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RESUMEN
ABSTRACT
Palabras clave: diseo secador, aire caliente, bandejas, curvas de secado, pltano, Dominico Hartn.
Introduccin
Introduction
Dehydration is a widely-used technique in the food industry because of its great benefits, such as weight-loss and reduced humidity content. These conditions facilitate the transportation of the
dehydrated product and extend its shelf-life as a consequence of
water activity being reduced to a level in which microbial growth
and enzymatic reactions become minimised. Different methods
are used in drying foods but hot air is commonly used because of
its simplicity and low operation costs. Besides, they are excellent
systems for dehydrating food like fruits, herbs, grains and vegetables (Treybal, 2000).
Existe en el mercado una gran oferta de equipos a escala de laboratorio para ilustrar diversas operaciones unitarias y apoyar la docencia en ingeniera. Estos equipos, de costo elevado, suelen ser
poco verstiles, en el sentido de que el usuario slo puede realizar
un conjunto limitado de experimentos con cada equipo; adems
son cajas negras, ya que no se conoce su funcionamiento interno
y cualquier reparacin hay que hacerla con la casa matriz, lo que
eleva ostensiblemente los costos de mantenimiento.
There is a broad supply of laboratory-scale equipment on the market to illustrate varied unit operations and contribute towards teaching in engineering. Such equipment is expensive and has not
been adapted to different operating conditions thereby limiting
the user to run only certain types of experiments in each system.
Besides, they are black boxes, meaning that intern operation is unknown and any repair must be made at the manufacturer headquarters, ostensibly increasing maintenance costs.
3
Chemical Engineering. M.Sc. Chemical Engineering, Universidad Industrial de
Santander (UIS), Santander, Colombia. Associate Professor, Faculty of Natural
Sciences and Engineering, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Bogot, Colombia.
edgar.vargas@utadeo.edu.co
4
Food Engineering, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Bogot, Colombia.
fredygarzonrodriguez@yahoo.com
43
MONTAJE Y PUESTA EN MARCHA DE UN SECADOR POR LOTES SEMIAUTOMTICO / DESIGNING, ASSEMBLY AND START UP FOR A SEMIAUTOMATIC HOT-AIR
En espaol
In English
Surge entonces la oportunidad de enfrentar el desarrollo de este tipo de sistemas en un ambiente acadmico, con un equipo liderado por un profesor y apoyado por estudiantes de ltimo semestre
de la carrera, utilizando el espacio de su proyecto de grado para
realizarlo. De esta forma, se pueden obtener equipos altamente
verstiles, interconectables entre s, con calidad comercial, apropiacin tecnolgica y a menor costo (Vargas, 2004).
The object of this document was to show the design and start up
of a semiautomatic hot-air tray dryer that could simulate any environmental condition in Colombia and also carry out a large number of experimental practices to support the different engineering
and investigation subjects involved in this kind of process.
Desarrollo experimental
Experimental development
Para empezar el proceso de diseo del secador se inici por establecer los lmites de las variables a controlar de tal forma que
cumplieran con la condicin de alta versatilidad
Control variable limits were established at the start of the dryer design to fulfil the condition regarding high adaptability, as follows:
- 70C room temperature (fixed according to maximum temperatures used in drying foodstuffs);
- 1 to 4.1 m/s air speed (fixed according to the air speed used by
commercial dryers in industry);
- Radial and tangential flow; and
- 0.009019 - 0.029160 water Kg / dry air Kg absolute humidity
(established according to mean and maximum humidity values
in the main Colombian cities supplied by IDEAM).
The level of automation was fixed to support teaching and investigation in the university and taking into account the budget assignned for the project. The chosen option was manual control of airflow and its speed and the type of drying flow (radial or tangential).
This was to automatically control (in real-time) drying air temperature and indirectly its relative humidity, for automatically sensing
dehydrated sample weight loss and temperature in real-time and
to manually sense the relative humidity in different sections of the
dryer (drying chamber air feed, heating and discharge sections) to
allow students to make mass and energy balances from the process
using psychrometric charts. The drying system units are detailed
below.
Mdulo de deshumidificacin
Dehumidifying unit
A dehumidifying system works by cooling air to its dew point, condensing the water present in the wet air and lowering its absolute
humidity to the desired point. Heat is removed by a fin heat exchanger and a mechanical refrigeration cycle. The procedures used for establishing the sizes of the parts of the unit are shown below.
44
VARGAS, GARZN
En espaol
In English
1
Y ' tG + 273
vH = 8315
+
M
M
pt
A
B
1
Y ' tG + 273
vH = 8315
+
M
M
pt
A
B
(1)
(1)
donde:
Where:
C = ((h * l ) Ab) *V
C = (( h * l ) Ab) *V
(2)
donde:
(2)
Where:
3
G=
C
vH
G=
(3)
C
vH
(3)
donde:
Where:
Qr = G.( Hs He )
(4)
Qr = G.( Hs He )
donde:
(4)
Where:
Qr, heat removal from air in kJ/s
Hs, out enthalpy from air in kJ/dry air kg
He, in enthalpy from air in kJ/dry air kg
G, mass flow of dry air in kg/s
S=
Qr
h * Tm
S=
(5)
Qr
h * Tm
(5)
Where:
donde:
S, rea del intercambiador (m2)
Qr, calor a retirar del aire (kJ/s)
h, coeficiente de transferencia de calor (conveccin forzada)
(W/m2.K)
Tm, diferencia media logartmica entre el refrigerante y el aire K.
45
MONTAJE Y PUESTA EN MARCHA DE UN SECADOR POR LOTES SEMIAUTOMTICO / DESIGNING, ASSEMBLY AND START UP FOR A SEMIAUTOMATIC HOT-AIR
En espaol
In English
Compressor work
Se calcul realizando el balance de energa en la etapa de compresin de un ciclo tpico de refrigeracin mecnica.
This was stated using the energy balance in the compression stage
of a typical mechanical refrigeration cycle.
Wc = h3 h2
Wc = h3 h2
(6)
(6)
donde:
Where:
Pc =
Wc * m
0 .6
(7)
Pc =
Wc * m
0 .6
(7)
donde:
Where:
Sistema de calentamiento
Heating system
Electric fin resistance was used to heat the air to improve heat
transfer and arranged in such a way that airflow was always
crossed. It was calculated by the following equation:
Cfm * T
KWr =
2500
KWr =
(8)
donde:
KWr, Kilo Watts requeridas por las resistencias.
Cfm, Metros cbicos por minuto de aire.
T, Delta de temperatura en grados Fahrenheit.
Cfm * T
2500
(8)
Where:
KWr, kilo watts required by resistance
Cfm, air cubic meters per minute
T, temperature interval in Fahrenheit
The equation was taken from Omega Engineering Product Manuals - Heaters (1995).
Sistema de humidificacin
Humidifying system
El sistema de humidificacin del aire est compuesto por un tanque de agua calentado por una resistencia elctrica. La resistencia
proporciona la energa necesaria para evaporar el agua requerida
en la humidificacin del aire. La potencia de la resistencia fue calculada teniendo en cuenta la cantidad de agua necesaria para lograr el lmite superior de humedad establecido, partiendo de las
condiciones ambientales de Bogot.
The humidifying system consisted of a water tank heated by electric resistance. The resistance supplied the energy required for evaporating the amount of water necessary to humidify the air. Resistance power was calculated by taking into account the amount of
water required to reach the upper limit of previously-established
humidity (Bogots environmental conditions).
Bevap = G * (Ys Ye )
Bevap = G * (Ys Ye )
(9)
donde:
Where:
46
(9)
VARG
GAS, GARZN
En esspaol
In English
PH = Bevap * H *1.15
d
donde:
PH = Bevap * H *1.15
(10
0)
Where:
(10)
PH, pow
wer of immersion
n resistance kJ/s
H, late
ent heat of evapo
oration in kJ/watter kg, 15% loss
S
Sistema
de pro
opulsin de airre
Air pro
opulsion system
m
P
Prdidas
en tub
bera recta
hLt = f Darcy
These were
w
calculated by
b using the follo
owing equation:
L V
D 2gC
hLt = f Darcy
(11
1)
L V2
D 2gC
(11)
d
donde:
Where:
hLt, prdidas en tu
ubera recta (J/kgg)
fDarcy
, factor de friccin de Daarcy (obtenido del diagrama de
d
D
M
Moody)
L longitud de la tubera
L,
t
(m)
D dimetro equiivalente (m)
D,
V velocidad del aire
V,
a (m/s)
gc, 1 kg.m.N/s2
hLt, losse
es in straight pipelines in J/kg
fDarcy, Daarcys friction facctor (from Moodys diagram)
L, piping length in m
D, equivalent diameter in m
peed in m/s
V, air sp
gc, 1 kg..m.N/s2
P
Prdidas
en accesorios
Losses in accessoriess
P
Para
estimar las prdidas
p
en acce
esorios se emple
la ecuacin:
hs = k s
v2
2gC
hs = k s
(12
2)
v2
2gC
d
donde:
Where:
hs, losse
es in obstacles orr accessories in J//kg
ks, loss coefficient
c
(depe
ending on the case)
(12)
IN
NGENIERA E INVESTTIGACIN VOL. 30 No. 2, AUGUST 20
010 (43-51)
47
MONTAJE Y PUESTA EN MARCHA DE UN SECADOR POR LOTES SEMIAUTOMTICO / DESIGNING, ASSEMBLY AND START UP FOR A SEMIAUTOMATIC HOT-AIR
En espaol
In English
v, velocidad en m/s
gc, 1 kg.m.N/s2
v, speed in m/s
gc, 1 kg.m.N/s2
d12 2
K = (1
)
d 22
K = (1
(13)
donde:
d1, dimetro seccin pequea en m
d2, dimetro seccin grande en m.
d1
)
d 22
(13)
Where:
d1, small section diameter in m
d2, large section diameter in m
K = 0.5(1
d12 2
)
d 22
K = 0.5(1
(14)
d 12
)
d 22
(14)
Prdidas en intercambiadores
deshumidificacin
de
la
seccin
de
P = .n.
.v 2
P = .n.
.v 2
2
(15)
donde:
P, cada de presin (N/m2)
, coeficiente de resistencia
n, nmero de filas de tubos en la direccin del movimiento
P, densidad (kg/m3)
v, velocidad del aire (m/s).
La ecuacin anterior se tom de Romano (1968).
2
(15)
Where:
P, pressure drop in N/m2
, resistance coefficient
n, number of pipe rows in the direction of flow
, densitykg/m3.
v, air speed in m/s.
The equation was taken from Romano (1968).
I
9.5
23.4
3.45
0.458
II
9.5
23.4
2.91
0.458
III
9.5
23.4
2.22
0.407
IV
12.7
29.35
2.5
0.5
24.8
24.8
24.8
30
34
20.3
20.3
20.3
34
12.25
Total surface
7.75
9.28
12.13
12.25
I
9.5
23.4
3.45
0.458
II
9.5
23.4
2.91
0.458
III
9.5
23.4
2.22
0.407
IV
12.7
29.35
2.5
0.5
24.8
24.8
24.8
30
20.3
20.3
20.3
7.75
9.28
12.13
48
Taking into account the functionality of the equipment and its teaching nature, temperature and humidity indicator sensors were
installed at the air entrance and also before and after the drying
chamber.
VARG
GAS, GARZN
En esspaol
In English
This allo
owed doing ene
ergy and mass baalances and ensu
uring better
knowled
dge appropriatio
on by students.
The equ
uipment has dataa acquisition carrds, allowing solid weight to
be recorded during a de
esired period of time and saved on
o an Excel
W
and air temperature was controlled
c
by a closed
c
consheet. Water
trol loop with feedback. Equipment re
esponse could vary,
v
modit equation 16.
fying ressistance turn-off time according to
Ta =
Ta =
(16
6)
d
donde:
K .Exp (Tf Tl )
X
(16)
Where:
Ta: turn
n-off time in seco
onds
Tf: temp
perature set poin
nt in oC
Tl: temp
perature readingg in oC
K y X: adjustment
a
consttants
Ta: Tiempo de ap
T
pagado en segun
ndos.
T Temperatura fijada (Set Point)) (oC)
Tf:
T Temperatura leda (oC)
Tl:
K y X: Constantess de ajuste.
LLas constantes K y X se estable
ecen de acuerdo a las respuessta
d
dinmica
del sisttema minimizando los tiempos de respuesta. Los
v
valores
tpicos en
ncontrados para una buena respuesta fueron: K =
5 y X = 4.
Constan
nts K and X we
ere established according to th
he systems
dynamicc response to minimise response
e time. Typical vaalues found
for obtaaining a good ansswer were K=5 and
a X=4.
IN
NGENIERA E INVESTTIGACIN VOL. 30 No. 2, AUGUST 20
010 (43-51)
49
M
MONTAJE
Y PUESTA
A EN MARCHA DE UN
U SECADOR POR LOTES SEMIAUTOM
MTICO / DESIGN
NING, ASSEMBLY AND
A
START UP FOR A SEMIAUTOMATIC
C HOT-AIR
In English
Figure 4:
4 Dryer, control and
d data acquisition syystem
Puesta en marcha
m
y vallidacin del equipo
Equip
pment start--up and validation
En espaol
e
Time(m
min)
v
banana hot air drying curve at 70C
7
Figure 5: Dominico Hartn variety
X = 1.70235 0.0118957
0
t + 0.00000293237t 2
2.46212E 8 t 3
8 3
2.46212E t
R 2 = 99.84493
(17)
50
ems high leFigure 5 shows the currves obtained at 70C. The syste
vel of reproducibility, once designed and built, can be seen by
compaaring the two rep
plicas evaluated. A mathematical model was
also ob
btained which re
elated humidity with
w time in the
e stated condition; this model wass well adjusted to
t the real data. The model
can be seen below
INGENIERA E INVESTIGAC
CIN VOL. 30 No. 2,
2 AUGUST 2010 (4
43-51)
R 2 = 99.8493
(17)
VARG
GAS, GARZN
En espaol
In English
R 2 = 99.3422
(18)
(18)
X(gofwter/gdrysolid)
/
R 2 = 99.34222
Time(m
min)
Figura 6. Curva de secado
s
de pltano seecado por aire calieente a 50 C.
C
Conclusione
es
Concllusions
EEl software de co
ontrol diseado permite
p
una fcil manipulacin de
d
laas variables a controlar con una interfase amigab
ble con el usuario;
a
adems,
puede tomar
t
los datos en
e tiempo real a travs de una inte
erfase a computaador.
The con
ntrol software so
o designed led to
o easy manipulaation of the
variable
es to be controlle
ed with a user friiendly interface; it could also acquire data in real-ttime through a co
omputer interfacce.
A
Agradecimie
entos
Ackno
owledgemen
nts
A la Direccin de
d Investigacion
nes de la Unive
ersidad de Bogo
ot
Jo
orge Tadeo Lozaano, por patrocin
nar este proyecto
o de investigaci
n.
A Industrias Qum
micas FIQ Ltda., por la construcccin del equipo
oy
e apoyo a las lggicas de control
el
B
Bibliografa
/ Reference
es
IN
NGENIERA E INVESTTIGACIN VOL. 30 No. 2, AUGUST 20
010 (43-51)
51