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(PWS) schemes
Pooja Prasad
CTARA, IIT Bombay
4/9/2013
Agenda
Introduction to Piped water schemes (PWS)
Design of PWS
Define demand
Service level consideration
Source identification
ESR location and capacity design
Pipe layouts
ESR staging height and Pipe diameter
Pump design
Cost optimization
2
Relevance of PWS
The need for PWS
Falling ground water levels
drudgery removal, aspiration for many rural
households, improved water quality in case of WTP
PWS Components
Source
Groundwater, surface
water
Transmission
Network of pipes,
tanks
Delivery
Public stand-posts,
household taps
5
Pump capacity
Source
Demand and
service level
Musai
Dolkhamb
Kharade
Adiwali
Source: Analysis of tanker fed villages in Shahpur by Divyam Beniwal, Pallav Ranjan
10
Water quality
WTP required for a surface source
Pump capacity
noon
2pm
4pm
6pm
8pm 10pm
12am 2am
Intermittent service
Water
consump
tion
13
noon
2pm
4pm
6pm
8pm 10pm
12am 2am
Flowrates
Demand flow rate
Variable for 24x7 supply: depends on consumption
Intermittent supply: depends on designed service hours
Example
Ultimate stage
population = 10,000
Example contd.
Consumption is usually variable
24 hour service (variable demand)
10 hours of pumping (supply)
17
Benefits of ESRs
Pump sizing for avg flow vs. max flow
Max flow
Water
consump
tion
Avg flow
4am 6am 8am 10am
noon
2pm
4pm
6pm
8pm 10pm
12am 2am
Buffer capacity
Peak consumption times
Electricity outage
Practical considerations
land availability
Physical inspection
required for accurate
elevation data
Source: North Karjat Feasibility
Study by Vikram Vijay and team
19
Pump capacity
Demand
%
0%
0%
0%
0%
2%
5%
7%
10%
15%
15%
5%
2%
2%
1%
1%
2%
4%
8%
10%
7%
1%
1%
1%
1%
Flow out
m3
0
0
0
0
10
25
35
50
75
75
25
10
10
5
5
10
20
40
50
35
5
5
5
5
500
Flow in
m3
0
0
0
0
0
50
50
50
50
50
50
0
0
0
0
0
50
50
50
50
0
0
0
0
500
Balance
0
0
0
0
-10
25
15
0
-25
-25
25
-10
-10
-5
-5
-10
30
10
0
15
-5
-5
-5
-5
Cumulative
Balance
0
0
0
0
-10
15
30
30
5
-20
5
-5
-15
-20
-25
-35
-5
5
5
20
15
10
5
0
80
70
60
50
40
Flow out m3
30
Flow in m3
20
10
0
Cumulative Balance
40
ESR capacity 65 m3
30
20
10
0
-10
Cumulative Balance
1
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
-20
-30
-40
21
Why MBR?
22
Define residual
head
Tanks:
height
Pump capacity
23
What is head?
Hydraulic head: Total energy in a fluid
Elevation head, pressure head, velocity head
B
h
Pressure head at A =
elevation head at B
= rgh
A
Elevation head
J
hs
hp
hs
Pressure head
he
datum
L
Source: examples from Introducing Groundwater by Michael Price
24
100m
P = 980
kPA
A
100m
P = 13263
kPA
25
X?
100m
Min Residual
head = 5m
90m
Frictional losses
Head loss
x
Water in
Water out
Pipe roughness
Pipe length
Flow rate
Pipe diameter
27
>=95+5+z
88m
100m
Z=head loss
Min Residual
head = 5m
90m
Pipe Types
Pipe type usually driven by cost
Most used types: PVC, GI (Galvanized Iron), HDPE
(High density polyethylene), MDPE
PVC: Most commonly used; low cost, easily installed.
Prone to leakages, requires frequent maintenance
GI: good for pipes installed over ground and can be
easily welded but more expensive and prone to
corrosion
HDPE/MDPE: cheap, inert, comes in rolls of hundreds
of meter, very low leakage. Electrofusion of joints
requires expensive equipment; lower availability
29
Pipe Layout
f1
A
f1+f2+f3
+f4+f5
Branch network
f2
B
f3+f4+f5
branches
f3
f4
f5
f1
A
f1+f2+f3+
f4+f5
f2
B
f3+f4+f5
branches
Introducing a loop
f3
f4
f5
Grid network
30
Example - Loops
Frictional loss = 1m/ km per m/s velocity
10 km
10 km
D
1 m/s
C
10 km
D
1 m/s
10 km
A
1 m/s
Branch
velocity
loss
10 km
A-B
1m/s
10m
B 1 m/s
C-A
2m/s
20m
C-D
1m/s
10m
Branch
velocity
loss
A-B
0.5 m/s
5m
C-A
1.5m/s
15m
10 km
D-B
0.5m/s
5m
B 1 m/s
C-D
1.5m/s
15m
A
1 m/s
31
Lowest
investment
Is the operational cost
acceptable?
33
Pump specs
Pump power is proportional to
Q*r*g*h
Q supply flow rate
h differential head between pump and MBR
(static head + frictional head + velocity head)
r fluid density;
34
Review
Pipe dia, type, length,
layout
Pump capacity
Source
Demand and
service level