Integral University Lucknow-226026

LuLucknow

Implementation of transmission diversity technique in multi antenna

array systems for improved wireless communications application

thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of

Master in Technology
2013-14

BY
Sandeep Narain
M.TECH, IVTH SEM
Roll No-_____________

Under the guidance of

Prof . (Dr) Syed Hasan Saeed
Head of Department of E.C.E
Integral University Lucknow

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY
Integral University, Lucknow
Dasauli, P.O. Bas-ha Kursi Road Lucknow - 226026

Integral University Lucknow-226026

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled Implementation of transmission

diversity technique in multi antenna array systems for improved wireless
communications application is a bonafide record of the work done by
SANDEEP NARAIN (1200131023) in partial fulfilment of the requirement for
the award of Master of Technology in ELECTRONICS CIRCUIT AND
SYSTEM during session 2013-2014 at Integral University Lucknow.

Prof. (Dr) Syed Hasan Saeed

Project Guide
Head of Department of E.C.E
Integral University Lucknow

Integral University Lucknow-226026

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled Implementation of transmission diversity
technique in multi antenna array systems for improved wireless communications
application submitted by SANDEEP NARAIN in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of Master of Technology in Electronics Circuit and
System at Integral University Lucknow, is an authentic work carried out by him under
my supervision and guidance.
To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the thesis has not been
submitted to any other university/ Institute for the award of any degree.

Date :

Prof . (Dr) Syed Hasan Saeed

Project Guide
Head of Department of E.C.E
Integral University Lucknow

Integral University Lucknow-226026

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge my supervisor Prof. (Dr.) Syed

Hasan Saeed (Head of Department, Electronics and Communication Engineering)
Integral University, Lucknow for his valuable guidance, constructive comments and
encouragement throughout the whole dissertation work. His trust and support inspired
me in the most important moments of making right decisions and I am glad to work
with him.
Also I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep sense of
gratitude, appreciation and indebtedness to Mr. Shailendra Kumar (Jr. Associate
Professor).
I am also heartily thankful to all the teaching and non teaching staff of the
department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for their timely support
and suggestions.
I owe my affectionate thanks to my friends who always provided me moral
support and encouraging environment to take the challenges and make my stay at
Integral University Lucknow a memorable one.
Last but not the least, I make an effort to express my feelings to my parents &
my brothers for their faith in me and allowing me to be as ambitious as I wanted to
and for their continuous support and interest in what I do.

SANDE
EP NARAIN

R
OLL NO: 1200131023

Integral University Lucknow-226026

ABSTRACT

This Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) system uses multiple antennas at the

transmitter and receiver ends of a wireless communication system. MIMO systems are
increasingly being adopted in communication systems for the potential gains in
capacity they realize when using multiple antennas. Multiple antennas use the spatial
dimension in addition to the time and frequency ones, without changing the
bandwidth requirements of the system. For a generic communications link, this work
focuses on transmit diversity in lieu of traditional receive diversity. Using the
Rayleigh channel, it illustrates the concept of Orthogonal Space-Time Block Coding,
which is employable when multiple transmitter antennas are used. The channel
undergoes independent fading between the multiple transmit-receive antenna pairs in
the designed simulink model of three transmitter two receiver MIMO system. For this
given system, a measure of the performance degradation due to the channel is
estimated at the receiver, compared to the case of perfect channel knowledge at the
receiver.
Orthogonal space time block coding (OSTBCs) is used prior to transmission. OSTBC
are an attractive technique for MIMO wireless communications. They are applied for
full spatial diversity order and used symbol-wise maximum likelihood (ML)
decoding. The use of OSTBC do not gives any coding gain. The combiner for OSTBC
at the receiver side provides soft information of the transmitted symbols, which can be
utilized for decoding or demodulation of an outer code.
We have integrated gray coding and modulation to provide a large coding gain.
Concatenating gray coding with an inner code has offered an improved performance.
This thesis illustrates the advantages of an OSTBC and gray coding concatenation
scheme: the spatial diversity gain offered by OSTBC and the coding gain offered by
gray coding. For comparison, two reference MIMO models containing OSTBC at
and are designed along with the SISO model. The diversity and coding gains of the
concatenation scheme over the reference models can be clearly observed from the
simulation results. The results demonstrate the use of Orthogonal Space-Time Block
Codes (OSTBC) to achieve diversity gains in a multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) communication system. The simulation model creates a random binary
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signal, modulates it using a phase shift keying (PSK) technique, and then encodes the
waveform using a rate orthogonal space-time block code for transmission over the
fading channel. The fading channel models six independent links, due to the three
transmit by two receive antennae configuration as single-path Rayleigh fading
processes. The simulation adds white Gaussian noise at the receiver. Then, it
combines the signals from both receive antennas into a single stream for
demodulation. For this combining process, the model assumes perfect knowledge of
the channel gains at the receiver. Finally, the simulation compares the demodulated
data with the original transmitted data, computing the bit error rate. This work is
helpful in increasing the transmission performance of wireless communication
channels with the use spatial domain technique without extending the bandwidth
requirements.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Title

Page no

Bonafide certificate..................................................................................................... i
Certificate................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgement..................................................................................................... iii
Abstract...................................................................................................................... iv
Table of contents............................................................................................ ............v
List of Figures....................................................................................................vii
List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................viii
CHAPTER 1
Introduction ...........................................................................................................1-9
1.1 MIMO Systems.................................................................................................... ...2
1.2 Space time coding in MIMO systems...................................................................3
1.3 Research Challenges.............................................................................................4
1.4 Thesis Objective and Work Plan..........................................................................5
1.4 Thesis Contribution..............................................................................................6
1.4. Applications and Scopes.....................................................................................7
1.5 Problem Statement...............................................................................................8
1. Thesis Structure.....................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 2
Literature Review...............................................................................................10-16
2.1 Fading Channel....................................................................................................10
2.2 MIMO System.....................................................................................................11
2.3 Channel Estimation.............................................................................................13
CHAPTER 3
Methodology........................................................................................................17-27
3.1 STBC Transmission..........................................................................................17

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3.2

Alamouti

STBC

Encoding

Scheme

.................................................................18
3.3 Multiple antenna systems................................................................................19
3.4 Space Time Block Codes................................................................................21
CHAPTER 4
Results and Discussion.....................................................................................28-34
4.1 SISO MODEL DESIGN RESULT...................................................................29
4.2 MIMO MODEL DESIGN RESULT............................................................31
4.3 MIMO MODEL DESIGN RESULT............................................................33
CHAPTER 5
Conclusion and future work..............................................................................35-36
5.1 Conclusion .........................................................................................................35
5.2 Future Work........................................................................................................36
References............................................................................................................36-39
Certificate of Publication........................................................................................40

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No

Title

Page No

Fig 1.1 A Wireless Communication System having Multiple Antennas as Transmitter

and Receiver.................................................................................................................2
Fig 3.1. STBC transmission scheme...........................................................................17
Fig 3.2 Alamouti STBC Transmission Scheme..........................................................18
Fig 3.3 Alamouti STBC Encoded Transmission Matrix.............................................19
Fig. 3.4: Baseband representation of OSTBC G2 of (1.4) with one receive antenna
Fig 4.1: Simulink Model of SISO System..................................................................29
Fig 4.1.1: Performance results of SISO model design...............................................30
Fig 4.2: Simulink Model of MIMO1/2 System..........................................................31
Fig 4.2.1: Performance results of MIMO1/2 model design........................................32
Fig 4.3: Simulink Model of MIMO System............................................................33
Fig 4.3.1: Performance results of MIMO3/4 model design........................................34

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AP:
AF:
AWGN:
BER:
CM:
CF:
DAF:
DF:
HAPS:
ISI:
KF:
LAN:
MIMO:
MISO:
ML:
MPSK:
MRC:
MTCM:
OFDM:
OSTBC:
PCS:
QOS:
SEP:
SIMO:
SISO:
SOC:
STBC:
STC:
STTC:
TCM:
UWB:

Access point
Amplify and forward
Additive white Gaussian noise
Bit error rate
Correlation matching
Compress and forward
Decode amplify and forward
Decode and forward
High attitude platform system
Inter symbol interference
Kalmar filter
Local area network
Multiple inputs multiple outputs
Multiple inputs single output
Maximal likelihood
M-ary phase shift keying
Maximal ratio combining
Multiple trellis coded modulation
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
Orthogonal space time block code
Personal computer service
Quality of service
Symbol error probability
Single input multiple outputs
Single input single output
System on chip
Space time block code
Space code
Space time trellis code
Trellis coded modulation
Ultra wide band

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