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Titration procedure
Filling the burette
0
10
20
30
Burette
40
50
10
20
Conical flask
30
40
50
Titration procedure
Add indicator to the flask, 2 or 3
drops are enough because all
indicators are weak acids or bases.
Rinse down the sides with water.
Run the solution into the flask from
the burette, slowly.
Rinse the sides of the flask regularly.
Swirl the flask constantly, to ensure
thorough mixing of reagents.
As the end point nears, add the
solution drop by drop.
When the end-point is reached the
indicator will change colour suddenly.
At this point the acid will have exactly
neutralised the base.
Now read the meniscus of the
burette, from the bottom, at eye
level.
Use a filter paper, if necessary, to
make the meniscus more readable.
Record your result.
Repeat the titration several times.
Get the average value.
Only include the values that agree
within 0.2ml of each other.
Calculations
0.012 moles
106
0.012 moles in 250 cm 3
0.012 4 0.048 moles in 1 litre
0.048 Molar
Va Ma Vb Mb
na
nb
19.2 Ma 20 0.048
2
1
Ma
20 0.048 2
19.2
Calculation
Va Ma Vb Mb
na
nb
19.8 0.1 20 Mb
1
1
Mb
19.8 0.1
20
na
nb
13 Ma 20 0.1
1
1
20 0.1
13
0.154 moles / litre
Ma
Na 2 CO 3 .xH 2 O
The x here is a number which represents the
number of molecules of water in the crystal.
The purpose of this experiment is to
determine the percentage of water of
crystallization in a substance by titration.
Procedure
Weigh out accurately 5 g of hydrated
sodium carbonate on a clock glass.
Make up the solution to 250 ml in a
volumetric flask. Follow the same
procedure as for making a standard
solution previously outlined above.
Pipette about 25 ml of this solution into
a clean conical flask.
Add a few drops of methyl red
indicator, enough to impart a faint
yellow colour to the solution in the
conical flask.
Place 0.2 M HCl in the burette and
adjust the level to zero taking all the
usual precautions.
Titrate in the usual manner until the
yellow colour is replaced by a permanent
pink tinge. This is the end-point of the
titration.
Record the volume of acid required to
reach the end-point and repeat several
times until two readings (titres) agree
to within 0.2 ml of each other.
Results
Calculations
Va Ma Vb Mb
nA
nb
23.5 0.2 25 Mb
2
1
23.5 0.2 4.7
Mb
2 25
50
0.094 Molar sodium carbonate
0.094
0.0235 moles in 250 cm 3
4
0.0235 106 g 2.491g
4.239
6.73
100 63 %
equivalent to