METHODS & EQUATIONS

LOCAL POSTBUCKLING, COMPRESSION

Figure 1, Representative load-strain curve of compression panel allowed to postbuckle. Skin local buckling occurs before the
collapse load causing a non-linear reduction of overall panel stiffness.

October 7, 2010

Table of Contents
1

SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................................................3

SYMBOLS............................................................................................................................................................4

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................5

TRADITIONAL METHODS ..................................................................................................................................7

4.1

ANALYTICAL POSTBUCKLING EXAMPLE ....................................................................................................7

4.2

VON KRMN EFFECTIVE WIDTH FORMULAS ...........................................................................................9

4.3

EXAMPLES ................................................................................................................................................12

HYPERSIZER METHOD ...................................................................................................................................15

5.1

EFFECTIVE WIDTH ....................................................................................................................................15

5.2

LOAD-DEPENDENT ITERATION .................................................................................................................15

USAGE ..............................................................................................................................................................17
6.1

EFFECTIVE WIDTH OUTPUT ......................................................................................................................17

6.2

REQUIRED MARGINS.................................................................................................................................17

6.3

BACKDOOR OPTIONS ................................................................................................................................18

6.4

DIAGNOSTICS ............................................................................................................................................19

6.5

SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................20

REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................22

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Methods And Equations

Compression Postbuckling
Date: 2010-10-07

1 Summary
Aerospace metallic and composite laminate stringer-stiffened panels are designed to support load beyond local
buckling of the skin (Figure 2). This design approach requires a method to quantify the postbuckled collapse
strength of the panel. This document presents an accurate and computationally efficient analysis method intended
for broad industry usage based on a rapid, iterative convergence of the effective width of the unbuckled skin
and then convergence of the updated overall panel stiffness and resulting internal load redistribution.
Traditional effective width methods employed in industry are formulated in terms of stringer stress. These
formulas implicitly assume that the panel is metallic and is undergoing a uniform end shortening load. The classic
formulas are therefore not directly applicable in a general-purpose analysis code. In HyperSizer, the traditional
effective width concept has been extended to handle any general loading and material properties. The HyperSizer
method degenerates into the classic methods for metallic panels under pure compression.
This document describes the compression postbuckling methods only. The shear postbuckling methods are
located in a separate HME document. Verifications to published solutions and validations to test data for both
shear and compression postbuckling are included in a single HVV document.

Figure 2, Z stiffened panel with a depicted local buckling mode shape.

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Methods And Equations

Compression Postbuckling
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2 Symbols
a

plate length

plate width

be

effective width

Sx

stiffener spacing

thickness of plate

modulus of elasticity

kc , K c

buckling coefficient

cr

critical stress of a plate

eff

stress in effective portion of plate

st

stress in stringer

cr

critical strain of a plate

MS

margin of safety

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Methods And Equations

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3 Introduction
Stiffened panels have high buckling stability and are efficient at supporting compression loading. The lowest
failure mode of a stiffened panel is usually initial buckling of the skin between stiffeners. Local buckling of the
skin at operating loads occurs due to a relatively wide span of the skin (high b/t ratio). Local postbuckling of the
skin is permissible if the panel can be shown to support additional load beyond the first occurrence of buckling
(bifurcation point). In aerospace designs, skins are normally allowed to local buckle before reaching limit load
usually around 50% limit load.
Illustrated in Figure 3 is the sequence of local buckling. First, an initial bifurcation local buckling mode occurs green line. Second, additional load causes the mode shape amplitude to be greater, blue line. Finally, as the full
local postbuckling strength is realized, the mode shape becomes its largest, red line. We see that as the load is
increased, the buckling mode shape becomes larger and larger.
The stress analysis problem in the local postbuckling range is highly nonlinear. In traditional aerospace design the
concept of the effective width be is used to approximate postbuckling behavior. It is based on the physical
observation that the buckled portion of the skin cannot transmit any additional load because it is now in bending.
Any additional load is assumed to redistribute towards the remaining unbuckled (effective) portions of the skin
and the fully effective stringer.

Figure 3, Different local panel mode amplifications due to progressive compression loading and the resulting remaining
stable effective width be.

As another example, consider a metallic Zee stiffened panel that is loaded in uniform compression (Figure 4). In a
typical postbuckling analysis, uniform compression is more accurately described as an uniform end shortening
since the loaded panel edges are usually required to remain straight as in a test fixture. At the onset of skin local
buckling the analysis is linear elastic, and all of the panel objects such as the skin, stiffener web, and stiffener
flange are all at the same stress level. This level of stress is depicted as the horizontal dashed line in Figure 4c.
As additional load is applied to the panel, the buckled skin between stiffeners remains at the same stress (constant
bifurcation load) and the additional load is picked up by the stiffener and the remaining effective width be of the
skin. As more load is applied, the effective width becomes more narrow and the remaining stable cross section of
skin and stringer carries a higher stress until either the material reaches compressive yield or the stiffener cripples.
For effective width methods, the actual continuous state of stress distribution of Figure 4d is modeled with a
rectangular step function, as shown in Figure 4e.

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Methods And Equations

Compression Postbuckling
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Figure 4, The effective width of the skin is included with the stiffener in the calculation of the remaining panel stable cross
section. As load increases the remaining effective width becomes narrower.

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Methods And Equations

Compression Postbuckling
Date: 2010-10-07

4 Traditional Methods
4.1 Analytical Postbuckling Example
Effective widths can be derived from analytical postbuckling solutions for single plates. This section will discuss
a solution for a very simple case in order to illustrate the physical significance of an effective width.
The analytical solution for the case of a thin, square, isotropic plate under uniaxial loads can be found in Singer
(1998). The plate is simply supported on all edges and no imperfections are specified. All edges of the plate are
required to remain straight. This last restriction that the plate edges must remain straight dictates a uniform endshortening type load. The Nx load distribution across the width of the plate for this simple case is described by the
following equation and is plotted in Figure 5.

N=
x

y 1
Et x ,app x ,app
+
1 1 cos 2 +
cr 2
2
cr cr
b 2

(4.1)

Figure 5, Load distribution across the width of a square postbuckled plate as a function of overall applied strain x.

Several data series are plotted in Figure 5 corresponding to different load levels. In this case, load level is
described by the overall strain in the x-direction. The same plot could also be constructed using net load, P. At
strains equal to or below the buckling strain x,app cr, the load distribution is constant. As the overall strain is
increased above the critical strain, the Nx load redistributes across the width of the plate. The center portion of the
plate remains at a constant load and additional load is absorbed at the edges of the plate.
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Compression Postbuckling
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To find the net load P at a given load level, the Nx line load is integrated across the face of the plate,

P=

b
2

dy
(4.2)

Etb
=

( x,app + cr )
2
The effective width is defined as the width of plate required to transmit the entire net load P assuming the
effective width has a uniform stress level equal to the edge stress of the actual postbuckled distribution. In terms
of equations, the definition of the effective width is,

P N=
x ,edgebet
=
x , edge be or P

(4.3)

Graphically, the effective width concept can be illustrated as shown in Figure 6. The piece-wise effective width
distribution is bounded by the dashed lines, and the area under the effective distribution is shaded. By definition
the area under the effective distribution will be equivalent to the area under the actual postbuckled load
distribution. Of course, both of these areas will be equal to the net load P.

Figure 6, Effective width for load level of 10 times the critical buckling load. The area under the effective width distribution
is shaded. Both the area under the effective distribution and the actual distribution will be equal to the net applied load.

To solve for the effective width, the edge stress or line load is needed. The edge line load Nx occurs at y / b = -0.5.
Solving for Nx at the edge

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Methods And Equations

Compression Postbuckling
Date: 2010-10-07


Et x ,app x ,app
+
1 0
cr 2
2
cr cr

= Et x ,app

N x ,edge =

(4.4)

Substitute Equations (4.4) and (4.2) into (4.3) to solve for the effective width be

P = N x ,edgebe

Etb
( x,app + cr ) =
( Et x,app ) be
2

be =

b
1 + cr
2 x ,app

(4.5)

Equation (4.5) represents the effective width for this case of a square isotropic plate. The effective width will vary
for plates under different loadings, boundary conditions, aspect ratios, and degrees of material anisotropy. Exact
effective width solutions are more difficult solve for more general conditions.

4.2 von Krmn Effective Width Formulas

As discussed in the previous section, the effective width can be derived for certain cases using analytical
solutions. However, closed-form analytical solutions are rare and numerical solutions are difficult to solve. Also,
in some cases it is easier and more accurate to derive the effective width relationship experimentally (by
measuring the stress distribution directly). It is for these reasons that complex solutions are typically not used in
design.
Instead, simplified effective width expressions are used. The common effective width equation used in industry is
sometimes attributed to von Krmn (1932). The expression is derived for a simply supported, isotropic plate. The
main assumption that von Krmn makes is that the effective width is at a stress level equal the critical buckling
load of a simply supported plate of width be. In other words, the remaining strip of effective width must be at the
point of buckling stability assuming simple supported conditions. In terms of the buckling equation,

eff

k c 2 E t
=

12 (1 2 ) be

(4.6)

Solving Equation (4.6) in terms of effective plate width,

be = t

k c 2 E
1
2
12 (1 ) eff

(4.7)

This expression has a lot of history in the aerospace industry and can easily be made to correlate with test data.
Note that kc is function of the number of buckling halfwaves and is equal to 4 for long, simply-supported plates.
At first glance, the von Krmn assumption of the simply-supported effective strip seems somewhat arbitrary, but
it is logical. Consider Figure 7 below. Though the figure shows a stiffened panel, it behaves as a single plate if
simple-supports are assumed at the stringer. As the load is increased to some intermediate load step beyond initial
buckling, the effective width becomes more narrow and denoted as be(i), red color.
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Methods And Equations

Compression Postbuckling
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It is logical to assume that the remaining effective width be(i) must be stable given some assumed boundary
conditions. By inspection, the boundary condition of the effective width span width is difficult to comprehend. It
appears as if it were some complicated combination or rotational and translational restraint. However, an
appropriate boundary condition would be to perform local buckling on the half-span of be(i) that is be(i)/2. The
outer edge (away from web) would be constrained against rotation (as a slider), and the central edge would be
simply supported.

Figure 7, The effective width of a panel stiffener can be analyzed using simple boundary conditions regardless of its relative
width to the unbuckled span.

The top of Figure 8 shows the assumed boundary conditions of the effective width. The sliders act as symmetry
boundary conditions for the half-span. This is equivalent to modeling the full span with simple supports as shown
in the bottom of Figure 8. Therefore, simple-simple boundary conditions on the full effective width can be used to
determine the stability of the effective width.

Figure 8, (Top) Symmetry boundary conditions on the edges of the effective width half-span. (Bottom) Equivalent boundary
conditions of simple supports on the full effective width span. The latter boundary conditions are used to check stability of the
effective strip.

4.2.1 von Krmn Effective Width Forms

The effective width Equation (4.7) is reported in many different forms. This section will derive the different
versions found in commonly used design references.
Nius Stress Analysis and Sizing (1997) defines buckling coefficients as,
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Kc =

k c 2
12 (1 2 )

(4.8)

Equation (4.7) becomes the form applicable to metallic materials found as Equation 14.2.1 in Niu.

Kc E

be = t

(4.9)

eff

The stress term in Equation (4.9) requires some explanation. In some references, the stress term is denoted as st
for the stringer. As we saw in Section 4.1, the stress in the effective portion is assumed to be the edge stress of the
actual distribution. When discussing metallic panels under uniform end-shortening, the edge stress in the skin is
equal to the stress in the stringer (which is uniform). This leads to the common form,

Kc E

be = t

(4.10)

st

If we set kc = 4 and = 0.3 Equation (4.10) can be reduced to the form found in Bruhn (Eq. C7.15) and Singer
(Eq. 8.3).

be = t

( 3.62 ) E

be = 1.9t

(4.11)

st
E

(4.12)

st

Some authors recommend knocking down the constant of 1.9 to 1.7 in order to match test data for panels with
light stringers. This is the form found in Flabel (1997) as Equation 6-6.

be = 1.7t

(4.13)

st

A final form of the von Krmn effective width equation will be derived. First, define the initial critical buckling
load of the plate as,

k 2E t
cr = c

12 (1 2 ) b

(4.14)

k c 2 E
b

=
cr
2
12 (1 )
t

Assuming that the buckling coefficient kc of the original plate is equivalent to that of the effective plate, substitute
the left-hand side of Equation (4.14) into (4.7) to get the expression found in Singer (Eq. 3.110) and Brush (Eq.
3.86).

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b 1
be = t cr
t eff
be = b

(4.15)

cr
eff

(4.16)

Again, eff is the stress level in the effective portion of the plate. This form is convenient to use can be used as a
rough extension to composite materials and biaxial loads. Equation (4.16) is plotted non-dimensionally in Figure
9.

Figure 9, The von Krmn effective width expression, Equation (4.16), as a function of applied stress.

4.3 Examples
This section computes the effective width under three different applied loadings: applied stress, applied strain, and
applied load. The objective is to clarify how the notion of an effective width relates to the applied load. For this
example, consider a long metallic plate with the dimensions shown in Table 1. The critical buckling stress is
computed below.
Table 1, Plate properties of example problem. See calculation of critical stress below.

cr

10 Msi

0.3

0.1

40

10

3,615 psi

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k c 2 E t
cr =

12 (1 2 ) b

4 ( 2 )(10 106 ) 0.1 2

=

12 (1 0.32 ) 10
= 3, 615 psi
4.3.1 Applied Stress
Find the effective width at a stress level of 10 ksi.
Using Equation (4.16),

eff

cr
10
be b=
=

3615
= 6.01"
10, 000

Applying stress to a postbuckled structure is not physically realistic because the net load will vary with the
changing effective area. For example the net load under 10 ksi stress for a fully effective plate is,

000 (10 )(.1) 10, 000 lbf

Pbe =b 10,
=
=
and the net load using the effective width is,

=
Pbe =6.01 10,
=
000 ( 6.01) .1 6, 010 lbf
Though it is physically unrealistic, the applied stress way of thinking is convenient if the crippling stress of the
stringer is known and the skin effective width is needed to in order to determine the total load that the combined
stringer+skin section can support. Typically, textbooks phrase postbuckling problems in terms of stress because
crippling margins or Johnson-Euler column margins of safety are being solved.

4.3.2 Applied Strain

Find the effective width at an applied strain of 0.001 in/in.
First find the stress is the effective portion,

eff =
E =
10 106 ( 0.001) =
10, 000 psi
The effective width is the same as the first example,

eff

cr
10
=
be b=

3615
= 6.01"
10, 000

4.3.3 Applied Load

Find the effective width and effective stress at an applied load of 6,010 lbf.
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The effective portion of the plate must support 6,010 lbf. Rearrange Equation (4.16) in terms of load,

be = b
=b

cr
eff
N x ,cr / t

P ( bet )

be = b 2

N x ,cr

(4.17)

Now we have an expression for effective width in terms of the applied load P. Nx,cr is the critical line load of the
fully effective plate.

N=
=
361.5 lbf/in
x , cr
cr t
Before we solve for effective width, we must verify that the plate will buckle under the applied load.

N
=
x , app

6, 010
= 601 lbf/in
10

The applied line load (assuming fully effective plate) is greater than the critical load therefore we must use
Equation (4.17) to find the effective width.

361.5
2 N x , cr
102= 6.01"
=
be b=
6, 010
P

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5 HyperSizer Method
5.1 Effective Width
The traditional equations are used whenever applicable. The traditional equations do not lend themselves directly
to a general-purpose analysis code. Firstly, an extension to composite materials is not obvious considering that the
elastic modulus of a laminate is no longer sufficient to described buckling resistance (D terms are required). Also,
biaxial loadings must be accounted for.

5.1.1 Metallic
For metallics Equation (4.16) is used in terms of Nx.

be = b

N x ,cr

(5.1)

N x ,eff

Initial local buckling Nx,cr is calculated using the following assumptions:

Plate properties
o Fastened skin only
o Bonded skin+bonded combo smeared stiffness
Plate width b
o spacing span Sx
Boundary conditions
o simply-supported
Loading
o Ny load is considered if applicable

The HyperSizer effective width solution will match the classic methods if the panel is fastened, metallic, under
uniaxial loads, and the skin has a Poissons ratio of 0.3.

5.1.2 Composite
For composites, Equation (5.1) is no longer applicable. Instead, an effective width is iterated using the von
Krmn assumption of a buckling-critical simply-supported effective strip. The logic of the iteration is described
in the next section.

5.2 Load-Dependent Iteration

The HyperSizer effective width solution is a function of the applied loads and thus needs to be iterated to
equilibrium. This load-dependent iteration is performed at two levels: (1) panel stiffness and (2) effective width
stability. Panel stiffness iteration models how the local change in stiffness of the skin affects the global stiffness
of the entire panel. Effective width stability enforces the von Krmn assumption that the remaining strip of
effective width must be at a load level equal to the buckling load of the strip.

5.2.1 Panel Stiffness

The reduction in stiffness of the skin will reduce the global stiffness of the panel. In HyperSizer, the global
response of each panel is described with [A], [B], and [D] matrices that quantify the membrane, membranebending, and bending stiffness. A panel with a postbuckled skin will have reduced A11 stiffness and will therefore
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have more panel strain than a fully effective panel. This in turn redistributes the loads in each object. This load
path redistribution is equivalent to running the HyperFEA process in order to converge the load paths in the
global loads FEM.
When the effective width of an object is determined, the remaining stable cross section is used to determine
updated panel stiffness matrices [A], [B], and [D], including corresponding thermal coefficients for membrane,
bending, and membrane-bending coupling. These updated stiffnesses and thermal coefficients will cause an
update in forces of all objects, which in turn will change the margins of safety.

5.2.2 Effective Width Stability

The second iteration loop determines whether or not the remaining effective width is stable under the applied load
(von Krmn assumption). Simply-supported boundary conditions are used to check the buckling load of the
effective width. This iteration is necessary only for composites because a closed-form solution is not used (as
opposed to metallics).

computed
object loads

update panel stiffness

& object loads
yes

Skin object
local buckled
?

yes

Is effective
width stable
?

no

update effective
width

no
done

Figure 10, Schematic of load-dependent iteration for postbuckling analysis. The loop in the blue box is the logic necessary to
iterate the effective width such that the load in the effective width is at or near the buckling load of the effective width (von
Krmn assumption).

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6 Usage
This section will describe how to execute a postbuckling analysis in HyperSizer. Understanding the available
options and output is critical to running and interpreting postbuckling analyses. To enable postbuckling analyses,
toggle the local postbuckling checkbox in the Buckling Tab as shown in Figure 11. The Failure Tab will display
LPB ON if postbuckling was executed. Also, an effective width will appear in the Sizing Form.

6.1 Effective Width Output

Consider the load-strain curve in Figure 1. The stiffness is linear up until local buckling. After local buckling, the
panel softens as additional load is applied. Eventually the panel fails at some mode crippling, material strength
etc. Because the postbuckling response is non-linear, the stiffness (effective width) is dependent on load level.
Because the effective width depends on the load level, HyperSizer computes the effective widths at four load
levels:

Applied limit load

Applied ultimate load
Failure load at lowest limit margin of safety
Failure load at lowest ultimate margin of safety

The effective width reported in the Buckling Tab of the Sizing Form is the effective width at the controlling
applied load and controlling failure load. For example, if ultimate loads are controlling, the be shown in the
buckling tab is the effective width at the applied ultimate load. This is consistent with how the object loads are
reported.

Figure 11, Advanced window of the Buckling Tab. The checkbox enables local postbuckling. The effective width reported
corresponds to the effective width at the either the limit or ultimate load depending on which is controlling.

In order to save computation time, the effective width is not iterated to each individual failure mode. Instead, the
effective width is iterated to the lowest limit and the lowest ultimate failure mode. Each subsequent limit and
ultimate margin is computed using the effective width from the most critical mode.

6.2 Required Margins

In HyperSizer, a component is said to have failed if the margin of safety is less than the required margin (default
zero). Required margins can be set in the Failure Form by right-clicking the cell of a particular failure mode.

If MSi < MS required then failure

As discussed previously, the skin of compression panels are typically allowed to local buckle at some fraction of
the design limit load. For purposes of discussion say the requirement is 0.5 times the limit load. Therefore, the
required margin of safety for skin local buckling is:

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MS req , local buck =0.5 1 = 0.5

In order to design with postbuckling requirements, required margins of safety must be applied. If the local
buckling margins are set to zero, any negative margin will be interpreted as failure.

6.3 Backdoor Options

Backdoor data options are found by right-clicking the name of a project or workspace in the database explorer and
selecting Backdoor Options. Two options are available for compression postbuckling.

6.3.1 Empirical Correction Factor

This option applies a constant factor to the effective width solution. This can be used to correlate the effective
width to test data.

be = kbe be

(6.1)

6.3.2 Include Load From Non-Effective Skin

The uneffective portion of the skin is traditionally defined as having zero load as in the left side of Figure 12. This
is the default behavior (False). By activating this flag (True), the uneffective portion of the skin will have a load
level equal to the initial buckling load (right side of Figure 12)
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Figure 12, (Left) Include Load in Non-Effective Skin =FALSE. This is the default behavior. (Right) Include Load in NonEffective Skin = TRUE.

6.4 Diagnostics
Diagnostic data can be found in two temporary output files. Due to the large amounts of data, these files are
generated only when a single component is analyzed. These output values will eventually be formally included in
the HyperSizer Stress Reports.

6.4.1 Material and Analysis Detail *.MTL

This file can be accessed directly from the Sizing form, Options Material and Analysis Detail. This file contains
the effective width information only at the lowest limit and ultimate failure load. Here you can see how the
overall panel membrane stiffness is reduced (A11) during the iteration process.

6.4.2 Postbuckling Detail *.PCD

This file can only be accessed in the Output directory of the Temp folder.
\HyperSizer Data\Projects\Temp\<Project Name>\Output\<ProjectName>.PCD
This file contains the effective widths at all four load levels.
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6.5 Summary

Set skin local buckling margins to less than 1.0.

o Example: Skin buckling is acceptable at C times the limit load. Set the required limit margins for
skin local buckling to C 1.0.

Toggle the Local Post Buckling checkbox in the Buckling Tab.

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The effective width in the sizing form corresponds to the controlling applied load (limit or ultimate) and
to the controlling failure load.

Diagnostics
o Material and Analysis Detail file
Sizing Form Options Material and Analysis Detail
o *.PCD temp file
\HyperSizer Data\Projects\Temp\<Project Name>\Output\<ProjectName>.PCD

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7 References
Bruhn, E. (1973). Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures. Jacobs Publishing, Inc.
Brush, D., & Almroth, B. (1975). Bucklng of Bars, Plates, and Shells. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Collier, C., Yarrington, P., & Gustafson, P. B. (2009). Local Post Buckling: An Efficient Analysis Approach for
Industry Use. AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Palm
Springs, CA: AIAA.
Flabel, J. (1997). Practical Stress Analysis for Design Engineers. Hayden Lake: Lake City Publishing Company.
Niu, M. C. (1997). Airframe Stress Analysis and Sizing. Conmilit Press Ltd.
Niu, M. C. (1988). Airframe Structural Design. Conmilit Press Ltd.
Singer, J., Arbocz, J., & Weller, T. (1998). Buckling Experiments: Experimental Methods in Buckling of ThinWalled Structures. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
von Krmn, T., Sechler, E., & Donnell, L. (1932). The Strength of Thin Plates in Compression. ASME Applied
Mechanics Transactions , 54, 53-57.

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