Documenti di Didattica
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Guidelines
JUNE
2011
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................ 3
1. DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT ...................................................................................................... 3
2. HOW TO USE THESE GUIDELINES .................................................................................................. 4
PART 1: FIRE FLOW DESIGN GUIDELINES ..................................................................................... 5
1. GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR FIRE FLOWS IN WATER RETICULATION MODELLING ................. 5
1.1 Background demand used in assessment .......................................................................... 5
1.2 Fire flow provision .............................................................................................................. 6
1.3 Residual pressure ............................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Reservoir capacity for fire fighting .................................................................................... 7
1.5 Minimum pipe diameters................................................................................................... 7
1.6 Hydrant spacing ................................................................................................................. 8
1.7 Design criteria summary table ........................................................................................... 9
2. MANAGEMENT OF DEVELOPER REQUESTS FOR FIRE FLOW ......................................................... 9
2.1 Assessment of system for private fire system designers ................................................. 10
2.2 Caution when providing information to designers .......................................................... 10
2.3 Changes to levels of service ............................................................................................. 11
2.4 Use of LWU street hydrants by developers ...................................................................... 12
2.5 Metering of fire services .................................................................................................. 12
3. MARKING AND MAINTENANCE OF FIRE HYDRANTS ................................................................... 13
3.1 Maintenance .................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Marking fire hydrant locations ........................................................................................ 13
PART 2: FIRE FLOW DESIGN LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................... 14
1. THE NEED FOR FIRE FIGHTING SUPPLY........................................................................................ 14
2. RELEVANT LEGISLATION, STANDARDS AND CODES .................................................................... 14
2.1 Relevant legislation, standards and codes applicable to LWUs ...................................... 14
2.2 Legislation, standards and codes applicable to development ......................................... 17
3. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES .................................................................................................... 18
3.1 Local water utility ............................................................................................................ 18
3.2 Property owner/developer ............................................................................................... 19
4. NSW FIRE BRIGADE REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................... 19
5. HYDRANT FLOW AND PRESSURE AND TANK STORAGE DESIGN PERFORMANCE........................ 20
5.1 Flow requirements ........................................................................................................... 20
5.2 Pressure requirements ..................................................................................................... 20
5.3 Tank storage requirements .............................................................................................. 20
5.4 Determination of design demands .................................................................................. 20
5.5 95th percentile demands ................................................................................................. 21
5.6 Local water utilities .......................................................................................................... 21
Page 1
Page 2
FOREWORD
The Fire Flow Design Guidelines was prepared by Hunter Water Australia Pty Ltd under the
direction and peer review of the Water Subcommittee of the Water Directorate.
This document has two purposes: the first is to provide guidelines for Local Water Utilities
(LWUs) on the criteria and standards that pertain to fire flows and the second is to provide a
literature review of fire flow standards around Australia.
The completion of these Guidelines would not have been possible without the valuable
assistance of Wayne Franklin from Rous Water and Chair of the Water Subcommittee and the
following voluntary subcommittee members from the Executive Committee over the past 18
months:
In addition, the seven member councils that forwarded their example flow rate application
forms for inclusion in Appendix 11 are thanked for their valuable contribution.
1.
These Fire Flow Design Guidelines set out recommendations on best practice for the
management of fire flows in the reticulation systems belonging to LWUs in NSW.
Given the lack of specific regulations and standards, these Guidelines are issued as best
practice guidance for LWUs. Alternately, LWUs may adopt standards better fitting to their local
circumstances.
The Water Directorate and its consultants:
The Fire Flow Design Guidelines should not be reproduced without written permission from the
Water Directorate, except as permitted by the Copyright Act 1968. Photocopying and
modifying these Guidelines is permitted when undertaken in accordance with the
recommendations provided in the document. Water Directorate 2011.
Page 3
2.
This document is divided into two parts to allow easy reference for the reader: guidelines on
the minimum criteria, design and maintenance of fire flow infrastructure (Part 1) and detailed
background information in the form of a literature review (Part 2).
Part 1 of the document contains guidance:
on the minimum criteria for designing water reticulation where a LWU desires to make
provision for fire flows in residential, commercial and industrial areas.
to LWUs in their response to proponents of significant developments seeking to meet
their fire fighting obligations from Councils water reticulations.
on appropriate maintenance and management standards for fire hydrants in their
respective reticulations.
Page 4
1.
The basic approach to modelling fire flows using a hydraulic model is:
determine and apply a background demand across the whole of the reticulation model
determine and apply the chosen fire demand at the chosen model node(s)
ensure pipe diameters and pipe configurations are adequate to achieve the chosen
residual pressure in the reticulation
ensure reservoir capacities are adequate to provide a fire fighting reserve of water.
Guidelines for each of the above design criteria are outlined below.
Page 5
determine residual pressures. There are two methods available within AS2419 on which to
assess the 95th percentile demand.
First method
A modelling assessment based on the flows that are obtained for 95% of the time. This must
take into account the varying levels of demand achieved not only on a daily basis but also on a
diurnal basis to assess the flow that exists within the network 95% of the time.
Second method
95th percentile can also be defined as the maximum flow on the day of the year where 95% of
the days in that year have a lower peak demand. This level of demand requires daily demand
to be available for the LWU over an extended period of time so that the assessment of the
95th percentile can be made. Once the daily flow that represents the 95th percentile is
determined, a diurnal model would be imposed and the highest flow rate obtained from the
super imposition of the diurnal pattern on the 95th percentile demand day would be used as
the base design flow within the system.
Where a hydraulic model is available but insufficient flow records are available to determine
the 95th percentile flow, a more basic modelling approach could be undertaken utilising the
NSW Public Works methodology given in Appendix 1. Utilisation of this method requires the
running of an instantaneous model which allows 0.1 L/sec/tenement demand, plus an
appropriate demand allowance for non-residential development throughout the reticulation and
the required fire flow at the node adjacent to the development under consideration.
Page 6
Page 7
100
150
150
150
mm
mm
mm
mm
Rather than installing a single 150 mm main in commercial areas some water authorities install
a 100 mm main on each side of the road to facilitate future development servicing and
minimise disturbance to landscaping that may occur due to road crossings.
Specific analysis may indicate that larger pipe diameters are required in some areas.
LWUs, when considering whole of community costs for new commercial/industrial development
areas, may require installation of infrastructure such as larger diameter water pipes that could
provide additional hydrants flowing at 10 L/s to satisfy the higher fire fighting requirements. If
LWUs made this assessment it would potentially reduce duplication of individual onsite
infrastructure required to service individual customers. This may lead to a lower whole-of
community cost for provision of fire fighting flows. Such an assessment must be made by the
LWU at the planning stage for the new zone development, e.g. a new industrial zone or a new
commercial zone.
Page 8
Criteria
Reference
Flow Provision
Background Demand
95th Percentile
1.1
0.1 L/sec/tenement
1.1
Residential Buildings
(3 storeys or less)
10 L/s
1.2
20 L/s
1.2
Commercial area
20 L/s
1.2
Industrial area
20 L/s
1.2
150 kPa
1.3
Must be positive
1.3
1.4
100 mm
1.5
150 mm
1.5
Commercial area
150 mm
1.5
Industrial area
150 mm
1.5
Urban
Maximum 70 m
1.6
Rural residential
Maximum 120 m
1.6
Rural
1.6
Residual Pressure
Reservoir Capacity
Minimum reserve capacity in reservoir
for fire fighting
Minimum Pipe Diameters
Hydrant spacing
2.
There are no legal requirements for a LWU to make specific provision for the fire fighting
requirements of a developer where that developer is attempting to meet the requirements of
the Building Code of Australia and or other relevant codes and regulations.
Page 9
It is therefore up to the LWU to decide what level of responsibility it wishes to accept with
regard to meeting specific fire fighting requirements of specific developments. In making that
decision LWUs should be conscious of the fact that the water reticulation infrastructure is a
community asset and should wherever possible be utilised to support the economic wellbeing
of the community.
Page 10
Typical examples of disclaimers used currently can be reviewed in Example 1 and Example 2
below.
EXAMPLE 1:
The above flow and pressure information is a calculated estimate from mathematical models
of the water supply system, and should not be treated as a guarantee of supply in any way.
These values are not representative of conditions at all times of the day or season and are
subject to variables beyond Councils control, such as a proposed system augmentations,
variations in system demands or changes in hydraulic operation of the network. You should
also be aware that Council is presently undertaking a pressure and leakage management
program that may result in a reduction in water supply flow and pressure in the area.
For these reasons <insert council name> cannot guarantee water pressure greater than the
following for use within the property.
Normal Daily Water Demand (Background Demand) 22 m at the property boundary
Fire System Demand 12 m residual pressure in Councils water supply main at the
hydrant with the following maximum flow rates:
residential 15 L/s for 2 hours duration
commercial/industrial 30 L/s for 4 hours duration
NOTE: Pressures/ flows quoted above are specific to an existing LWU and were used in this
document in entirety, and may not represent intended compliance with any Australian
Standard or design code.
EXAMPLE 2:
The calculated residual mains pressure quoted above may be used at the applicants risk for
the design of the installation of private fire hydrants, fire sprinkler systems, fire hose reels
and domestic fixtures only, in accordance with the provisions of Councils Policy. The
calculated hydraulic information provided in this letter is valid for 12 months from the date
of the conducted field test.
From the LWUs perspective, system modelling of the proposed pressure reduction should be
carried out to confirm that the LWUs commitment to fire flows, i.e. 10 L/s per hydrant with a
Page 11
positive residual pressure superimposed on the 95th percentile demand can still be satisfied (if
these are the flows and pressures adopted by the LWU). In most circumstances a properly
designed pressure reduction system should be able to achieve this requirement.
For building developments, however, reduction in pressure may sufficiently change the
situation such that the fire service installed on that development can no longer meet the
requirements under the Building Code of Australia. This could occur in particular where the
LWU had advised the developer that residual pressures in the LWUs mains were sufficient to
enable the development to take fire flows without the provision of booster pumps or storage or
a combination of both.
By retrofitting pressure reduction, it may mean that when the annual testing cycle for the
development takes place, the developer finds out that their fire service no longer complies with
the requirements of the Building Code of Australia. In these circumstances it can be an
expensive exercise for the owner to retrofit the necessary infrastructure to comply. For
circumstances where commercial/industrial developments may be impacted by proposed
pressure reduction schemes, it is recommended that advance notice be given to building
owners before pressure reduction is implemented to enable them time in which to have their
systems re-assessed and potentially retrofitted to ensure compliance with the lower expected
pressure. Alternatively, the initial advice to developers could include a minimum guaranteed
pressure clause, and any pressure reduction measures would be required to take this
guarantee into account.
Where inline meters are installed, the meter assembly should not include a strainer and should
have the same nominal bore as the fire service. The hydraulic effect of the meter and
Page 12
associated pipework and fittings must be included in flow and pressure calculations of the fire
hydrant system design.
3.
3.1 Maintenance
The NSW Local Government (General) Regulation states the following:
(1) The Council must maintain the hydrants in effective working order.
The above direction is not supported by any performance standards. No requirements have
been able to be identified for LWUs that specify inspection testing and maintenance
requirements to be undertaken on fire hydrants installed in a LWUs reticulation.
A LWU should have a programmed maintenance routine that ensures they assess the following
on periodic basis:
Marking: inspect and make good all hydrant markers on roadways, poles and other
locations.
Hydrant Covers: Inspect and exercise each cover.
Hydrant: Engage standpipe. Due to the amount of water that would be wasted it is
recommended that LWUs not exercise the standpipe once engaged.
blue cats eyes to be permanently fixed on the roadway, street or lane adjacent to the
hydrant
indicator plates are fixed to utility poles
poles show distance and pipe diameter that should be used in addition to cats eyes
future location methods may include electronic records e.g. laptop interface with regular
updates showing hydrants.
Page 13
Page 14
The council:
(a)
(b)
This subclause does not apply to a water main that is less than 100 millimetres in
diameter or if the water supply system is not sufficient for the operation of fire hydrants
(in such circumstances the council may provide other means for the ready supply of
water to extinguish fires).
(2)
The council may, at the request and expense of the owner or occupier of a building,
install a hydrant (to be used only for extinguishing fires) in or in the vicinity of the
building. If such a hydrant is installed, the council must ensure that it is maintained
in effective working order.
(3)
(4)
The council must at all times keep charged with water all its pipes to which
hydrants are connected unless prevented from doing so:
(5)
(a)
(b)
while necessary repairs to the pipe or hydrant are being carried out.
Persons authorised to do so by the council may take water without charge for the
purpose of extinguishing fires.
Page 15
It would appear therefore that the older distribution systems currently maintained by
councils would not satisfy the requirements of the Australian Standard for fire hydrant
installations.
2.1.3 WSAA Water Supply Code of Australia (WSAA 03-2002 Version 2.3)
The Water Services Association of Australia has prepared standard documentation with
the intent of it being adopted by the major water authorities located around Australia
who belong to this association.
This code, described as a technical reference, has been adopted and modified by several
water authorities for their own design guidelines (e.g. Sydney Water and Hunter Water
Corporation have both adopted the Water Supply Code of Australia but have modified to
suit their own requirements). The WSAA Water Supply Code of Australia in 3.2.4 Fire
Flows states that:
Unless otherwise required by Water Agencys operating licence, the water supply
system shall not be specifically designed for fire fighting capability. Where a specific
allowance is required, the Water Agency shall specify design requirements.
Sydney Water, in its version of the Water Supply Code of Australia, has left that
particular clause unchanged.
Hunter Water Corporation in their version has included the application of fire flows on top
of design flows and specified minimum pressures that should be available at the hydrant
when the fire flow is being taken on top of their normal design requirements. It is
understood that Hunter Waters requirements are very similar in practice to that required
under AS2419.1 Fire Hydrant Installations. It should be noted that this is a matter of
conscious decision by the Corporation not an outcome of a response to a legislative
requirement or operating licence requirement.
Page 16
2.1.5 AUS-SPEC
AUS-SPEC is a framework document, similar in intent to the WSAA guidelines. AUSSPEC allows insertion of relevant clauses on a needs basis, and merely provides the
prompts for ensuring that a specification may be considered robust. The design demand
clause in this document makes no provision for fire flow. The clause on hydrant spacing
states 60 metres.
As such, there are no specific requirements for the design of fire fighting systems, other
than that inserted by the end-user of the specification. The document references many
relevant standards and guidelines, including AS2419.1 and WSAA documents.
Page 17
The standard outlines design requirements for hydrant systems, including flows,
pressures, location/ arrangement of pipework and hydrants, supply and storage,
pumpsets, boosters, ancillary equipment and commissioning.
One key point made within commentary C3.2.2.1 states that:
Whilst street hydrants may be used to provide coverage in system design if they
can provide suitable performance, most water agencies do not design their systems
to cater for individual property fire fighting flow and pressure requirements.
If a developer of an individual property proposes to utilise a LWUs street hydrant to
satisfy the requirements of the Building Code of Australia, the developer will need
to have documentation from the LWU that specifies the performance of the
respective street hydrant and a commitment to the maintenance of that
performance. It is at the LWUs discretion if it will issue documentation that would
allow the developer to rely on the street hydrant to satisfy their requirements.
With respect to the above, it should be noted that AS2419.1-2005 1.1 states that:
This Standard also applies to street fire hydrants used in lieu of onsite fire hydrants
or to supplement the coverage by street fire hydrants.
This is of particular interest to water authorities as the flow and pressure statement
provided to a developer for a street hydrant meets the requirements of AS2149 the
developer may rely on this hydrant rather than installing a private hydrant.
Page 18
The LWU will need to clarify the ongoing validity of any advice provided. This would normally
be done by means of a disclaimer. This will enable the LWU to avoid claims from private
property owners for compensation where changes to system operations affect the available
system pressures.
LWUs require combined water service and fire service to be metered, however, such metering
should not unduly restrict fire flows and the fire system design should cater for the increased
headloss associated with metering devices.
Dedicated fire services may be monitored for unauthorised or excessive use by typically
installing a small diameter metered bypass with appropriate backflow prevention. Though this
does not necessarily measure volumes accurately, it does indicate that water has been used
through the dedicated fire service.
Page 19
2.3.1 outlines the flow rate requirements for different building classes. The flow
determined by a combination of building use and building floor area, and are
in terms of number of hydrants flowing simultaneously 1. The minimum flow rate per
defined as 10 L/s 2.
Page 20
industrial areas. If these methods are not possible, collaboration with similar LWUs could result
in more effective determination of demands.
It is noted that previous prescriptive approaches to determining theoretical demands have in
many cases been superseded as improved demand monitoring capabilities have become
available. These prescriptive demands are not necessarily incorrect, however adoption of
measured consumption patterns would inevitably lead to better management of the water
supply network.
Page 21
Page 22
The NSW Code of Practice for Plumbing and Drainage has the following clause:
NSW 6.5 Metering of a Fire Hydrant or Sprinkler Service
Water supply to a fire hydrant or sprinkler service shall not be metered unless directed
by the Authority.
Fire hydrant services shall be installed with a double check detector assembly which
incorporates a metered by-pass. An authorised meter shall be supplied, installed and
maintained by the property owner.
Individual meters for hydrant/sprinkler and domestic services may be required by some
authorities.
It should be noted that there is a current proposal to move away from the Code of
Practice and rely on AS3500. AS 3500.1:2003 Clause 6.5 states:
Water supply to a fire hydrant or sprinkler service shall not be metered unless directed
by the network utility operator.
Page 23
Where the metering of the water supply for fire fighting purposes is required by the
water agency, inline meters shall not be installed.
NOTE: The preferred method is a metered bypass across a non-return valve.
NSW Fire Brigade considers the requirements of AS2419 should apply. They have commented,
however, that AS2419 is under review and a revised draft clause on metering has been
prepared as follows:
4.7.2.1. Metering of Water Supplies
Where metering of the water supply for fire fighting purposes is required by the water
agency, a meter shall be installed:
(a)
(b)
Where inline meters are installed, the meter assembly shall not include a strainer and
shall have the same nominal bore as the fire service. The hydraulic effect of the meter
and associated pipework and fittings shall be included in flow and pressure calculations of
the fire hydrant system design.
NOTE: A LWU may specify requirements differing from the above as a condition of
connection to its reticulated water supply.
If this clause is adopted, and NSW Fire Brigade is of the opinion that it will be adopted, it will
be clear that LWUs will have the right to enforce metering of fire and sprinkler services.
Page 24
the pressure at a particular point that can be maintained for 95% of the time based on
system modelling 4 or
either the minimum pressure available on the day of the year where 95% of the days in
that year have a lower peak demand (approximately equates to the 18th highest demand
day in any year), or the minimum pressure available on the highest demand day
5
excluding the lowest 5% of pressures on that day .
Alternate to modelling, the pressures may be determined by testing the water supply system
using approved methods 6 such as the testing methods outlined in Appendix F of AS2419.1.
Hydrant testing is preferable when there is no available system model or the model does not
represent the system as designed. Examples of this situation are if the model is not at system
design capacity or when it is known that friction characteristics could produce unreliable results
without field verification.
The minimum residual pressure/flow rate information must be provided by the LWU. The
designer of the development should normally provide the fire flow that they have determined
applies to their development as part of their request for the pressure statement from the LWU.
Appendix 9 presents the results of the information provided by LWUs to designers of hydrant
systems.
Page 25
standards under the reduced pressures. It could also include revising the area of rezoning such
that only areas where design pressures were not provided experience pressure reduction.
An alternative to this (more relevant to new design approvals) is to cover the provided flow @
minimum pressure design information with an indemnification clause against future area
rezoning.
One clause clarifying the accuracy of provided information is as follows:
The above flow and pressure information is a calculated estimate from mathematical
models of the water supply system, and should not be treated as a guarantee of supply
in any way. These values are not representative of conditions at all times of the day or
season and are subject to variables beyond Councils control, such as a proposed system
augmentations, variations in system demands or changes in hydraulic operation of the
network. You should also be aware that Council is presently undertaking a pressure and
leakage management program that may result in a reduction in water supply flow and
pressure in the area.
For these reasons <> cannot guarantee water pressure greater than the following for use
within the property.
Normal Daily Water Demand (Background Demand) 22 m at the property boundary
Fire System Demand 12 m residual pressure in Councils water supply main at the
hydrant with the following maximum flow rates:
NOTE: Pressures/ flows quoted above are specific to an existing LWU and were used in
this document in entirety, and may not represent intended compliance with any
Australian Standard or design code.
An alternate clause is:
The calculated residual mains pressure quoted above may be used at the applicants risk
for the design of the installation of private fire hydrants, fire sprinkler systems, fire hose
reels and domestic fixtures only, in accordance with the provisions of Councils Policy.
The calculated hydraulic information provided in this letter is valid for 12 months from
the date of the conducted field test.
Please find enclosed a duplicate copy of this letter which must be returned to Council
with the design calculations.
These clauses provide a means by which the LWU can modify their system. It is however
considered prudent that LWUs provide advice to development designers outlining potential
system changes (i.e. potential pressure reductions) that should be allowed for in fire fighting
system design.
Page 26
capacity. Models can be used to assess instantaneous flow/pressure relationships under fire
flow condition. Extended period simulations can also be used to assess reservoir performance
whilst the system is drawing flows for fire fighting.
A variety of modelling packages are available on the public market, and range in functionality
and useability, depending on the requirements of the LWU. Models can be based on the LWUs
asset data, with some modelling packages allowing direct interface with GIS. SCADA
integration is becoming more common, which (if available) allows validation of modelled
systems utilising data logging devices (reservoirs, flow meters, pumping stations) already
present within the water supply network.
Modelling of system performance under fire flow conditions can provide more accurate system
performance than hydrant testing in the field, as it allows direct estimation on a 95th
percentile day, rather than whatever day the hydrant testing happens to occur on. A 95th
percentile day can set up as a single base case, with variations on that model then allowing
pressure and flows to be assessed at specific points within the network. Alternatively, some
modelling packages allow fire flows to be assessed, in turn, across an entire water supply
system.
It is noted however that the key to achieving reliable results from any computer model is
correct construction of the model, verification against observed data, and adequate updating of
the model to ensure changes to the system are accurately represented.
LWUs have previously used a variety of methods for setting up a system model, ranging from
using in-house resources (if available) to sub-contracting the task to external consultants. It is
recommended that, as part of the model setup process, sufficient training is provided to LWU
staff such that the model may be utilised as required, rather than simply constructing a model
which is never again utilised.
A non-exhaustive list of companies that produce water supply system modelling packages is
given below. It is recommended that the LWU makes careful consideration of the modelling
software to be used, as features of different packages can vary widely. LWUs should
specifically check the fire flow simulation options with the software providers to determine if
the software is capable of such simulations.
Page 27
APPENDICES
Page 28
Page 29
Page 30
Page 31
a standard hose length is 30 m. This can however be as short as say 23 m due to hose
repairs
standard hose diameter is 70 mm
a single hydrant standpipe connects to two hoses, each hose drawing 10 L/s
fire pumper has capacity of 1800-2000 L - for rescue and rapid suppression purposes
only- tender must then be refilled from street mains (can be done whilst pumping from
fire pumper)
adequate residual pressures under required flow is essential- lower can pressures cause
soft suction hose to collapse. The higher the pressure the better
preference is for 25 - 30 m head before drawing fire flow
watermains must provide a minimum residual pressure of 150 kPa at required fire flows,
however the NSWFB believes 200 kPa is preferable (this is to minimise pump cavitation
and associated risk of damaging pumps)
fires are generally extinguished within 4 hours- any extended time could be due to
nature of fire (fuel load) or unavailability of adequate water
hydrant spacing of 90 m permits connection within one to two hose lengths to nearest
hydrant
maximum hydrant spacing of should be no greater 120 m.
Flow Preferences:
Residential areas:
Industrial areas:
up to three separate hydrant connections (20 L/s per hydrant- 60 L/s total).
Rural areas:
large rural fires (sheds etc.) could use up to 2 hydrants (40 L/s total)- usually restricted
due to available supply.
Inspections of Hydrants:
The maintenance and inspection of hydrants are the responsibility of the LWU, however the
NSWFB carry out inspections and minor maintenance such as vegetation removal and indicator
plate replacements as part of their preparedness role. The possibility of a register (uncertain
what format) is currently being explored to reduce duplicate inspections by Sydney Water and
the NSWFB.
Page 32
Recycled Water:
Hydrant Marking:
preference is for blue cats eyes to be permanently fixed on the roadway street lane
adjacent to the hydrant
indicator plates are fixed to utility poles
pole also show distance and pipe diameter that should be used in addition to cats eyes
future location methods may include electronic records e.g. laptop interface with regular
updates showing hydrants.
Where inline meters are installed, the meter assembly shall not include a strainer and
shall have the same nominal bore as the fire service. The hydraulic effect of the meter
and associated pipework and fittings shall be included in flow and pressure calculations of
the fire hydrant system design.
NOTE: A LWU may specify requirements differing from the above as a condition of
connection to its reticulated water supply.
Page 33
Contact Name
Basis of Standard
S Horvath
Stephen Kay
Kamal Fernando
In - House/AS2419
Nil
In - House 1985/based
Ordinance 70
Stewart McLeod
Doug Hill
Ljupco Lazarevski
Bruce Douglas
Page 34
on
In-house
and
Based
on
recognised Community Service
Obligation and Qld Guidelines
Fire
Flow
(L/s)
Residual
Pressure
(m head)
Duration
of Flow
(hours)
Hydrant
Spacing
(m)
Minimum
Pipe Size
(mm)
Hunter Water
Corporation
Sydney Water
95% demand
10
15
not
specified
100-120
100
Peak Day
None
Specified
11
None
Specified
28
120
100
not
specified
100
60
100
75
100
80
100
80
100
not
specified
Comments
Peak Day
10
13
Tamworth Regional
Council
Shoalhaven City
Council
Queensland DERM
Peak Day
10
15
0.05 L/s/ET
2/3 Peak Hour
None
Specified
15
None
Specified
12
15
12
20 total
positive
not
specified
70-75 with
max 120
Page 35
Fire Flow
(L/s)
Residual
Pressure
(m head)
Hunter Water
Corporation
Sydney Water
95% demand
20
Peak Day
Duration
of Flow
(hours)
Hydrant
Spacing
(m)
Minimum
Pipe Size
(mm)
15
70-120
150
None
Specified
15 or 22
None
Specified
28
120
100
None
Specified
None
Specified
60
150
75
150
80
150
150
not
specified
Comments
Peak Day
20/40
13
Tamworth Regional
Council
Shoalhaven City Council
Peak Day
10
15
0.05 L/s/ET
None
Specified
30
None
Specified
12
30
12
80
60 total
positive
4 hours
Queensland DERM
Page 36
not
specified
Base Design
Flow
Fire Flow
(L/s)
Residual
Pressure
(m head)
Hunter Water
Corporation
Sydney Water
95%demand
10
Peak Day
Duration
of Flow
(hours)
Hydrant
Spacing
(m)
Minimum
Pipe Size
(mm)
15
180-220
150
None
Specified
11
None
Specified
28
120
100
None
Specified
None
Specified
Minimum 1
120
100
None
Specified
None
Specified
12
not
specified
None
Specified
up to 150
None
Specified
100
not
specified
Comments
Tweed Shire
Council
Dubbo City
Council
Tamworth
Regional Council
Shoalhaven City
Council
Queensland DERM
None Specified
None
Specified
None
Specified
None
Specified
7.5
7.5
12
80
100
up to 40 total
positive
up to 4
hours
70-75 with
120 max
Peak Day
0.05 L/s/ET
small community
small community post
2009 - 15 L/s pre 2009
Page 37
Metering
Fire hose reels
Backflow
Hydrants
Sprinklers
Hydrants
Sprinklers
Sydney Water
Page 38
Information
Requested from
Designer
Information Provided
Fire Flow
(L/s)
Flow Flow
(L/S)
Residual
Pressure
(m head)
Sydney Water
Residual
Pressure
(m head)
Comments
Pipe Size
(mm)
Duration
of
Flow
(hours)
Detailed disclaimer
Not applicable
Queensland DERM
Gold Coast Water
Not Applicable
Y
Detailed disclaimer
Page 39
Page 40
Page 41
Page 42
Page 43
Page 44
Page 45
Page 46
42 5536 34447
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0
,,+-.++/
1 2
2
3
4
6 7
4
8
CUSTOMER NAME:
..
POSTAL ADDRESS:
..
..
PHONE NUMBER:
...
APPLICANT SIGNATURE
.
DATE
Date:
Receipt No.
CSO.
S:\Data - WATER DIRECTORATE\Action Plan\Fire Flows\Appendix 11\Dubbo Fire Flow Investigation Form.docx
WS7.7,
RM:SC
L:\WSASSET\Fireflows\Water Pressure template.doc
(date)
ATTENTION:
(address)
Dear Sir/Madam
WATER PRESSURE: address
In reply to your request received by Council on ., you are hereby advised as follows:
1.
The maximum available water pressure in Councils . mm main adjacent to the site,
running along .. is approximately . kilopascals at periods of low
consumption, eg overnight or wet weather.
2.
3.
The pressure in the main for various fire flow rates is as indicated below:
Flow (L/s)
Pressure (kPa)
0
5
10
15
20
4.
Council has no surveyed ground levels available near to the site, but from airborne laser
survey maps held by Council a level of R.L. . has been adopted and these pressures
are related to that level.
5.
Please note that these results have been obtained from an uncalibrated water supply
hydraulic model and this should be taken into account when reviewing results.
Yours faithfully
FORM
(Blanks not to be photocopied. Print direct from DAKS)
(Printed on 24-Jun-11 at 10:06)
Assessment no:
DP:
Parcel:
Description:
(e.g. 6 x Residential Flats)
(see note 1)
No
(see note 3)
No
No
No
Other Yes
No
No
If Fire Service:
Internal Hydrants Yes
No
(see note 3)
No
(see note 3)
Sprinklers Yes
No
(see note 3)
Applicant Signature:
Date:
NOTE:
1. Attach plans or draw plan overleaf, include as much information as possible.
2. Applicable fee (see current Management Plan Fees & Charges) MUST be paid with lodgement of application.
3. Hydraulic Calculation Report will be required for connection/part connection to a fire service.
4. Test results are valid for 6 months.
5. Please work off 40-60mts head pressure to accommodate future installation of pressure reduction valves.
OFFICE USE ONLY:
Fund: 141117.0521
Payment Amount:$
Receipt Number:
Date:
Applicant NAR:
Date:
Group / System:
Date Issued:
23-Jul-08
Revised:
Status: Approved
Version: 2
Page: 1 of 2
FORM
(Blanks not to be photocopied. Print direct from DAKS)
(Printed on 24-Jun-11 at 10:06)
Group / System:
Date Issued:
23-Jul-08
Revised:
Status: Approved
Version: 2
Page: 2 of 2
FORM
(Blanks not to be photocopied. Print direct from DAKS)
(Printed on 24-Jun-11 at 10:06)
Name:
Address of Premises to be Tested:
Lot: _______
DP: ________________
Size of Main:
Date:
Time:
Weather:
Temperature:
kPa
kPa
10 L/s
(600 L/m)
kPa
15 L/s
(900 L/m)
20L/s
(1200 L/m)
L/s:
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
Maximum Pressure:
kPa
Minimum Pressure:
kPa
Comments:
Group / System:
Date Issued:
14-Sep-09
Revised:
Status: Approved
Version: 2
Page: 1 of 1
Address:
Location:
Street Name
DP. No.
Sect. No.
Job / Description:
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
43.29
Residual
Pressure
(m)
64.07
62.81
59.68
54.9
48.55
40.72
31.44
20.75
8.69
0
70
60
Available
Flow Rates
(L/sec)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
Comments / Notes
Above information based on an uncalibrated model of the system.
The above is the available hydrant flow at this node without additional fire demands
The required minimum residual pressure to be maintained at any one time is 20 m head.
30
35
40
45
50
FACSIMILE TRANSMISSION
WATER ENTERPRISES
TO:
FAX No:
ATTENTION:
DATE:
No of PAGES:
FROM:
FAX No:
TELEPHONE:
LAND FILE:
TRIMMED TO LF
(02) 67675849
(02) 67675
SUBJECT:
Dear Sir
In reply to your enquiry of
concerning the above it is advised that the following test results
were achieved
at the locations shown on the ATTACHED plan.
Summary Results:
Static Pressure:
(KPa)
Maximum Flow obtained during test:
(Litres/second)
Date :
Time :
Water main size:
Flow & Residual Pressure Results:
Location (A)
Location (B)
Asset No:
Asset No:
(Flow - Litres/second)
You are advised that these figures apply only to the flow and pressure available at this particular time
and the results will vary from time to time depending on several factors including, reservoir head and
usage by others in the reticulation system.
Council is not able to guarantee these results will be available at all times or that these are minimum
results and therefore they should be used as a guide.
Please contact Mark Brodbeck should you wish to discuss this matter further.
Regards
May 2011.docx
Instructions
Clear Form
Mobile
Email
Postal Address
Location of Test
(plan attached)
Date
Tests Required
Pressure:
Yes
No
Yes
No
10
15
20
25
30
35
Nil
Pressure (Kpa)
Maximum Flow Rate
L/s
Operators Name
Asset Location - Hydrant
No.(s)
Comments
Fee Paid
Receipt No
MNEMONIC
Officer
BackFlowHydTest
Minimum Test Fee of $255.60 must be paid prior to issue of Certificate ($399.40 if traffic control required).
Job No. B0852.0004. Enquiries to Gary Cain (02) 6670 2600.
Page 1 of 1