Chapter 3- PPT From Rivers :Nursing Theories and Conceptual

Frameworks Page 39 Kosier

Study online at quizlet.com/_1ga47v
1.

Theory: A system of ideas that is presumed to explain a given

phenomenon.

2.

Theory is: Not a fact!

3.

Metaparadigms for Nursing: Four concepts that that can be

superimposed on almost any work in nursing.
1. Person/Client
2. Environment
3. Health
4. Nursing

4.

Person/Client: Receiver of nursing care( can be couple,family,

school, Nation,community)

5.

Health: Goal of nursing. "A dynamic state of being in which the

developmental and behavioral potential of the individual is
realized to the fullest extent possible." (ANA, 1995)

6.

Environment/Situation: Conditions affecting client and the

setting in which the health care needs occur. (Where needs met?)

7.

Nursing: Is the "diagnosis and treatment of the human responses

to actual or potential health problems." (ANA 1995)

8.

Nursing Theory: An organized set of related ideas and concepts

that:
*Assist us in finding meaning in our experiences
*Organize our thinking around an idea
*Develop new ideas and insights into the work we do (keeping
current is viable!)
*Will direct you how to apply nursing process*

9.

Process/Theory Relationship: Theory is the generation of

nursing knowledge for use in practice.
Process is the method for applying the theory or knowledge
The integration of theory & process is the basis for professional
nursing

10.

Nursing Theories: Describe, explain, and predict human

behavior
Are used in practice, education, and research
There different theories: different levels of nursing

11.

Nursing Process: Process versus task

Interaction between nurse/patient
*Nursing Process is NOT A THEORY!*

12.

Metaparadigm: Concepts that can be superimposed on other

concepts.

13.

Paradigm: A pattern of shared understandings and assumptions

about reality and the world.

14.

Philosophy: A belief system, often an early effort to define

nursing phenomena, and serves as a basis for later theoretical
formulations.

15.

Florence Nightengale (1820-1910): Described nursing as

establishing an environment that allows client to heal.
*Taught and used nursing process (didn't call it that)
*Directed nurse to act on behalf of client
*Descriptive theory:frame of reference the client/environment
*Founded School of Nursing in London 1860

16.

Dorothea Orem (1914-2007): Includes three related concepts;

self-care, self-care deficit, and nursing systems.
1971:
*Definition emphasized client's self-care needs
*Goal to help client perform self-care; increase clients ability to
independently meet needs
*Nursing care is needed when client is unable to fulfill biological,
psychological, developmental, or social needs

17.

Dr. Patricia Benner

2011 Living Legend of AAN: *Caring is the essence of excellent
nursing practice
*Caring means persons, events, projects, and things matter to
people. A word to be connected.
*Work with J. Wrobel, (1989), described the relationship between
health, illness, and disease.
*Nurses must understand what these mean to each individual to
provide client centered care
*Caring = Connceted
*Still very active in Faculty development and Education

18.

Dr. Madeline Leininger (1925-2012)

1998 Living Legend of AAN: * Founder of transcultural nursing
*Care is the essence of nursing
*Emphasizes human caring varies among cultures in its
expressions, processes, and patterns; it is largely culturally
derived=must know client's culture/come from

19.

Dr. Jean Watson

2013 Living Legend of AAN: *Developed: Science of Human
Caring Theory
*The practice of caring is central to nursing; it is the unifying focus
for practice.
*Transpersonal caring theory rejects disease orientation to health
care, places care before cure.
*An interconnectedness forms between the one caring and the one
being cared for, both the nurse and the client are influenced, for
better or worse. Transformative.

20.

Theories from other Disciplines:: Maslow's Hierarchy of

Basic Human Needs
Stress and Adaptation
Developmental Theories
Systems Theory
Validation Theory

21.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs: *is used to

designate priorities in providing care
*Five levels of basic needs: biological and physiological needs,
safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, selfactualization
*Helps nurse plan individualized patient care thru the nursing
process
*Further work (1998) 2 growth needs before self actualization:
Cognitive and Aesthetic
Highest need (1971): Transcendence of Self

22.

Stress and Adaptation: *Universal and dynamic

*Physiological and behavioral responses to stressors
*Provide framework for care

23.

Developmental Theories: *An orderly and predictable process

*Can predict behavioral and developmental phases

24.

Systems Theory Page 437 K&E

Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968): *One of the two major theoretical frameworks that
nurses use in promoting the health of families
*Nurses are increasingly using systems theory to understand not only biological systems but also systems in families, communities, and nursing
and health care.
*Using systems theory for health promotion of the family,
the nurse considers how each element of the system affects the others.
*Any living organism is composed of interacting components mutually affecting one another=how interactional parts influence the operation of
the system as a whole.

25.

Validation Theory- Feil, 1993: *From social work

* A way to communicate with older people with dementia- "go to where the demented person is in his own mind."

26.

Critique of Nursing Page 48: *Debates about the role of theory in nursing practice provide evidence that nursing is maturing, as both an
academic discipline and a clinical profession.
*Critique of Nursing Theory Work is still needed to reach an agreement on the meaning of terminology used in the discussion of theory and
whether or not nursing theories should borrow from other disciplines.