
due to differences in experimental design.

5. Conclusion
11

For linear heat conduction at steady state through a homogeneous solid medium such
as brass, the flow of heat is constant and the temperature profile is a straight line. For
linear conduction of heat through brass and stainless steel connected in series, the
temperature profile of the stainless steel has a steeper slope than that of brass. A smaller
cross-sectional area also gives a higher resistance to heat conduction. The steeper the
slope of the temperature profile of a material, the higher is its resistance to heat flow.
The material with the highest thermal conductivity is brass with experimental values
ranging from 152.73 to 311.69 W/m-K. Stainless steel has an average thermal
conductivity of 41.29 W/m-K. The lowest thermal conductivity is that of cork with a
value of 0.24 W/m-K. These values correspond to the values obtained from literature,
with brass having the largest thermal conductivity and the cork with the lowest value.
6. References
Geankoplis, C. J. (2003). Principles of Transport Processes and Separation Processes.
New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
The Engineering Toolbox. Thermal Conductivity of some common
Materials and Gases.

Retrieved from

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-

d_429.html

7. Appendices
12

Table 7.1. Raw Data

Sample
Trial No.
Voltage (V)
Current (A)
Sensor
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9

1
76.3
0.13

2
157.6
0.25

1
77.3
0.13

41.7
40.0
37.8
38.0
36.3
35.4
32.4
32.0
31.2

80.8
74.8
67.6
67.4
62.0
57.7
46.2
44.0
40.5

50.9
49.2
45.8

C
2
1
109.8
77.8
0.18
0.13
Temperature (C)
79.0
49.8
75.4
48.2
68.8
43.9

---30.7
30.6
30.2

---34.8
33.9
32.7

---32.0
32.0
31.3

D
1
77.4
0.13

2
154.4
0.25

E
1
77.2
0.13

32.2
31.7
30.9

44.8
42.6
38.4

58.8
57.0
50.5

---29.9
29.3
29.1

---34.0
31.8
30.4

---32.4
31.8
31.2

Table 7.2. Data for calculation of thermal conductivity

Sample

Trial
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1

A
B
C
D
E

surface area
(mm2)
490.87
490.87
490.87
490.87
132.73
18.85
18.85
1885.74

heat flow
(W)
9.92
39.40
10.05
19.76
10.11
10.06
38.60
10.04

T (K)
3.97
15.31
13.93
31.38
10.58
4.49
20.59
16.51

x (mm) or
ln(ri/r0)
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
2.62
2.62
0.75

exp
(W/m.K)
152.73
157.32
44.08
38.50
216.00
311.69
260.74
0.24

Sample calculations:
Power input
P= H =VI
P=(76.3V )(0.13 A)=9.9W

Cross-sectional area of 25-mm brass and stainless steel cylinders


13

A=

d
4

A=

(0.025 m)
=4.91 x 104 m2
4

Experimental thermal conductivity (linear)


exp =

exp =

H
A
( T
x )
9.9 W
W
=152.40
3.97 K
m
K
(
)(4.91 x 104 m2 )
0.03 m

Experimental thermal conductivity (radial)

[ ( )]

H ln
exp =

exp =

ri

r0

2 L( T )

(10.06 W )( 2.62 )
W
=311.69
m K
(2 )(0.003 m)(4.49 K)

% Difference
difference=

exp theo
x 100
theo

14

W
W
152.40
(185
)
(
m K )
m K
difference=
x 100=17.44
185

W
m K

15

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