Matriculation QS015 2014

S.Y.Chuah
July 9, 2014

CHAPTER 4 :
Matrices & Systems of Linear Equations
4.1 Matrices
(a) Identify the different types of matrices.
(b) Perform operations on matrices.
(c) Transpose a matrix and solve related problems.
4.2 Determinant of Matrices
(a) Find the minors and cofactors of a matrix.
(b) Find the determinant of a matrix.
4.3 Inverse of a Matrix
(a) Find the inverse of a non-singular matrix using:
(i) adjoint Matrix; and
(ii) elementary row operations,
4.4 Systems of Linear Equations with Three Variables
(a) Write a system of linear equations in the form AX = B.
(b) Find the unique solution to AX = B using
(i) Inverse Matrix Method
(ii) Elimination Method

4.1 Matrices
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns which is enclosed by a pair of brackets.
If a matrix has m rows and n columns, it is called an m n matrix or a matrix of
order m n.
The general form of a matrix of order m n

a11 a12 a13

a21 a22 a23

a31 a32 a33

a41 a42 a43

..
..
..
.
.
.
am1 am2 am3
EXAMPLE 1
Given

can be represented as

a14 . . . a1n
a24 . . . a2n

a34 . . . a3n

a44 . . . a4n

..
..
..
.
.
.
am4 . . . amn

6 3 2
A = 1 0 4
5 7 2

. Find the elements a13 , a22 and a32 .

4.1.1 Different types of Matrices

(i) Row Matrix
Row matrix is a 1 n matrix. It consists of one row only.
Example:


M = a11 a12 a13 a14 a15
(ii) Column Matrix
Column matrix is a n 1 matrix. It consists of one column only.
Example:

a11
a21

M =
a31
a41
a51
(iii) Square Matrix
Square matrix is a n n matrix. It consists of equal numbers of rows and columns.

Example:

a11 a12 a13

M = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
(iv) Zero Matrix
Zero matrix is a m n matrix
denoted by 0.
Example:

0 0
O = 0 0
0 0

which every entry is zero and the zero matrix is



0
0 0
0 0
0 O =
O = 0 0
0 0
0
0 0

(v) Diagonal Matrix

a11 a12 a13

a21 a22 a23

A = a31 a32 a33

..
..
..
.
.
.
am1 am2 am3

. . . a1m
. . . a2m

. . . a3m

..
..
.
.
. . . amm

The diagonal entries of this matrix are a11 , a22 , a33 , a44 , . . . , amm .
A square matrix which non-diagonal entries are all zeroes is called a diagonal matrix.

1 0 0
M = 0 2 0
0 0 3


1 0
B=
0 2
(vi) Identity Matrix
Identity matrix is a diagonal matrix where its diagonal entries are 1 and denoted
by I.


1 0
M=
= I22
0 1
(vii) Lower Triangular Matrix
Lower Triangular Matrix is a square
Example:

a11 a12

M = a21 a22
a31 a32

matrix where aij = 0 where i < j.

a13
a11 0
0
a23 = a21 a22 0
a33
a31 a32 a33

(viii) Upper Triangular Matrix

Upper Triangular Matrix is a square
Example:

a11 a12

M = a21 a22
a31 a32

matrix where aij = 0 where i > j.

a13
a11 a12 a13
a23 = 0 a22 a23
a33
0
0 a33

4.1.2 Operations on Matrices

If we have two matrices, we say that they are equal if they have the same order and
their corresponding elements are equal. For examples,

 

a b c
u v w
=
d e f
x y z
if and only if a = u, b = v, c = w, d = x, e = y and f = z.
Example:
Find the values of x and y if


 

2 x
2 1
=
y 4
1 4

Matrix Addition & Substraction

The sum of two matrices of the same order is a matrix with elements that are the
sums of the corresponding elements of the two given matrices.
**Addition and substraction can
order. For example,

 
w
a b
+
c d
y

 
a b
w

c d
y
EXAMPLE 2

2 1
If A = 0 4
6 2

only be done on matrices with the same

 
x
(a + w)
=
z
(c + y)
 
x
(a w)
=
z
(c y)

3
5 6 3
5 and B = 4 1 0, find
1
2 5 7

(i) A + B
(ii) A B
EXAMPLE 3

3 3
2 3 0
Solve this A =
+ 1 2 .
1 2 5
2 5



(b + x)
(d + z)

(b x)
(d z)

Multiplication of a Matrix by a number

The product of a number k and a matrix M , denoted by kM , is a matrix formed
by multiplying each element of M by k.

 

p q
kp kq
kM = k
=
r s
kr ks

3 1 0
3 . Find kM .
For example, given k = 2 and M = 2 1
0 1 2

3 1 0
3
kM = 2 2 1
0 1 2
EXAMPLE 4

1.3

Find 10 0.2
3.5

Matrix Product
Definition 1 Product of a Row Matrix and a Column Matrix
The product of a 1 n row matrix and an n 1 column matrix is a 1 1 matrix given
by

b1
b2




b3 
a1 a2 a3 . . . an = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 + . . . + an bn
..
.
bn
From the product of row matrix and column matrix above, we can notice that, if the
number of elements in both matrices are not equal, is the product defined? The answer
is NO, hence we must always make sure that the number of elements in the column
of one matrix must be the same as the number of elements in the row of the
other matrix as shown below.

For example,

 1 3
2 3 1
2 0
2 1 2
1 2

EXAMPLE 5

2 1 
1 1 0
(A) 1 0
2 1 2
1 2


 2
1 1 0 1
1
(B)
2 1 2 0
1

5 

(C) 2 2 3 0
2


1
0

1
0
2

EXAMPLE 6




1 3
2 5
(A) If A =
and B =
Show that AB 6= BA
2 4
1 3






2 1
2 5
3 0
(B) If A =
,B=
and C =
Show that (AB)C = A(BC).
0 3
1 3
1 4

EXAMPLE 7

2
5 1
2 6
1 4 3
Given that A = 2 0 3, B = 1 3 and C = 3 1 1 . Express each of
5 1 3
2 5
0 2 2
the following as a single matrix.
(A) A2
(B) A3
(C) CA

4.1.3 Transpose of Matrix

The transpose of a matrix A is the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns
of matrix A.
The transpose of A is denoted by AT .
If A is an m n matrix, then AT is an n m matrix.
Examples:



5
1
5 4 2
If A =
, then AT = 4 6.
1 6 8
2 8

3 1 7

If B = 1 4 8 , then B T =
7 8 5

Properties of matrix transpose

1. (AT )T = A
2. (kA)T = kAT , k is a scalar
3. (A B)T = AT B T
4. (AB)T = B T AT
EXAMPLE 8



1
2
2
2


1 2
A = 2 3 , B = 4 , C =
andD = 0 5 3
3 5
3
1 3 5
Find
(A) AT , B T , C T and DT
(B) (DB)T

4.2 Determinant of Matrices

If A is a square matrix, then the determinant of the matrix A, denoted by |A|, is a real
number associated with the matrix.


 
2 3
2 3

det
= 
5 1
5 1




 1 2 3 
1 2 3


5 7 =  0
5 7
det 0
2 1
2 1
6
6

Determinant of a 1 1 Matrix
If A = (a11 ), then |A| = a11 .
Example:
If A = (4), then |A| = 4.

Determinant of a 2 2 Matrix


a1 1 a1 2
If A =
, then |A| = a11 a22 a21 a12 .
a2 1 a2 2
Example:


5 1
If A =
, then |A| = (5)(2) (1)(8) = 2.
8 2
EXAMPLE 1
Determine the value of k if



k
3 

k k + 1

Before looking at the method to calculate the determinant of 3 3 matrices. Lets look
at minors and cofactors of a matrix which are very useful in finding the determinant
of a matrix.

4.2.1 Minors and Cofactors of a matrix

Minors
If A is an n n square matrix, then the minor, denoted by Mij of the element aij is the
determinant of the (n 1) (n 1) matrix obtained by deleting the ith row and jth
column of matrix A.

For example,

a11 a12 a13

A = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

M23 = M inorof a23



a11 a12 

 = a11 a32 a31 a12
=
a31 a32 

M32 =

3 1 4
2 , find
EXAMPLE 2 If A = 2 5
1
4 3
(A) M11

(B) M23

(C) M32

Cofactors
Cofactor of aij is denoted by Cij ,
Cij = (1)i+j (Mij )
Thus, cofactor is nothing more than a signed minor.
If we are given the matrix,

a11 a12 a13

a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
Then, we denote the determinant as


a11 a12 a13 


a21 a22 a23 


a31 a32 a33 
As an example,


a11 a12 


Minor of a23 , M23 = 
a31 a32 






a11 a12 
2+3 a11 a12 

= 
Cofactor of a23 , C23 = (1) 
a31 a32 
a31 a32 
EXAMPLE 3
Find the minor and cofactor of 2 and 5 in the

2 0

 1 6

1 2


6 5

=
Solution: Minor of 2, M11 = 
2 0

determinant

3
5
0

Cofactor of 2, C11 = (1)1+1 M11 =

NOTE: The sign used in cofactor, (1)i+j , can be determined rather mechanically by
using a checkerboard pattern of + and sign over the determinant, starting with +in the
upper left hand corner. The following sign convention can be used to find determinant
of 3 3 matrices.

+ +
+
+ +

4.2.2 Determinant of a matrix