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Contents Module 1
General Vibration
Pipework Vibration
Risks
Main Pipe
Excitation Mechanisms
Fretting
Small Bore
Poor Geometry Examples
SBC Supports
Pipework Vibration Criteria
General Vibration
Damping,
Stiffness, K
What is Vibration ?
Peak to Peak
Mass (kg)
Peak
Max Positive +
RMS
AMPLITUDE
mass
Stiffness
(k)
Time
mass
Max Negative Root Mean Square useful unit of amplitude in a sine wave -
RMS 2 / 2 * Peak
Frequency
1.5
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
-0.5
-1
-1.5
1.2
Tim e (sec)
1
Period
0.8
Amplitude
Amplitude
0.5
Frequency = 1 / Period
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
25
50
75
100
125
Frequency (Hz)
150
175
200
20000
Amplitude
10000
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
-10000
-20000
-30000
Time (s)
0.9
Natural Frequency
1
Natural frequency : f n
2
spring stiffness
mass
Excitation can either be tonal i.e. energy is only input at discrete frequencies,
or broadband i.e. energy is input over a wide frequency range.
Tonal Excitation Resonant
Excitation frequency matches a natural frequency then a resonant condition is said to exist. All
excitation energy is available to drive the natural frequency of the system
Broadband Excitation
If the excitation is broadband then there is a probability that some energy will be input at the
system natural frequencies. Generally, response levels are lower than for the purely resonant
vibration case described above because the excitation energy is spread over a wide frequency
range.
Vibration amplitude and frequency data provide good correlation to dynamic strain.
To be able to identify sources of undesirable vibration.
To avoid excitation of resonances in certain parts of the system.
To use for condition monitoring.
To construct or verify computer models of structures & systems.
Fatigue
Progressive and
localized structural
damage that occurs
when a material is
subjected to cyclic
loading
Fatigue Assessment
Stress Ratio SR
Classification
Action
SR < 0.5
OK
None
CONCERN
SR >= 1
PROBLEM
Pipework Vibration
25
20
15
10
0
Degradation
of material
properties
Corrosion /
Erosion
Fatigue / /
Fatigue
Vibration
Vibration
Incorrect
Installation
Operator Error
Inadequate
Procedures
Inadequate
equipment
Inadequate
isolation
Procedural
violation
Line blockage
Excitation
There are a variety of excitation mechanisms which can be present in a
piping system including;
Kinetic Energy
Mechanical Excitation
Transmission
Problems can also occur on pipework which shares supports with either the
machinery or associated pipework, but is not part of the system which involves
the excitation.
Pulsation Excitation
Fluids within piping systems also exhibit natural frequencies Acoustic.
Pressure pulsation is a tonal form of excitation whereby dynamic pressure
fluctuations are generated in the process fluid at discrete frequencies.
If these frequencies coincide with a structural natural frequency of the
pipework system high vibration can occur.
Typical sources of Pulsation are:
Reciprocating Pumps &
Compressors
Centrifugal Compressors
(Rotating Stall)
Flow over bodies within
flow (thermowells)
Dead Leg Branches
U-bolt pipe clamps, particularly where there is no resilient layer (e.g. tico pad)
Resting supports
Deck penetrations
Loose insulation cladding
Contact between pipes (partial clash)
Pipework in contact with other equipment items (e.g. cable racks, handrails,
other fittings, etc)
Temporary supports (e.g. scaffold poles, chain blocks etc.)
Where fretting is identified, the items in contact should be separated and
appropriate inspection performed to quantify any damage which has been
sustained.
Examples of Fretting
Pipework Vibration
Small Bore
Small Bore
Length
Diameter
Type of fitting
Number & size of valves
Parent pipe schedule
Location
Connection handcuffed to
adjacent pipe rather than parent
pipe
Example of critical
clamp not been
re-instated correctly
after intervention work
on line
High cost
Risk of corrosion
Risk of loosening resulting in ineffectiveness
On-going maintenance is required
Thin-wall Pipework
Potential failure location when high
frequency vibration present
ACTION
OK
CONCERN
PROBLEM
Questions
Any Questions