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MILITARY SCIENCE 1
HANDBOOK/WORKBOOK
(INSTRUCTORS COPY)
QUIRINO S CALONZO
2007
PREFACE
QUIRINO S CALONZO
Tarlac City
5 July 2007
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my grateful acknowledgement on the invaluable
assistance extended to me by the following in the preparation of this material:
The Training Staff of the 3rd Regional Community Defense Group, ARESCOM,
headed by LTC DANIEL A DELA CRUZ INF (GSC) PA;
To Msgt FABIAN SEGUERA (RES) PA who is also a professor of Tarlac State
University for his technical assistance in the design of this workbook;
To the ROTC Instructors and cadets who inspired me to prepare this material
to standardize teaching and enhance learning of the basic military subjects;
To my Family for their morale support and for those whose names were not
mentioned but have assisted me in one way or the other in the preparation of this
material for their time and effort;
And above all, to the Great Architect of the Universe for giving me the right
attitude, strength and wisdom, my sincerest thanks and heartfelt gratitude.
MILITARY SCIENCE I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1.
MILITARY ORIENTATION:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
2.
Legal Bases
Military Organization
Philippine Military History
AFP Core Values
Military Courtesy and Discipline
Military Justice
Military Justice
Military Leadership
Basic Intelligence
Basic Map Reading and Land Navigation
Individual Movement Technique
Basic Formation
Basic Weapon Training
1)
3)
f.
3.
MANDATORY READINGS
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
6.
CIVIL AFFAIRS
a.
b.
c.
5.
Pre-Marksmanship Training
PUBLIC INFORMATION
a.
b.
4.
ANNEXES
a.
b.
LEGAL BASES
Section 4, Article II of the Constitution provides that the prime
duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The
Government may call upon the people to defend the State and in
the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under
conditions provided by law, to render personal military or civil
service.
Section 38, Article VII, Republic Act 7077 states that,
Military training for students enrolled in colleges, universities and
similar institutions of learning is mandatory pursuant to the
provisions of the National Defense Act of 1935 and the 1987
Constitution.
Commonwealth Act Number 1, otherwise known as the
National Defense Act, was the very first statutory enactment by the
Commonwealth government on December 23, 1935. Commonwealth
Act Number 1 required the compulsory military training of all
college students. Executive Order Nr 207 was later issued by
President Manuel L Quezon requiring all college students to
undergo military instructions pursuant to Commonwealth Act Nr 1.
The very rationale of military training is the defense of the state,
whether actual or in preparation to make it more effective in case of
need.
The National Defense Act was amended in 1980 by
Presidential Decree 1706 (The National Service Law) which directs
that military service will no longer be compulsory, but leaving the
national service or training to be in effect. Military Training Service
(MTS), Civic Welfare Service (CWS), Law Enforcement Service
(LES) make up the National Service Program. But the CWS and LES
component were suspended, leaving only the MTS program, which
is the present ROTC program. In SY 1993-1994 DND, CHED and
DILG formed a tripartite committee, the Basic ROTC Program was
expanded upholding three (3) programs of the National Service Law
(MTS, LES and CWS). It was implemented in 1996 but failed since
only five percent (5%) of the students enrolled in CWS and LES
components while ninety-five percent (95%) took the MTS (ROTC).
The rising agitation and recent events call for the reexamination and review of the sixty-year-old law requiring college
students to undergo military training. This resulted to the
enactment of Republic Act Number 9163 which makes ROTC
Optional and requires male and female freshmen students taking
baccalaureate degree and at least two (2) year vocational/technical
or associate courses to take the National Service Training Program
(NSTP) with any of the three (3) Program Components namely:
ROTC, Literacy Training Service and Civic Welfare Training Service.
5
MILITARY ORGANIZATION
The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) recognizes the
constitution of the Republic of the Philippines as the legitimate
expression of the peoples will. It is mandated to serve and protect
the people and secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity
of its national territory from internal and external threats.
Therefore, the AFP pledges allegiance to the Filipino people,
adheres to the principle of supremacy of civilian authority over the
military at all times and vows to uphold and defend the
constitution.
MILITARY ORGANIZATION
It is defined as a group of persons or units bonded together to
perform military functions with definite responsibilities and duties
assigned to each individual.
THE CHAIN OF COMMAND
In any organization, flow of authority and responsibility is of
utmost importance.
It enables an organization to function
smoothly. And thus, everything that has to do with the operation of
the group must pass through channels. In the military point of
view, effective management of the groups is shown through the
chain of command.
The President (Commander-in-Chief)
Secretary of National Defense
Chief of Staff, AFP
Major Service Commanders (PA, PN, PAF)
Unified Command Commander (NOLCOM, SOLCOM,
WESCOM, VISCOM, WESTMINCOM, EASTMINCOM)
Division Commanders
Brigade Commanders
Battalion Commanders
Company Commanders
Platoon Leaders
Squad Leaders/Team Leaders
DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
The Department of National Defense (DND) is located at Camp
Emilio Aguinaldo, EDSA, Quezon City.
2.
The Vice Chief of Staff, AFP VCSAFP is the Deputy
Commanding General of the AFP. He assist the Chief of Staff and
performs his function during the latters absence or inability to
perform.
3.
The Deputy Chief of Staff, AFP DCSAFP is designated
by the CSAFP and exercises general supervision over the Joint
Staff and Special Staff (Administrative and Technical).
4.
Secretary of Joint Staff, AFP the SJSAFP is the
executive officer of the CSAFP, VCSAFP and DCSAFP. He is the
secretary of the Joint Staff.
a.
f)
g)
h)
i)
(TCPMG)
(TCDD)
2)
a)
The Chief of Engineers (TCE)
b)
The Quartermaster General (TQMG)
c)
The Chief, Communication, Electronics
& Information Service (TCCES)
d)
The Surgeon General (TSG)
e)
The Chief Dental Service (TCDS)
f)
The Chief Nurse (TCN)
c.
Philippine Army
Philippine Navy
Philippine Air Force
AFP ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
AFP
PA
PN
Major Services
PAF
Area Commands
WESTMINCOM
NOLCOM
SOLCOM
WESCOM
VISCOM
EASTMINCO
SOUTHCOM
M
GHQ/HSC
AFPCEIS
PSG
PMA
AFP
RESCOM
AFPJCSC
AFPCEIS
LOGCTR
PASAFP
10
ISAFP
AFPFC
AFPMC
11
CAPABILITIES
1.
Assist proper government agencies in the enforcement
of laws and regulations pertaining to navigation, immigration,
custom revenue, quarantine and fishing in the territorial and
contiguous water of the Philippines.
2.
Develop doctrines, procedures, tactics, organization and
equipment peculiar to the navy for uni-service operations.
3.
Perform such other duties as the President may direct.
MISSION OF ARESCOM
To develop, organize, train, equip and administer a high
competent mobilizeable reserve force as an integral component of
the total army in the defense of the state and to participate in socioeconomics development effort of the government.
CAPABILITIES
1.
Administer reservists.
2.
Provide ready reserve force.
3.
Conduct informal assembly.
4.
Sustain the production of reservists.
5.
Assist in relief and rescue operations during disaster
and calamities.
6.
Assist the local government units.
7.
Assist in socio-economic activities.
8.
Assist retirees and veterans.
9.
Support the internal security operations in terms of
intelligence collection and civil military operations.
10 Support the Berdeng Pilipinas Program of PGMA.
12
PA
Combat Units
HHSG
SOCOM
LABDe
CAG
ISG
525ECBn
Engr Bde
AREO
ASCOM
ARESCOM
AMIC
SSU
VICECOM
CS
RMISO
PED
ATC
HQS BN
NCR
HSCOY
CDC
RES Units
13
ROTC UNIT
PAFC
can choose from. The ROTC training period was also reduced from
two years to one year. Students can also select any component of
the NSTP, thus making ROTC optional. Female students are also
required to undergo NSTP as a prerequisite for graduation for a
baccalaureate degree or two-year vocational courses.
The NSTP has three (3) components namely: the ROTC, which
is designed to provide military training to students to prepare for
national defense, the Department of National Defense (DND) is the
lead agency in the implementation of the ROTC component, the
Literacy Training Service (LTS), which is designed to train students
to become teachers to school children, out of school youth and
other segments of the society who are in dire need of their service,
the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) is the lead agency in
the implementation of the LTS component and the Civic Welfare
Training Service (CWTS), which will involve the students to
activities to contribute to general welfare and betterment of life, the
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) is
the lead agency in the implementation of CWTS component. The
students can select any of the three (3) components as a
requirement for their baccalaureate degree or two-year vocational
course.
Prior to the implementation of the NSTP, the ROTC was a two
year mandatory training for male college students and also a
requisite for graduation in college.
Through the years the
enrollment had gone down tremendously. The program also
experienced steady deterioration essentially due to issues and
concerns which include among others graft and corruption, lack of
competent, dedicated and committed instructors and higher
student-instructor ratio. Moreover, students do not appreciate the
Program as shown by the high rate of students dropping out or
deferring the ROTC training while many have decided to enroll in
the other two components. This has significantly reduced the
number of our reserve force pool who are not only to be readily
available in case of war or national emergency but also to perform
relief and rescue tasks when needed.
As of today, many concerned citizens and school
administrators and legislators alike are advocating for the
enhancement of the ROTC program by making the same
compulsory to state colleges and universities. The Armed Forces of
the Philippines is fully supporting this effort. The advocacy is
based on the perceived decline in the appreciation of the youth on
the value of patriotism and good citizenship.
21
Honor
Loyalty
Valor
Duty
22
e.
Solidarity
Culture,
Customs
and
Traditions
and
Core
Chain of Command
23
d.
Military Leadership
Peoples Support
National Development
Partisan Politics
Democracy
National Interest
24
j.
Peace
War
The AFP believes that war or the use of force against the
enemy of the state shall be resorted to only when all the peaceful
means shall have failed and no other option is left to resolve the
conflict.
l.
m.
Social Justice
Human Rights
state:
1)
Those who shall violate the sovereignty of the
Philippines such as foreign aggression whose intention is to
occupy and control the national territory or part thereof.
2)
Those who resort to violence as a means to
achieve their ends such as CPP/NPA/Guerillas.
25
3)
Those who shall not accept the supremacy of
civilian authority over the military, such as the coup plotters and
participants.
4)
Those who shall dismember the country or any
part thereof, such as the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
and other secessionist groups.
5)
Those who shall engage in organized crimes, such
as gambling syndicates, drug pushers, gun runners, hired killers.
6)
Those who shall organize the populace for the
purpose of alienating their allegiance from the state such as the
national democratic front and the sectoral organizations under its
umbrella.
p.
Professionalism
Standards
1)
Standard of Loyalty
Standard of Competence
26
3)
Standard of Ethics
Every soldier must conform to the accepted
principles of right conduct, being observed in the society which he
is a part, from being a soldier, he is also a citizen of the community,
because the military community is only a part of a larger society
the Filipino society
4)
Standard of Morals
The soldier must be aware that he has the capacity
to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong. To be
moral is to do the right things and to avoid the wrong ones.
r.
Unprofessional Acts
Acts of Disloyalty
We are disloyal when we do something or refuse to
do something that constitute betrayal of our country and people,
non-support to our duly constituted government and disregard to
the AFP chain of Command. Some disloyal acts are cowardice in
the face of the enemy, desertion or abandonment of post, AWOL,
insubordination, disrespect to superior, bypassing the chain of
command.
2)
Acts of Incompetence
We are incompetent when we lack the required
knowledge, skills, physical attributes and character traits
necessary for the adequate performance of duty and
accomplishment of mission.
3)
Unethical Acts
Unethical acts are deviations from the established
and accepted ethical and moral standards of behavior and
performance laid down in the AFP code of ethics. Some of these
unethical acts are using government time for outside employment,
sideline, position or authority, unwarranted assertion or rank,
tolerating irregularities in the military service, etc.
4)
Corrupt Acts
Corrupt acts are crimes against public interest,
public morals, property, chastity, civil status of person and honor.
We are corrupt when we are dishonest, unjust and commit moral
acts.
27
DEFINITION OF TERMS
a.
MILITARY DISCIPLINE - is the state of order and
obedience among personnel in a military organization. It is
characterized by the men's prompt and willing responsiveness to
orders and unhesitating compliance to regulations.
b.
MILITARY COURTESY - are the acts of politeness,
civility and respect that personnel in the military organization
accord to one other. Just like in the civilian world, military courtesy
serves to smooth the personal relationship among men in the
profession of arms. As a soldier, you must be thoroughly familiar
with the different forms of military courtesy. Learn to practice them
wholeheartedly and insist that your fellow soldiers do the same.
c.
CUSTOMS OF THE SERVICE it is the body of unwritten
or common law of the armies, navies and air forces.
d.
MORALE the term may be defined as the mental state
and spirit of an individual or unit.
e.
EFFICIENCY it is the ability to accomplish successfully
an assigned task in the shortest possible time with the least
confusion. Efficiency requires interest, resourcefulness, and
proficiency. It develops pride, and the satisfaction of a job well
done.
2.
THE SALUTE
The salute is the most important and the most common form
of all the military courtesies. It is a time honored tradition of the
profession of arms, practiced in all military organizations in the
world. The manner an individual executes the salute is an
28
1)
Commissioned Officers (both male and female) of
the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
2)
Commissioned Officers (both male or female) of
the Armed Forces of Allied Nations.
3)
Civilian high officials or foreign dignities during
military honors rendered for them.
4)
Colors and standard not cased.
b.
When to Salute
1)
2)
3)
4)
Reporting to an officer.
Meeting an officer
When the national color passes by
When the national anthem is being played. (Out
5)
6)
door only)
c.
1)
When troops are at work
2)
Indoors, except when reporting to an officer.
3)
When carrying articles with both hands, or being
so occupied to make saluting impracticable.
4)
When attending to a vehicle.
5)
When meeting a prisoner
6)
When in ranks
Military personnel in uniform are always required to
salute all persons who are entitled to such courtesy whenever they
meet and recognized them. Saluting, however, is not necessary
when riding public conveyances such as trains and busses or
when inside public places such as theaters and restaurants or
29
a.
Saluting distance is the distance of recognition. Usually
it does not exceed 30 paces. The salute is rendered and the hand is
held in position until the officers saluted has passed or after the
salute is returned
b.
A salute must always be returned by the officer entitled
to it, unless he is in the formation of other officers. In which case,
only the most senior or the marcher returns it.
c.
The salute must never be rendered in a casual or
perfunctory manners, nor with pipe, cigar or cigarette held in the
mouth or in the right hand. It is only rendered at a halt or a walk. If
running, a soldier comes to a walk before saluting. When mounted
on a horse, he brings the horse to a walk and salute.
d.
When several are in a group, not in formation, all rise
and salute. When in formation, only the commander or the most
senior salutes.
e.
The salute is made whether a headgear is worn or not.
f.
A soldier salutes an officer if he meets and recognizes
him inside a military camp even though they are both in civilian
clothes or when either one of them is in uniform. When both or
each of them are in civilian clothes and they meet outside of camp,
a courteous "Good Morning , Sir" or other greeting will do.
g.
The salute is rendered only once if the officer remains in
the immediate vicinity and conversation takes place, the junior
must again salute the officer when he leaves or dismiss him.
h.
Unlike Navy personnel, soldiers never salute with the left
hand. When a soldiers hold something on his right hand, he
transfer it to the left and salute. When it is impractical to burden
both hands, he simply greets the officer as he meets him.
i.
The salute is always executed while looking at the
person being saluted. It is always best to accompany such
courteous gesture with "Good Morning, Sir" or some appropriate
greetings.
j.
Enlisted Personnel salute other enlisted personnel only
in formation when rendering reports.
k.
Whenever a soldier is in doubt, as to whether a salute is
appropriate or not-HE SALUTES
30
4.
31
MILITARY JUSTICE
Military justice is the system for enforcing discipline and
administering criminal law in the Military Establishment. Under the
broad concept, rules governing the conduct of military personnel
and providing for a method by which persons who break them may
be punished are contained in the Articles of War, the Manual for
Court-Martial, the Constitution of the Philippines, and pertinent
laws.
1.
Military Jurisdiction.
e.
Retainers to camp and all persons accompanying or
serving with the AFP in the filed of war or when martial law is
declared.
f.
All persons under sentence adjudged by a court-martial
or military tribunal.
Military jurisdiction over a person is terminated upon
discharge or separation from the service. However, jurisdiction of a
court-martial as to offense is not automatically terminated upon
discharge or separation in the following instances:
a.
Cases of fraud or embezzlement.
b.
Where a discharge or separation is obtained through
fraud, the discharge or separation may be canceled and individual
is arrested and returned to military control.
c.
Where a soldiers discharge or separation does not
interrupt his status as a person subject to military law.
When a person subject to military law commits or is
charged with a serious military offense, he/she shall be placed in
confinement or in arrest as circumstances may require. Arrest, in
the sense, means the taking into custody of someone by legal
authority. When charged with a minor offense only, such person
shall not ordinary be placed in confinement. Arrest or confinement
may be deferred until arraignment and failure to arrest or confine a
person does not affect the jurisdiction of court-martial.
The following classes of persons subject to military law shall
be placed in arrest and confinement as follows:
a.
Enlisted person by officers only in person, through
other persons subject to military law, or by oral written orders or
communication.
b.
Officers, Probationary lieutenants, and cadets by
Commanding Officers only a person, through other officers, or by
oral and written orders or communication. The authority to place
such persons under arrest confinement can be not be delegated.
Where any person subject to military law is placed under
arrest or confinement, immediate steps are taken either it prefer
charges against him with the view to bringing him to trial and carry
the case to a final conclusions, or dismiss the charges and
subsequently release him. But who may initiate or prefer the
charges against an erring military man. They are as follows:
33
a.
Anybody whether subjects to military law or into, may
give information to military authorities concerned that an offense is
supposedly committed by a person subject to military law.
b.
Any person subject to military law may prefer charges
against a military offender although he is under arrest or
confinement. (In minor cases, however, the necessary information
is brought to the attention of the immediate Commanding Officer of
the accused).
Where no formal investigation is conducted, the charges are
referred to an investigating officer. This officer conducts the
investigation to determine whether a prima facie case exists. The
report of investigation is submitted to the Staff Judge Advocate
(SJA) for his study and/or advice.
If it is determined that no prima facie case exists to warrant
trial by court-martial, the case either dropped, or some other
appropriates action is taken.
On the other hand, where the SJA determines that there is
prima facie case, he recommends to the Commanding Officer
exercising court-martial jurisdiction to referral of the case to a
court-martial for prosecution. The action of a Commanding Officer
on a case disposable by operation of Article of War 105 shall be
discussed under a separate sub-topic of this chapter.
The Commanding Officer appoints a court-martial to try the
case. Once the trial is terminated and results in the conviction of
the accused, the sentence, as adjudged is ordered promulgate until
it is fully served. If, on the other hand, the trials ends in the
acquittal of the accused, he is immediately ordered released from
confinement and restored to military duty.
3.
34
out the death penalty through musketry. These bodies had helped
in the faster dispensation of justice which would have taken years
to dispose of under normal conditions.
4.
b.
Offenses with specific or mandatory punishment based
on the punitive articles of war.
c.
Crimes or offenses calling for the imposition of the
death penalty .
d.
Other offenses where the judgment or sentence of
confinement in a penal institution is called for.
Under Article of War 105, Commanding Officers are
authorized to impose the following penalties under their broad
disciplinary powers.
a.
Admonition
b.
Reprimand
c.
Suspension of privileges for a period not exceeding one
(1) week.
d.
Extra fatigue not exceeding one (1) week.
e.
Hard Labor without confinement not exceeding one (1)
week for privates and privates first class.
f.
Any combination of the penalties just cited not
exceeding one (1) week.
These authorized punishment may be imposed only when the
offender do not demand trial by a court-martial. This is a basic
requirement to be met before any form of punishment can be
imposed. Once an accused demand trial by a court-martial, the
necessary charges are preferred for trial by a court-martial vested
with competent jurisdiction.
37
MILITARY LEADERSHIP
1.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LEADERSHIP TRAITS
a.
BEARING is the general appearance, carriage,
deportment and conduct of a leader
b.
COURAGE is the mental quality that recognizes fear or
danger or criticism but enables him to face it with calmness and
firmness.
c.
DECISIVENESS is the promptness of making a
decision in a state of clear and forceful manner.
d.
DEPENDABILITY reliability and certainty of a
performance in the execution of duty.
e.
ENDURANCE is the physical and mental stamina,
measured by the ability to withstand pain, fatigue, stress and
hardship.
f.
ENTHUSIASM is the display of sincere interest and
zeal in the performance of duty
g.
INITIATIVE taking actions in the absence of orders
h.
INTEGRITY is the uprightness and soundness of moral
principles
i.
JUDGEMENT is the ability to logically weigh facts and
possible solutions on to arrive at a sound decisions
j.
JUSTICE is the reward and punishment according to
the merits of the case in question
k.
KNOWLEDGE keeping self abreast of current
development I his military specialty and command
38
l.
LOYALTY is the quality of faithfulness to country,
seniors, subordinates and peers.
m. TACT is the ability to deal with others in respectful
manner
n.
UNSELFISHNESS is one who avoids his own comfort
and personal advancement for the welfare of his men.
3.
LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES
a.
Set an example
A good leader must be a good example to his men in
integrity, courage, professional competence, personal appearance
and conduct. Moreso, he must set the personal and professional
standard for his men.
f.
g.
a.
DIRECTING a leader tells his subordinates what he
wants them to do, where he wants them to do it, when he wants it
done, and supervises them closely to ensure they follow what he
wants.
b.
PARTICIPATING the leader involves subordinates in
determining what to do and how to do it. He asks for information
and recommendations; however he still makes the final decision.
40
c.
DELEGATING he passes problem solving and decision
making to his subordinates.
The key is to release your
subordinates problem solving potential while you determine what
problems they should solve and help them solve it.
5.
INDICATORS OF LEADERSHIP
a.
MORALE good leadership is required to maintain or
improve the mental and emotional state of his subordinates.
b.
ESPRIT DE CORPS good leadership is required in
order to gain loyalty, pride and enthusiasm among his
subordinates
c.
DISCIPLINE good leadership is required to ensure
state of obedience within his jurisdiction
d.
PROFICIENCY good leadership is required to upgrade
efficiency of subordinates essential in the accomplishment of a
mission
6.
1)
Study the need of personal adjustment
2)
Be familiar with the principles of human behavior
that make each one of us a unique person from the others
3)
Analyze your men objectively without personal
bias
b.
Aim for Military Efficiency
1)
Proficiency concentrate in increasing our
physical, mental and technical capabilities
2)
Discipline prompt and willing obedience to all
orders both for your men and self
3)
Morale watch for your mens state of mind and
feelings
7.
b.
41
____________________________
(Name)
_______________
(Date)
WRITTEN EXAMINATION
INSTRUCTIONS: Fill-in the blanks with the word or group of words that will make the
sentence complete or as required. After completing the examination, detach the same
from this book and submit to your Platoon Leaders.
1.
Section 4, Article II of the Constitution provides that the prime duty of the
Government is to serve and protect the people.
2.
Section 38, Article VII, Republic Act 7077 Reserve Officers Training Corps
(ROTC) states that, Military training for students enrolled in colleges, universities
and similar institutions of learning is mandatory pursuant to the provisions of the
National Defense Act of 1935 and the 1987 Constitution.
3.
Republic Act Nr 9163 makes ROTC Optional and requires male and female
freshmen students taking baccalaureate degree and at least two (2) year
vocational/technical or associate courses to take the National Service Training
Program (NSTP)
4.
The AFP pledges allegiance to the Filipino people, adheres to the principle of
supremacy of civilian authority over the military at all times and vows to uphold and
defend the constitution.
5.
MILITARY ORGANIZATION is defined as a group of persons or units bonded
together to perform military functions with definite responsibilities and duties
assigned to each individual.
6.
The DND is the agency under the Executive Branch of the government which is
responsible for the supervision of the national defense program of the country.
7.
The Chief of Staff, AFP is the highest military officer in the AFP.
8.
The Deputy Chief of Staff for Reservist and Reserve Force Development, J8
9.
The mission of the Armed Forces of the Philippines is: To protect the people
and secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity of the national territory.
11.
The mission of the Philippine Army is to conduct prompt and sustained ground
operations to accomplish the AFP mission.
12.
The mission of the Philippine Air Force is to conduct prompt and sustained
operations in the air especially those forces needed to defend the Philippines against
air attacks, to gain air superiority and control vital air areas.
13.
The mission of the Philippine Navy is to organize, train, equip, maintain and
operate naval forces, aircraft and other naval units necessary to provide the water
borne support required by the AFP in accomplishment of its mission.
14.
The mission of ARESCOM is to develop, organize, train, equip and administer
a high competent mobilizeable reserve force as an integral component of the total
army in the defense of the state and to participate in socio-economics development
effort of the government.
42
15.
Lapu lapu, who fought in the
acknowledged father of the AFP.
the
16.
Andres Bonifacio who founded the Katipunan on 7 Jul 1892 is considered as
the father of the Philippine Army.
17.
On June12, 1898, the independence was declared at Kawit, Cavite and for the
first time, the Philippine Flag was unfurled and our National Anthem was played
18.
On 21 December 1935, the National Defense Act was enacted officially to create
the AFP.
19.
The strongest clamor for its abolition occurred in March 2001 as a
consequence of the death of University of Santo Tomas ROTC Cadet Mark Chua who
was allegedly hazed by senior ROTC cadets for his expose of several malpractices in
the ROTC program.
20.
Honor is the most important virtue that a soldier must posses. It is in fact
considered as more precious than life itself.
21.
The members of the AFP believe in unflinching loyalty. Thus we shall promote
the national interest and security as a paramount concern. We shall support and
defend the constitution
22.
Valor is the power and strength, courage and ability to overcome fear, which
enables the soldiers to carry out their mission and to accomplish what is seemingly
impossible.
23.
Duty is a personal act of responsibility, which we show by doing all our
assigned tasks to the best of our ability.
24.
Solidarity is the value that binds us with the rest of our comrades-in-arms. It
is the value that makes us one strong and united organization.
25.
Chain of Command deals on the generally accepted principles that a military
action being executed should pass the approval or consent of the Commander at
each level or echelon of command from lowest to highest without bypassing any
approving authority or taking the action upon ones self as his prerogative.
25.
Military justice is the system for enforcing discipline and administering
criminal law in the Military Establishment.
26.
As a general rule, courts-martial have the exclusive jurisdiction over all
persons subject to military law who commit an offense penalized by the punitive
articles of war
27.
Courts-martial and other military tribunals
commanders in the administration of military justice.
generally
exist
to
assist
28.
MILITARY DISCIPLINE - is the state of order and obedience among personnel
in a military organization. It is characterized by the men's prompt and willing
responsiveness to orders and unhesitating compliance to regulations.
29.
The salute is the most important and the most common form of all the military
courtesies
43
30.
Saluting distance is the distance of recognition. Usually it does not exceed 30
paces. The salute is rendered and the hand is held in position until the officers
saluted has passed or after the salute is returned
31.
COMMAND is the authority of a person in the military service, lawfully
exercised over subordinates by virtue of his rank and position.
32.
MILITARY LEADERSHIP is the ability to influence others directing them
towards the accomplishment of a mission.
33.
LEADERSHIP TRAITS personal qualities essential for a commander in
gaining obedience, trust, respect and cooperation of his men in accomplishing a
mission.
34.
PARTICIPATING leadership style is when the leader involves subordinates in
determining what to do and how to do it.
He asks for information and
recommendations; however he still makes the final decision.
The following are the indicators of leadership:
35.
MORALE
36.
ESPRIT DE CORPS
37.
DISCIPLINE
38.
PROFICIENCY
Basic responsibilities of a leader are:
39.
40.
44
DEFINITION OF TERMS
a.
Intelligence is the product resulting from the
collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of all
available information which concerns a foreign nation or an area of
operation.
b.
Military Information means all facts, documents,
materials, photograph, diagram, maps and reports of observation
of any kind which increases our knowledge of a possible or actual
enemy or area of operations.
c.
Military Intelligence is a knowledge acquired through
the collection, evaluation, and interpretation of all available
information concerning a possible or actual enemy or area of
operations, including the weather and terrain.
d.
Combat Intelligence is that knowledge of the enemy,
weather and terrain required by a commander in planning and
conducting tactical operation. It is developed during the conduct of
the operations modification of the original operation plan which
may be appreciated.
e.
Counterintelligence - is an aspect of intelligence which
comprises civil and military measures, including the collection,
processing and distribution of information, and executive actions,
designed to counter enemy or to prevent sabotage or subversive
activities.
2.
INTELLIGENCE PRINCIPLES:
a.
Intelligence is continues.
All intelligence activities follow a four-stage cycle:
planning, collection, evaluation and dissemination. The cycle is
continuous and all steps are carried out in an orderly fashion. We
cannot afford to have unsystematic and inefficient of information.
Any lead must be followed vigorously. Check the reliability of the
source to verify the raw information. Do anything to make that
information available in useful form.
b.
Intelligence operations and tactical operations are
interdependent.
c.
Intelligence must be useful.
Intelligence must be useful. Otherwise, what do
operating troops need it for? It must focus on a certain intelligence
requirement of a commander or his operating troops. The
intelligence operation is not terminated, until positive results come
out.
45
d.
INTELLIGENCE AXIOMS:
Intelligence axioms are facts that require no doubt because
the truths of these statements are obvious.
a.
AXIOM NR 1 Intelligence is crucial to internal security.
b.
AXIOM NR 2 Intelligence is essential to all types of
operations
1)
Internal Defense Operations
2)
Internal Development operations
3)
Psychological Operations
c.
AXIOM NR 3 Intelligence is the responsibility of all
government agencies
d.
AXIOM NR 4 Intelligence of the government must be
superior to that of the enemy.
4.
steps:
a)
Determination of intelligence requirements.
b)
Determination of intelligence priorities.
c)
Determination of those enemy activities of
characteristics of the area of operations which would indicate the
answer to the intelligence requirements.
d)
Selection of collection agencies to the
employed and the issuance of the necessary orders and request for
information.
e)
Supervising the execution of order and
request.
2)
Depending on the mission. The commander and
his Staff require intelligence information.
a)
To arrive at sound and timely decisions in
preparing plans and estimate for future operations and in
conducting operations.
b)
To protect the command by avoiding surprise
and denying the enemy information concerning his own forces.
c)
To assist in the processing of other
information.
Also, in the Commanders estimate of the situation,
three of the five steps involved the active participation of the
intelligence effort. The commander should have readily available
information required by the two steps of the Estimate of the
situation the mission and the friendly capabilities. The
information required in the last three steps knowledge of the
weather, enemy and terrain must be provided by the intelligence
officer.
After the intelligence requirements have been
determined and priorities have been established, the intelligence
officer must determine what indications will answer questions
about the requirements. He must then select the agencies that will
actually collect the required information. There are four criteria for
the proper selection of collection agencies: Capability, Suitability,
Multiplicity and Balance.
47
Collection of Information
Processing of Information
48
1)
The recording of information so that it can be
compared with other items on hand.
2)
The evaluation of information or order to determine
its intelligence value.
3)
The interpretation of the information in relation to
other information and intelligence on hand in order to draw
conclusions regarding its meaning.
Evaluation information is of small value unless it has
been analyze with respect to its pertinence, the reliability of the
officer and agency and its pertinence, the reliability of the officer
and agency and its probable accuracy. The intelligence Officer
must examine each item of information as soon as it is received to
determine its intelligence value. This examination may be either
elaborated or instant, depending upon the circumstances. Is the
information needed immediately or at some future time? Are the
source and agency reliable? Is the information confirmed or
collaborated by previous received information or previous
produced intelligence.
Interpretation of information consist of determining its
significance with respect to other information or previously
collected and processed intelligence, and finally drawing
conclusions as the probable meaning of the information.
Evaluation and interpretation together are the essential
steps in processing. Keep in mine that the commander wants
intelligence and not merely a compilation of information.
d.
50
REPORT WRITING
1.
DEFINITION
a.
Report writing is a deliberate means used to transmit
information to others.
b.
Reporting is knowingly passing along information to
someone else.
2.
a.
To serve as permanent records.
b.
To transmit reports, facts and other information to
action agency.
c.
To aid top planners & experts in the interpretation
and analysis of reported info.
3.
4.
b.
refers to persons
refers to place
refers to incidents, events or activities
indicates date & time
connotes reasons behind the incident
describes circumstances
c.
Who
Where
What
When
Why
How
Pertinence
clear phraseology
accuracy
unbiased
completeness
conciseness
5.
d.
e.
EXAMPLE OF REPORTS
Information Report
Operational Report
Summary of Information
Agents Report
EVALUATION OF REPORT
Evaluation of Source
A - completely reliable
B - usually reliable
C - fairly reliable
D - not usually reliable
E - unreliable
F - reliability cannot be judged
Evaluation of Information
1 - confirmed by other sources
2 - possibly true
3 - probably true
4 - doubtfully true
5 - improbable
6 - truth cannot be judged
PORTRAIT PARLE
(Description of a Person)
Description is the technique of factually reporting one's own
observation or the sensory experiences recounted by another
person. Since the purpose of description is to present an accurate
word picture, the use of standard terms in describing persons
contributes immensely to the value of reports prepared by
professional investigators.
The cornerstone of the investigator's systems of describing
persons is the complete Portrait Parle. This is the modern version
of the original Portrait Parle, a complicated and lengthy system
devised late in the 19th century by Alphonse Bertillion, a clerk in
the French Surete. "Portrait Parle" means, in effect, "a spoken
picture".
While Portrait Parle is usually obtained when the
individual is in custody or under close observation, it is also the
standard method of describing individuals under observation in
other circumstances.
It is used in describing, for future
investigative reference, unidentified individuals observed during an
investigation; in describing individuals to another agent so that he
may form an accurate mental picture of them; and in identifying
individuals from photographs. Portrait Parle contains the standard
terminology to describe particular physical characteristics. It is
flexible, permitting additions and omissions as required by the
situation.
It is imperative to note that accurate description of persons is
a vital qualification for a Special Agent in the Counterintelligence
field. The goal of persons in the field of counterintelligence is to
train themselves so that they can obtain a complete physical
description of an individual in a matter of seconds. This ability to
describe another person may be acquired in the following manner:
a.
By learning the meaning of the numerous words which
can be used in describing the various features;
b. By studying and practicing the description of one or two
features such as eyes or nose, as they appear on several different
persons, and continuing this practice until all features have been
covered;
c.
By learning a definite order in proceeding from one
feature to another.
In short, Portrait Parle is the means of using descriptive
terms employed in relation to a personal feature of an individual.
53
6 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIVIDUAL
a.
AGE - in describing the age, if the exact age is known,
give it with the date of birth, if unknown , estimate it in spans of five
years. Example: Estimated age is 36 it should be estimated at 3540 never 38-43.
b. SEX - if it is normal, indicate whether female or male;
individual who has sexual tendencies of a perverted nature, try to
determine his contacts, associations, place which they frequently
visit, so that it will give you an idea of what kind of a person he or
she is.
c.
RACE - when describing the race, it is either Caucasian
or white, Negro, Malayan or Mongolian. In describing the degree of
tint should be given. Example: For describing an individual who is
a member of the Negro race, the description should be black, light
brown, or dark brown.
d. HEIGHT - if physically measured, record the exact
height. If estimated, arrive at an estimate by comparison with your
own height and record it in a two-inch span. This is done simply by
eye-level method. Example . If the height estimate is 6'0", it should
be estimated in the following manner: 5'11"-6'1".
e.
WEIGHT - When estimating an individual's weight always
give a ten-pound span. Example: 150 (estimated weight), it should
be done in the following manner : 145 - 155 lbs. In estimating the
weight of an individual you have to consider also the built and the
height.
The method of estimating is more accurate when the
characteristics of build are considered with estimated height, so
that this time focus yourself first on build and then return to the
method of estimating weight.
We should remember that the weight of a person is
properly estimated and nearly accurate when the build and height
of the individual are considered. It should be further noted that for
every inch added in height, you add five pounds in weight, for
every inch deducted in height, you must subtract five pounds in
weight. That is, when using the table of weights.
The TABLE OF WEIGHTS lists the following information
for a person with medium build: (American Standard)
54
HEIGHT
5'0"
5'1"
5'2"
5'3"
5'4"
5'5"
NORMAL WEIGHT
HEIGHT
115 lbs
120
125
130
135
140
5'6"
5'7"
5'8"
5'9"
5'10"
NORMAL WEIGHT
145 lbs
150
155
160
165
55
Square
Broad
Round
Thin
5)
6)
7)
Fat
Long
Oval- - the most common type
c.
PECULIARITIES OF THE FACE - the peculiarities of the
face may be:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Prominent cheekbones
Flabby cheeks (weak, lack firmness)
Full or Flat
Bony or Thin
Smiling - shows signs of pleasure
Scowling - shows a threatening behavior
56
c.
Round
High at the back
Flat at the back
Bulging at the back
Egg or keel-shaped
d.
PECULIARITIES OF THE HEAD - the peculiarities of the
head are almost always the result of carriage of the head. The head
maybe habitually bent forward, turned sidewise, inclined to the left
or right, inclined backwards, or inclined backwards to the right or
left.
e.
TYPES OF COMPLEXION:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Fair
Dark
Sunburnt
Brick-red
5)
6)
7)
8)
Yellow
Black
Brown
Ruddy (healthy reddish )
f.
g.
Light blonde
6)
Gray
Blonde
7)
Black streaked with gray
Dark blonde
8)
White
Brown
9)
Auburn (moderate brown)
Black
The possibility of dyed hair must be taken into
consideration. Also the use of toupees must be noted.
h.
Thick or Thin
Sparse
Long or Short
57
i.
TYPES OF HAIR:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Wavy
Curly
Straight
Kinky
Artificially waved or curled
j.
THE MANNER IN WHICH THE HAIR IS DRESSED may be
described as:
1)
58
Root - the root of the nose is the cavity which is found at the
top of the nose between the eyes. It is described and to depth and
recession.
Line of the bridge of the nose is from the hollowest part of
the root to the point of the nose. The line maybe:
Concave - the line of the nose recedes towards the base after
leaving the root and then rises again towards the tip, thus forming
the concave line.
Straight - the line of the nose follows the shortest, unbroken
distance from the root to the tip.
Aqualine or Eaglebeak - the line of the nose forms an obtuse
angle at the lower third of the line of the bridge.
Roman - the line of the nose rises upward from the root and
descends again toward the base forming an obtuse angle in the
upper third of the nose.
Undulating- the line of the nose is broken at several places
from the root to the tip, and is a series of concave and convex
curves.
The BASE OF THE NOSE is the point where the line of the
bridge joins the base of the nose. The tip may be: pointed, round,
flat, or bulbous.
The septum (wall/tissue) and the nostril should also be
described when they are visible. Usually the septum is slightly
visible either from front or profile view. In some cases, it may be
described as invisible, slightly visible or greatly exposed. The
nostrils may be described as invisible, lightly visible, or flared.
The dimensions of the nose are the length, the projection, and
the width of the nose.
The length of the nose is observed in profile, and is the vertical
distance from a point between the eyebrows to the base of the
nose. The length of the nose is stated as being long, medium or
short. The term medium nose is equal to one-third of the vertical
distance from the normal hairline to the point of the chin. A long
nose is greater, and a short nose is lesser than one-third of this
vertical distance.
60
Length of the lower lip is the vertical distance from line of the
mouth to the recession of the gum line. If the vertical distance is
equal to one third of the lower third of the normal profile, it is
described as medium in length. Other descriptions are long or
short.
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CHIN - the chin is considered in
respect to the general outline of its profile, its size, length, and any
peculiarities which may be present.
Line of Profile -General slope of the profile of the chin is
called vertical, receding, jutting, or normal. If the chin meets the
vertical line drawn through the nose, where the nose is attached to
face the chin is described as vertical. If it exceed or protrude
forward of this vertical line, it is described as jutting; if it recedes
behind the line, it is described as receding.
Size - size and shape are considered from the front. It
may be a small, medium, large as being the vertical distance from
recession of the gum line to the bottom of the chin. If is equal to
one third of the lower third of the profile, it is medium in length.
Another description are long or short.
The peculiarities of the chin are structural and may include:
double chin, clefts and recession from the gum line.
a.
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CHEEK - the cheek is
described as dimpled (left, right, or both), bulging, cramped, flabby
and pockmarked.
b.
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE EAR - the ear is composed of
a series of ridges and hollows. The ridges are usually the ones that
aid the observer in identifying a person. These ridges are: border
of helix, the lobe, the tragus, the antiragus, and the folds.
1)
The helix (border of the ear). It starts at the central
depression or shell above the auricular activity and borders the ear
in the manner of a gutter. Normally, it runs two-thirds of the arc of
the ear and can be described as medium, short, or long in length.
It is also described as to thickness.
2)
The lobe is the lowest part of ear and situated at
the termination of the helix at the point of attachment to the cheek.
It is considered in respect to its contour and is described as
descending, squared, gulfed, normal, or pointed.
3)
Descending is the term used to describe the lobe
which finished in the descending point along the cheek.
62
4)
Square is the term use to describe the lobe which
ends in a parallel to the horizontal plane of the head.
5)
Gulfed - describes the lobe which is isolated from
the cheek.
6)
Normal - characterizes the lobe with the slight dip
beneath the horizontal plane.
7) Pointed is the descriptive term for the usual lobe
which actually forms a point beneath the ear.
8)
Peculiarities of the ear - There are two terms in this
aspect.
They are:
Darwinian Tubercle and the Darwinian
Extension. The Darwinian Tubercle is the term used to describe a
growth on the outer border of the helix, and may appear anywhere
on the outer border. The Darwinian extension is the term used to
describe a growth on the inner border of the helix.
9)
General shape - almost all ears are oval in shape.
10) Proximity - the ear must be stated as being close to
or protruding from the head.
11) Size - the ear may be large, medium, or small in
proportion to the head.
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE NECK - Identifying features of the
neck are its length, proportionate thickness, and any peculiarities
which may be present.
a. Length of the neck is described as to the vertical
distance from the point of the chin to the line of the shoulder the
neck may termed as long, medium or thin.
b. Thickness of the neck - it is determined by the apparent
proportionate relationship of the size and shape of the head and
length of the neck may be as is, medium or thin.
c. Peculiarities of the neck would include Adam's apple,
and goiter.
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE SHOULDER - the shoulders as a
continuation of the neckline may be described as to width, shape
and peculiarities.
a. Width of the shoulder may be described as medium
wide, or narrow when estimated with respect to the size of the
body.
b. Shape of the shoulders may be described as rounded or
square.
PECULIARITIES OF THE SHOULDER includes erect, stooped,
hunched, one shoulder higher than the other.
63
64
DEFINITION OF TERMS
a.
Map - is a graphical representation of the earth surface
drawn to scale as seen from above. Man-made and natural features
are defected by symbols, colors, lines and forms.
b.
Map Reading _ is the knowledge and skills necessary to
interpret correctly and efficiently map information.
c.
Map Symbol - is a sign composed of diagram, number,
letter, abbreviation, colors, or combination thereof which is used to
identify and distinguish a particular military unit, activity or
installation. Topographic Symbols are simple standard drawing by
which terrain features such as valleys, mountains, hills, water
features, ate are shown on a map.
2.
PURPOSE
MARGINAL INFORMATION
a.
Upper Left - series names and scale. The series is the
name of the large area of which this particular map sheet is a part.
b.
Top Center - sheet name or name of a particular area.
c.
Top right - sheet number and serial number.
d.
Lower left - series number repeated, edition number and
date.
e.
Lower left - paragraph showing sources and preparation
data for the map.
f.
Lower left - Legend. The legend is partial listing and
interpretation of the symbols used in the map.
g.
Bottom center - representative fraction and graphic
scales.
h.
Bottom center - information on contour intervals.
65
i.
Bottom center information oh the grid system used
and brief explanation of the coordinate system.
j.
To the right of grid information declination diagram
showing the relationship among the three (3) types of north.
k.
Lower right coverage diagram showing method of
revision and ate of photography for the map: index to boundaries,
index to adjoining sheets.
l.
Extreme Lower right sheet name and series name
repeated; geographic index, showing location of the map on the
earth surface.
4.
ORIENTATION OF MAP
TYPES OF MAP
a.
Planimetric Map presents only the horizontal position
for the features represented.
b.
Topographic Map portrays terrain features as well as
the horizontal positions of the features represented.
c.
Photo Map is a reproduction of an aerial photograph
that show the different parts of the map such as grid lines, marginal
data, place names, important elevations et al.
d.
Joint Operations Graphic series of 1:250,000 scale
military maps designed for joint ground and air operations.
e.
Photo mosaic is an assembly of aerial photographs
that is commonly called a mosaic in topographic usage.
66
f.
Terrain Model is a scale model of the terrain showing
features and in large-scale models showing industrial and cultural
shapes.
g.
Military City Map is a topographic map, usually
1:12,500 scale of a city, delineating streets and showing street
names, importance that are compatible with the scale of the map.
h.
Special Map are maps for special purposes such as
trafficability, communications and assault maps.
6.
SCALE
denominator of the RF, the smaller the scale of the map. Thus a
1:100,000 map is a small scale map and 1:20,000 is larger scale
map.
c.
Graphic Scale distance may also be measured by a
graphic scale, a special ruler for the particular map, printed in the
margin.
d,
Conversion Factor distance may be expressed in
either the English of the Metric system and it may be necessary to
convert measurement of the system with those of another.
Common units of metric linear measure.
1 mile =1,760 yards =1.609 kilometers = 1,609 mtrs
1 kilometer =1,094 yards = 0.62 mile
1 meter = 1.094 yards = 39.37 inches
1 yard = 0.91 meter = 36 inches
8.
BASE DIRECTION
a.
Declination is the difference in direction between true
north and magnetic north or between true north and grid north.
There are two declinations: MAGNETIC and GRID.
1)
Magnetic Declination is the angle formed
between the magnetic north and true north. If the magnetic north
and true north is on the same line the magnetic declination is zero.
68
b)
minus G-M angle.
G-M angle.
c)
Back Azimuth BAZ is simply the AZ of line
viewed backward. The BAZ of a line is its FAZ plus 180 degrees, or
if this sum is greater than 180 degree, the back azimuth is the
forward azimuth minus 180 degrees. For example, if the FAZ is a
line of 50 degrees, the BAZ is 50 degrees plus 180 degrees equals
to 230 degrees. Or if the FAZ of line is 310 degrees minus 180
degrees equals 130 degrees.
10.
70
OF
DETERMINING
ONES
POSITION
AND
a.
INTERSECTION - is the location of the unknown,
unoccupied points by taking sights to the known point from at least
two known occupied positions.
Compass and protractor method of intersection move
to a certain feature A which can be identified on your map at A
and take a compass sight on the object C you wish to locate.
Move to another readily identifiable feature B and gain sight on
the object C with your compass. The changes the MAZ to GAZ
and plot the GAZ through the respective positions where you
obtained the sights, or you can drawn an MN reference line through
each features on the map and plot the MAZ. Intersection of two
lines is the location of the objects.
b.
RESECTION - is the locating of an unknown occupied
position by taking sights on two or more identifiable points whose
position are known.
1)
GRID
a.
Geographic Coordinates is one of the oldest
systematic methods of location/and is based upon the geographic
coordinate system by drawing a set of eastwest (latitude) and
northsouth rings (Longitude). It is expressed in angular
measurements.
b.
Military Grid System is a network of squares formed by
the north-south and east-west grid line place on a map. The
distance between grid lines represents 1,000 or 10,000 meters
depending upon the scale of the map. This system enables the map
reader to quickly and accurately locate a point on a map.
Grid lines are identified by specific numbers printed on
the margin opposite the line it indicates. Any point on a map can be
identified by coordinates. The following are the rules for reading
grid coordinates.
72
1)
Use the large bold faced number in the margin
labeling each grid line.
2)
Starting from the lower left-hands corner of the
map, read right and up.
3)
Write the grid coordinates as a continuos series of
numbers. In the following examples we shall be able to determine
the grid square of a point in the map, to locate a point within 100
meters, and to locate the point within 10 meters.
a)
Determine the grid square.
b)
Locating a point within 100 meters (100
meters square reading indicated that a point is located nearest the
100 meters).
c)
Locating a point within 10 meters. The rule is
applied in the preceding example is observed. However, in locating
a point nearest the 10 meters, used the 8 digits coordinate system.
That gives you the exact location on the map.
73
SIGNAL COMMUNICATION
1.
Definition of Terms
a.
Signal Communication is a method or means or a
combination thereof of conveying information of any king of one
person or place to another except direct communication.
b.
Means of Communication a medium by which a
message is conveyed from one person to another.
c.
Agency of Communication a facility which embraces
the personnel and equipment to provide signal communication by
any particular means or combination thereof. COMMEL, Division
Signal Battalion.
d.
Tactical Radio Sets is the principal means of
communication in tactical units. It use for command, fire control,
exchange of information and administrative purposes between and
within units. It is especially adopted to rapid changing situation
such as air ground ship to shore, air to air communication. It is also
essential for communication. It is also essential for communication
impassable terrain or in large wire and other means are
impracticable to install.
2.
Means of Communication:
a.
Wire it is used as the principal means of
communication in all military units. This means of communication
embraces all equipment used for laying recovering wire, battery
operated and sound-powered telephones, switch boards and
teletype equipment, when their use is authorized. The operating
range of wire communication varies, depending principally on the
weather and the condition of wire. Wet weather, poor splices, and
damage insulation are factors that greatly reduce its operating
range.
b.
Radio this means of communication is the most rapid
one. It is most frequently used for maintaining command, control,
contact and direction in contact. The radio has one distinct
advantage over other means of communication. It has a relatively
high degree of mobility and flexibility, resulting from the fact that
physical circuits are unnecessary to establish communication
between radio stations. The radio set is the only adequate means of
communication available in the fast moving situations, such as
armored attacks, amphibious operation, naval gunfire support,
serial bombing and strafing mission. The radio can bridge gaps in a
wire system and can provide communication across a terrain where
the use of the other means of communication is not possible.
74
c.
Messenger the use of messenger as a means of
communication is preferred over the rest when maps and classified
documents are to be transmitted to other operating units. Since
time immemorial, messengers have been used as a means of
communication. It is no less important today as it was in times
gone by. It is the most secret means used by infantry units. Maps
and classified documents are delivered through this means. It also
the best means for the transmission of long messages over short
distances.
d.
Visual Signal it is used to control the action of a small
units. Over the years, visual signal has been relegated to the role
of an auxiliary means of communication. Any signal that is received
by the eye regardless of how it is transmitted, is the common
sense definition of a visual signal. Flags, signal flares, and smoke
signals have been used throughout the ages as visual means of
communication have been developed. These included light,
pyrotechnics panels and others. To be effective, the prearranged
meanings of these visual signals must be in the possession of each
communicator before their use. They are most effective during
daylight or under conditions of clear visibility. Otherwise, they are
inefficient means of communication.
e.
Sound Signal this means of communications is used
primarily to spread alarms. Normally, it is used to warn troops of an
impending hostile air, mechanized, or gas attack. Signals received
by the unaided ear, regardless of the method of transmission, are
sound means of communication. They may be transmitted by
whistles, bugler, horns, weapons, and other noise-making devices.
Prearranged messages are transmitted through this means. They
are rapid means of communications over short distance but their
effective range is greatly reduced by battle noises. Like visual
signals, they are not secure means of communication. Their use
may be prohibited for security reasons.
3.
TYPES
OF
TACTICAL
CHARACTERISTICS:
a.
RADIO
SETS
AND
ITS
URC 773M
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Cell Battery]
6)
b.
PRC 77
1)
Frequency Modulated (FM)
2)
Transmission Range 08kms (LOS)
3)
Man pack
4)
Whip Antenna
5)
Press to talk
6)
Power Source 12 VDC, 20 pcs BA 30 and 12V
Wet Cell Battery
c.
URC 601
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
d.
URC 187
1)
2)
propagation)
3)
4)
5)
Battery
4.
Handheld
Press to talk
Whip Antenna
Transmission Range 3-4 Kms (LOS)
Power Source - 8 pcs BA-30
kms
(sky
wave
Dipole Antenna
Press to talk (Hand Set)
Power Source 36 pcs BA-30, 12-24V Wet Cell
a.
Speed of installation it is easy to establish than wire or
other means of communication.
b.
Flexible it is no fixed circuit are required to be
constructed.
c.
It provides communication across terrain over which it
may be impractical to install wire.
5.
a.
Lack of Security radio is the least secured means. It is
always assumed that interception every time the transmitter is
place on operation.
b.
Subject for interception radio is less vulnerable to
enemy terrorist activity than wire, however, it is subject for
interference from precipitation and jamming to other station.
76
6.
a.
Radio Net a group of several stations working together
in the same frequency.
b.
Call Sign a combination of pronounceable words that
identifies the facility or station.
c.
Individual Call Sign this call sign identifies a single call
to any station within the net.
d.
Collective Call Sign this call sign identifies two or
more stations in particular radio net but not all stations in the net.
e.
Net Call Sign this call sign identifies all radio stations
operating in a particular radio net.
f.
Call a method of establishing communications
whereby the station calling transmits the identity of the station
called as well as his own identity.
g.
Pro words are pronounceable words which have
assigned meaning to facilitate transmission by radio
communication.
1)
Over - My transmission is ended and I expect a
response from you.
2)
Roger I received your last message satisfactorily.
3)
Out My transmission is ended and I expect no
response from you.
4)
Wilco I will comply to your instruction.
5)
Query Clarification
6)
Lima Charlie I received your message loud and
clear.
7)
Say again I did not understand your
transmission, request repeat our last transmission.
8)
Request Net With Can I talk with Pfc Tolentino of
Pfc Ramos.
9)
Wait one Request that you wait for a minute, I will
call the person you want to talk to.
10) Read Back Read back the message you have
copied.
11) Radio Silence Cease transmission immediately,
however, keep on listening on the same frequency.
12) Break-break stop your conversation and allow me
to this net to transmit for an urgent message.
7.
PHONETIC ALPHABET
A Alpha
B Bravo
C Charlie
I India
J Juliet
K Kilo
77
Q Quebec
R Romeo
S Sierra
Z - Zulu
D Delta
E Echo
F Foxtrot
G Gulf
H Hotel
8.
L Lima
M Mike
N November
O Oscar
P Papa
T Tango
U Uniform
V Victor
X - X-ray
Y - Yankee
NUMERICAL PRONUNCIATION:
1 Wun
2 Ta-o
3 Thu-ree
4 Fower
5 Fi-yiv
6 Six
7 Seven
8 Ate
9 Niner
78
0 Zero
DAY TRAINING
a.
1)
Terrain suitable to fast movement and provide
adequate security.
2)
Security use all available cover and concealment
and provide good observation points.
3)
Knowledge in the use of camouflage and
concealment
b.
1)
Prepare and equip yourself .
2)
Tape or pad any parts of your weapon or
equipment that rattles or are so loose that may snag, as you walk.
3)
Wear soft, well-fitting clothes
4)
Carry only prescribed and necessary equipment.
5)
Move by bounds that is a short distance at a time,
halt, listen, observe. Then move again.
6)
Change direction slightly from time to time when
moving through tall grasses.
7)
If you alarm birds and animals, remain in a
position and observe briefly. Their flight or movement may attract
the enemys attention.
8)
Follow the furrows as much as possible when
crawling over a flowed fields.
9)
Cross roads and trails wherein there is the most
cover and concealment.
c.
Individual Movement
area.
79
b)
When
poor
visibility
c)
reduces
enemy
observation.
2)
c)
observations.
High Crawl
1)
Body is kept free from the ground with weight
resting on forearms and lower legs.
2)
Move forward by alternately advancing the elbows
and knees.
3)
Cradle rifle in your arms to keep muzzle.
PRONE TO RUSHING:
1)
2)
position.
3)
Slowly lower head back. Draw your arms into your
body keeping your elbows down, and pull right leg forward.
4)
With one movement, raise your body by
straightening the arms.
5)
Spring to you foot, steeping off with left foot and
rush to your new position using the shortest route, crouching low
in a zigzag way.
DROPPING
1)
2)
Drop to knee at the same time sliding your hand to
the heel of the butt of the rifle.
3)
Pull forward, breaking your pull with the butt of the
rifle.
2.
NIGHT TRAINING Using your eyes effectively at night
requires application of the following:
a.
1)
Dark adaptation means allowing your eyes to
become accustomed to low level of illumination.
2)
Off Center Vision techniques in keeping your
attention focused to an object without locking directly at it.
3)
Scanning it using off center vision to observe an
area or an object.
b.
a)
Human eye for night vision by staying in the
dark for about one hour before you go out.
b)
Prepare your eyes for night vision by staying
in the darkness for about one hour before you go out.
c.
1)
Night Vision adapt in seeing at night by enlarging
the pupil in order to let in more light. Keep cut of light around you
and do not straight to light.
2)
Appearance and sizes darkness changes
appearance and sizes of an object:
a)
Tree look smaller because tips and twigs of
branches cannot be seen. An airplane caught by the beam of
searching light looks large.
b)
Night glasses make it possible to see the
objective that would to small.
c)
Light is visible at night ordinary condition for
darkness.
81
3)
a)
Learn to identify, evaluate, and react to
common battlefield noises and the common sound in your area of
operation. All of these sound like a snap of twig, click of bolt, rattle
of a canteen, the bark of a dog, the call wind and domestic animals
and fowls are information which may be valuable to you. you can
learn a lot by listening.
b)
Sound can be heard better at night because
there are fewer noises to interfere, and night air carries sound
better.
c)
Sound can prevail your presence to the
enemy. Suppress sneeze by pressing up on your nostril with your
finger.
d)
Smells can help or endanger you. Odors from
gasoline, cooking foods or burning tobacco warn you of the enemy
presence. Avoid the uses if shaving lotion, deodorant, hair oil and
scented soap. Odors from these may reveal your presence to the
enemy.
e)
Touch learn to operate and adjust
equipment by touch alone.
d.
Concealment at Night
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
of light.
e.
f.
Walking at right
a.
b.
it down.
2)
Hitting the ground at night. Going into prone
position at night, crouch slowly and both rifle under armpit and feet
the ground with free hand.
3)
Crawling at night crawl on hand and knees. Then
lay rifle on the ground by your side. Keep hand on the spot and
bring forward knees, it meet the hand. With hands feel the ground
for the knees. Then clear again next spot for other knees to the
same way and alternately and silently.
g.
1)
Always keep track on where you are and the
direction to the other place in the area.
2)
Use terrain features to keep direction at night.
3)
Choose a route that can easily follow.
4)
When moving at night, stop often.
5)
Maps and compass are good aids in maintaining
direction.
h.
Security at Night
83
84
COMPOSITION
a.
b.
c.
attack
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
4.
a.
Rifle Squad Leader Responsible for all that the Rifle
Squad does or fails to do. He is tactical leader and, as such, leads
by example:
1)
Control the maneuver of his squad and each rate
and contribution of fire.
2)
Trains his squad on the individual and collective
tasks required to sustain combat effectiveness.
3)
Manage the logistical and administrative needs of
his squad. He requests and issues ammunition, water ration, and
special equipment.
4)
Maintains and accountability of his soldier and
equipment
5)
Complete casualty feeder reports and reviews the
casualty reports completed by squad member.
6)
Submits reports for awards and decorations.
7)
Direct the maintenance of squad weapon and
equipment
8)
Inspect the condition of soldier weapon, clothing
and equipment
9)
Ensures that supplies and materials are distributed
to the soldier in the squad
10) Keeps the platoon sergeant/leader informed on
squad supplies status and squad requirements
11) Ensure supplies and equipment is internally cross
level within the squad.
Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle
Equipment: Map and Compass, Handheld FM Radio,
Binocular, Utility Rope
b.
Team Leader
There are two (2) team leaders in the squad. One (1) for
each fire team.
1)
Control the movement of their fire teams.
2)
Ensure that their soldiers maintain the unit
standards in all areas.
3)
The eyes and ears of the team.
4)
Provide short range anti-armor capability for the
squad and the platoon.
Armaments:
d.
There are two (2) automatic rifle men in the squad. One
(1) for every team.
1)
Responsible in providing sustained automatic fire
for the squad.
2)
Secure the left flank area during movements and
halts.
Armaments:
Equipment:
e.
Grenadier
There are two (2) grenadiers in the squad. One (1) for
each fire team.
1)
Provides grenade capability to the squad and the
platoon for maximum firepower.
2)
Secure the right flank area of the squad during
movement and halts.
Armaments:
grenade launcher
Equipment:
f.
Rifle Man
There are two (2) Rifle Man in the Squad. One (1) each
fire team.
1)
Responsible for the food supply and medical
requirements of the team.
2)
Monitors the health and hygiene of the squad and
provides technical expertise and supervisions of the combat
lifesavers.
3)
Erases the tracks left by the team during
operations.
Armaments:
Equipments:
rope
87
a.
Freeze - Clenched fist at shoulder level.
b.
Halt - Arm raised at shoulder level with open hand,
fingers extended and joined together.
c.
Alert - Clenched fist with forefinger upright.
d.
Civilian sighted - Clenched fist with forefinger and
middle finger upright.
d.
Skirmishers Left - Left arm extended to the left side.
e.
Skirmishers Right - Right arm extended to the right side.
f.
Danger Area - Arms raised towards the neck with open
palm facing down ward moving the hand as if cutting the neck.
g.
Enemy Sighted - Clenched fist with three fingers upright.
h.
Prepare to engage - Four fingers upright.
i.
Engage - Open palm, fingers not joined together.
j.
Come to me (team leader) - Two fingers held against the
opposite arm to indicate the Sgts chevron.
k.
Platoon Leader - Two fingers placed on the shoulder to
indicate officers rank.
l.
Long halt - Rotating the fist at shoulder level.
m. Short Halt - Close and open motion of the hand.
n.
Freeze and Listen - Freeze signal followed by a hand
cupped to the ear.
2.
1)
Air Attack rapidly cross and uncross arms fully
extend above the hand.
88
2)
Nuclear Warning Cover both eyes with the right
hand to warn exposed troops to take cover before the detonation of
nuclear weapons.
3)
Chemical, Biological, Radiological Hazard extend
both arms horizontally sideways with fists doubled facing up;
rapidly move fists to the head and back to the horizontal; repeat.
b.
1)
I Am Ready or Are You Ready? Extend the arm
toward the person being signaled; then raise arm slightly above
horizontal, palm facing outward.
2)
Attention extend the arm sideways, slightly
above horizontal; palm to the front; wave arm to and away from the
head several times.
3)
I do not understand raise both arms sideward to
the horizontal; bend both arms at elbows and place both hands
across the face, palms to front.
4)
Disregard previous command or as you were
raise both arms and cross them over the head, palms to the front.
5)
Assemble or Rally raise the arm vertically
overhead, palm to the front, & wave in large horizontal circles.
Note: Signal is normally followed by the signaler pointing to the
assembly or rally site.
6)
Disperse extend either arm vertically overhead;
wave the hand and arm to the front, left, right, and rear, with the
palm toward the direction of each movement.
7)
Join me, Follow me, Come Forward or Move
Vehicle Forward point toward person(s) vehicle (s), or unit (s);
beckon by holding the arm horizontally to the front, palm up, and
motioning toward the body.
8)
Advance or Move Out face the desired direction
of movement; hold the arm extended to the rear; then swing it
overhead and forward in the direction of desired movement until it
is horizontal, palm down.
9)
Right (left) turn or Column Right (Left) while
marching. Extend arm horizontally to the side, palm outward.
10) Halt or Stop raise the hand upward to the full
extent of the arm, palm to the front. Hold that position until the
signal is understood.
11) By the Right (Left) Flank extend both arms in
direction of desired movement.
12) Column Formation (or File) raises either arm to the
vertical position. Drop the arm to the rear, describing complete
circles in a vertical plane parallel to the body.
89
90
The wedge is the basic formation for the fire team. The
interval between soldiers in wedge formation normally is ten (10)
meters. The wedge expands and contracts depending on the
terrain. When rough terrain, poor visibility, or other factors make
control of the wedge difficult, fire team modifies the wedge.
TEAM LEADER
GRENADIER
TEAM LEADER
AUTOMATIC
GRENADIER
RIFLEMAN
AUTOMATIC
RIFLEMAN
RIFLEMAN
RIFLEMAN
91
b.
Squad Column
RIFLEMAN
RIFLEMAN
SQUAD LEADER
TEAM LEADER
AUTOMATIC
GRENADIER
RIFLE MAN
RIFLEMAN
92
g.
Squad Line
TEAM LEADER
AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC
GRENADIER
RIFLEMAN
RIFLEMAN
RIFLEMAN
SQUAD LEADER
93
GRENADIER
RIFLEMAN
h.
Squad File
94
2.
When
normally
used
Fire Team
Wedge
Good
Allows
Immediate Fire
in All Direction
Squad
Column
Squad
Primary
Formation
Good
Facilities
Maneuver
Good
Dispersion in
Depth
Allows Large
All Around
Volume of Fire to
the FlankLimited Volume
to the Front
Not as
good as
Squad
Column
Limited
Maneuver
Capability
(Both Fire
Teams
Committed)
Most Difficult
Formation
from which
to maneuver
Control Flexibility
95
Good
RIFLE PLATOON
The rifle platoon fights as a part of a light infantry battalion. It
is consisted with three rifle squads with a platoon leader and a
platoon sergeant. Each rifle squad is composed of nine men a
squad leader. Platoon can operate as a single unit under the
platoon leader. The squad is also designed and trained to conduct
decentralized independent operation when required.
1.
a.
Platoon Leader -- Is responsible for all the platoon does
or fails to do. This includes the tactical employment, training
administration and personnel management and the logistics of the
platoon.
b.
Platoon Sergeant -- Assist the platoon leader in the
supervision, admin and training, discipline and most especially in
the moral and the welfare of the platoon.
c.
Squad Leader -- Responsible for what the squad does
or fails to do. Responsible in the control and supervision of his
squad activity.
2.
PLATOON MOVEMENTS
TYPES OF FORMATION:
a.
Squad in Line -characteristics:
1)
2)
3)
96
b.
Squad in Column -- This is the traveling formation. It
has the following characteristics;
1)
2)
3)
Easy to control
Provide good all around security
Make the best used of the movement techniques
c.
Squad in File -- Where not traveling in column or line,
squads travel in file, it has the following characteristics;
1)
2)
3)
4)
Easy to control
Facilitate speed of movement
Provide maximum frontage
Flexible in nature
97
SPECIAL OPERATIONS
1.
2.
Lead scout
Guide
Squad leader or Team leader
Radio Man
Assistant Radioman
Contact man
Tail scout
LEAD SCOUT
1)
He is the point man.
2)
He ensures the security of his squad.
3)
He always chooses the advantageous terrain
during the movement.
4)
He physically and mentally prepared to shoot the
enemy first. Prepares himself for a quick draw, the safety lever of
his rifle is on semi-automatic the whole time.
b.
GUIDE
1)
scout.
2)
The he is expected to be always at the back of the
lead scout, there are times that he will stay by the side of lead
scout. When there is imminent danger to the front, the lead scout
and the guide are abreast to maintain two rifles to unload their
stinging bullets.
3)
The guide often controls the pace of the squad.
4)
The guide helps out in making path through the
jungle.
5)
He makes sure that the squad is always on the
right track.
c.
2)
squad.
do.
98
d.
RADIOMAN
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
the squad.
e.
ASSISTANT RADIOMAN
1)
The assistant radioman has a lot of duties to
perform for the team. He acts as the aircraft marshal and as the
sniper of the squad.
2)
The assistant radioman assists the radioman with
the operation of the squads radio.
f.
CONTACT MAN
1)
During commando operations, the contact man is
the point man. He disguises as a rebel and mingles with the barrio
residents to fish for information of intelligence value.
2)
He is responsible for the conduct of civil military
operation.
3)
He is the squads silent killing specialist.
4)
He is the primary interrogator of the squad.
5)
He is the media man of the squad.
6)
The contact man must also master the dialect in
the area, as the intelligence agent of the squad and the
demolitionist.
g.
TAIL SCOUT
1)
2)
3)
4)
Rear security.
Responsible for the subsistence of the squad
Responsible of policing the harboring area.
He is in charge of counterattacking.
99
Functioning:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
b.
Magazine fed
Gas operated
Shoulder weapon
Air cooled
Semi or automatic fire
Features
1)
The rifle is equipped with a flash suppressor which
can also serve as an adapter for grenade launching. (CAUTION:
Use of this weapon for grenade launching is not currently
authorized).
2)
Barrel is surrounded by two aluminum line
fiberglass hand guards which also adapter for grenade as the
forearm of the rifle. The hand guards are notched to permit air to
circulate around the rifle barrel, and further serve to protect the gas
tube.
3)
A hard rubber recoil pass is attached at the butt of
the stock to partially reduce the effect of the recoil.
4)
A forward assist assembly is located at the upper
right rear of the upper receiver. This is use to close the bolt when
closing is not done by the force of action of spring alone.
5)
A dust cover is provided to prevent dust or dirt
from getting into the rifle. This opens automatically when the rifle is
fired. (NOTE: The dust cover should be closed at all times except
during firing or maintenance).
b.
Flash suppressor
Barrel
Bayonet Stud
100
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
b)
Front Sigh
Upper Sling Swivel
Hand guard
Sling Spring
Carrying handle
Charging handle
Rear Sight
Forward Assist
Bolt Assembly
Bust cover
c.
GENERAL DATAL:
1)
Weights:
- 6.5 lbs
- .2 lbs
- .7 lbs
- 7.6 lbs
Lengths:
- 39 inches
- 21 inches
- 20 inches
101
3)
Operational:
3,150 ft/sec
- 700-800 rds/min
- 45-65 rds/min
- 150-200 rds/min
- 15 rds/min
2,653 meters
- 460 meters
CYCLE OF OPERATION:
1)
Firing occurs when the firing pin strikes the
primer of the cartridge.
2)
Unlocking unsealing the breach of the barrel.
3)
Extracting removing the empty cartridge from the
weapon.
4)
Ejecting removing the empty cartridge from the
weapon.
5)
Cocking returning the firing mechanism to cock
position.
6)
Feeding placing the cartridge in the receiver.
7)
Chambering placing the cartridge in the chamber.
8)
Locking sealing the cartridge in the chamber.
e.
Steps in disassembly
a)
The first step in the disassembly of any
weapon is to Clear the weapon.
(1)
Field Stripping
(1)
Disassembly:
Assembly:
(a)
a)
Check the proper operation of the weapon
while the selector is at SAFE, semi and auto positions.
(1)
f.
Maintenance normal care and cleaning will result in the
proper functioning of all parts of the weapon, improper
maintenance causes stoppage and malfunctioning.
1)
a)
Normal cleaning will not require the detailed
assembly of the lower receiver group.
b)
Using a clean dry patch or bristle brush
remove dirt or sand from the receiver. Place a drop of oil on each
pin for lubrication.
c)
After extensive or field exercise, the lower
receiver must be disassembled and clean thoroughly, apply a light
coat of oil on all parts.
4)
Functioning:
1)
Lightweight
2)
Air cooled
3)
Gas operated
4)
Magazine fed
5)
Shoulder weapon
b.
Features:
1)
a)
The selector and bipod are assembled to the
weapon when used for automatic fire but can be adapted for
automatic fire by the installation of a selector adapter.
b)
The flash suppressor is designed to reduce
muzzle climb and the amount of dust raised by the muzzle blast.
c)
The lug on the rear of the flash suppressor is
used for the attachment of a bayonet, a grenade launcher and a
blank firing attachment for the launching grenade.
d)
The spindle valve is used to adjust the
opening of the gas port when the rifle is used for grenade
launching. This prevents gas operation of the rifle during grenade
launching, and prevents damage to the weapon.
e)
The hinged shoulder rest provides vertical
control of the butt end of the rifle.
f)
It has fixed front sight and adjustable rear
sight.
2)
b)
It is designed primarily for automatic fire.
c)
It has the following additional features that
differentiate it from the M14 rifle.
(1) Stabilizer assembly to reduce the effect
of recoil and to provide muzzle stability.
(2) Modified bipod with an additional sling
swivel and a larger pivot pin to accommodate the modified sling.
(3) A folding front and a fix rear hand
guards.
(4) A straight-line stock.
(5) Rubber recoil pad to reduce effect of
recoil.
NOTE: The folding front hand guard can be adjusted to one of
five positions.
GENERAL DATA
a.
b.
c.
Weights:
M14 with full mag & cleaning equipment
Empty magazine
Full magazine
M2 bipod assembly M14 bipod rifle with full magazine
Lengths:
Overall length with flash suppressor
Operational
Trigger pull
11.5 lbs
.5 lbs
1.5 lbs
1.75lbs
14.5 lbs
44.3 inches
- 5.5 lbs
7.5 lbs
- 2,880 ft/sec
- 700-750 rounds/min
- 40 rds/min
- 30 rds/min
- 20 rds/min
- 20 rds/min
- 15 rds/min
107
Automatic
50 rds/min
40 rds/min
30 rds up to 15 min
25 rds/min
20 rds./min
Range in meters
Maximum Maximum effective (semi w/ bipod)
Max effective (semi w/o bipod)
Max effective (auto w/ bipod
3,725
- 700
- 460
- 460
CYCLE OR OPERATION:
a.
Firing occurs when the firing pin strikes the primer of
the cartridge.
b.
Unlocking unsealing the breach of the barrel.
c.
Extracting removing the empty cartridge from the
weapon.
d.
Ejecting removing the empty cartridge from the
weapon.
e.
Cocking returning the firing mechanism to cock
position.
f.
Feeding placing the cartridge in the receiver.
g.
Chambering placing the cartridge in the chamber.
h.
Locking sealing the cartridge in the chamber.
DISASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY
NOTES:
a. Disassembly and assembly of the weapon should be
kept to a minimum consistent with proper care and maintenance.
b.
Parts of one rifle maybe interchanged with another
except the bolt.
CAUTION: The bolt shall not be interchanged with other rifles to
preclude accidents.
a.
108
1)
Loosen and remove the gas cylinder plug (Use a
combination tool or any appropriate substitute).
2)
Tilt the muzzle down and remove the gas piston
from the gas cylinder. Unscrew the gas cylinder lock and slide the
lock and cylinder forward so that the gas port is exposed.
3)
Slip the front band forward toward the front sight.
Push the hand guard toward the front sight and lift it off the barrel.
e.
Assembly to assemble, the follow the reverse
procedure in the disassembly of the hand guard and the gas
system.
1)
Replace the hand guard (NOTE: Do not snap or
force the hand guard into its installed position.
2)
Replace the front band.
3)
Slide the gas cylinder forward through the front
band. Tighten the gas cylinder lock by hand. Align the loop with the
gas cylinder. Replace the gas piston with the port toward the barrel
and the open end toward the muzzle. Replace the gas cylinder plug
and secure it.
NOTE: When the gas piston is fully seated, it will protrude
one and one half inches below the gas cylinder.
MAINTENANCE AND PRESERVATION
a.
Cleaning materials:
1)
Bore cleaner (cleaning compounds solvent (CR) is
commonly used however, it can also be used on all metal parts for
a temporary one day protection only).
2)
Hot, soapy or plain hot water is not a substitute for
the bore cleaner and will be used only when no bore cleaner is
available.
3)
Dry cleaning solvent.
4)
A carbon-removing compound is used on stubborn
carbon deposits by soaking the part with the carbon and brushing
it.
110
b.
Lubricants:
1)
lubricating
temperature.
2)
OE # 10 engine oil may be used as substitute when
no oils prescribed are available.
3)
Rifle grease should be applied to working surfaces.
c.
1)
The rifle should be cleaned after firing because
firing deposits primer fouling, powder ashes, carbon metal fouling.
The ammunition has a non-corrosive primer which makes a
cleaning easier. However, it leaves a deposit which when not
remove immediately may collect moisture and promotes rusting.
Upon termination of firing, a bore-cleaning compound should be
applied for ease of cleaning.
2)
Pour a small quantity of bore cleaner in the gas
cylinder plug and insert and rotate the bore cleaning brush to clean
the plug.
3)
Swab the gas cylinder bore with a clean patch.
NOTE: Do not oil the interior surface of the gas cylinder. Do not
use abrasives.
4)
Clean the gas piston with a bore cleaner then wipe
dry.
NOTE: Do not oil the gas piston.
5)
Clean the bolt with patch and bore cleaner and oil
lightly.
6)
Depress the spindle valve after each firing and
rotate in several times. (NOTE: Do not disassemble the spindle
valve).
7)
All parts must be cleaned, wiped dry and oil when
necessary.
NORMAL MAINTENANCE
The rifle should be inspected daily for any evidence of rust or
fouling and to check the general condition of the rifle. A light coat
of oil should be maintained on all metal parts. (NOTE: Do not oil
the gas piston, interior of the gas cylinder and the gas plug).
Do not use a muzzle plug to cover the muzzle of the rifle. This
will cause moisture to collect inside the bore.
111
3.
HAND GRENADE
a.
HISTORY OF GRENADE:
PARTS OF GRENADE:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Full Ring
Safety Pin
Safety Lever
Striker
Striker Spring
T Lug
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
112
Primer
Body
Delay Elements
Detonator or Igniter
Filler
smoke
3)
Fuse classified as either detonating or igniting.
Upon the removal of the safety pin and the release of the safety
lever, the striker rotates, pushing off the safety lever and continues
its rotation, until it strikes the primer. The impact of the strikers set
off the primer which, in turn, fires the delay element. After the delay
element burns through its length, it set off either the detonator or
the igniter cap.
c.
1)
Inflicts
casualties
to
anyone
within
the
overpressure blast radius.
2)
High explosive anti-tank defeats armor by the use
of a shaped charge.
3)
Capable of controlling riot by employing chemical
filler such as tear and vomiting agents.
4)
Can be use as screen for advancing troops,
provides incendiary action.
5)
The maximum casualty inflicting capability is
based on the skill of the thrower.
6)
Visibility affects much on the use of the grenade.
d.
GRENADE THROWING:
SAFETY CONSIDERATION
1)
removed.
2)
Do not use ball ammunition or blank cartridge to
propel grenades.
3)
Do
not
tamper
with
duds
or
non-exploding
grenades.
4)
Do not pull the safety pin until you are ready to
throw the grenades.
5)
If a grenade is accidentally dropped after the safety
pin has been removed, immediately pick up, throw it in the intended
direction, shout grenade and then seek nearby shelter or drop to
the ground with the helmet toward the grenade.
114
DEFINITION OF TERMS
a.
Preparatory Marksmanship Training (MPT) all
marksmanship training that takes place before live fire.
b.
Marksmanship it is a skillful art of shooting and hitting
the target at a given or known distance.
c.
Service Rifle the primary rifle of the AFP - the M16A1.
d.
Caliber diameter of the bore. Ex: The M16A1 rifle bore
is .223 inch.
e.
Cartridge a complete round of ammunition. Ex.
5.56mm ball, M193. Complete round 179 grains, projectile 55
grains and 1.9cm long with a solid core. A standard ammunition
used by military.
f.
Trajectory the flight path the bullet takes from the riffle
to the target.
g.
Cross-Dominance a soldier with a dominant hand a
dominant eye that are not the same.
h.
Pop, no kick a firing condition when the primer ignite
and the powder charge does not. This normally results in lodging
the bullet in the bore.
i.
Primer a explosive device in the center base of the
cartridge case that is struck by the firing pin to fire the round.
j.
Wobble Area the natural movement or the
weapon/sights on and around an aiming point when the weapon is
being held in a steady position.
k.
Zero Target a scaled silhouette target with a
superimposed grid for use at 25 meters.
l.
Alibi Fire a condition during qualification firing when
soldier is allowed to complete a record fire scenario which was
halted temporarily due to circumstances beyond his control, ex:
target mechanism, weapon or ammo malfunction.
m. Follow-through maintaining the position after the
weapon has been fire.
n.
Lands are elevated surface between the grooves of a
rifle.
o.
Grooves are spiral channels cut in the bore of the rifle
barrel.
p.
Barrel Rifling are spiral lands and grooves of a rifle
design to spin accurately with carrying power (M16A1). The bullet
rotates by the lands once every 12 inches of travel down the barrel.
q.
Immediate Action a procedure applied to rapidly
reduced any rifle stoppage without determining its cause.
115
r.
Remedial Action is the continuing effort to determine
the cause for a stoppage or malfunction and to try clear the
stoppage or malfunction once it has been identified.
s.
Aiming point a place on a target in which the rifle
sights are aligned, normally the target center of mass.
t.
KDR known Distance Range.
2.
a.
Establish a Steady Position refers to the
establishments of a position that allows the weapon to be held still
while it is being fired.
Steady Position Elements:
1)
Non-firing Hand Grip the rifle hand grid rest on
the heel of the hand in the form by the thumb and fingers. Grip is
light rearward pressure exerted.
2)
Rifle-butt position the butt of the stock is paced
in the pocket of the firing shoulder this reduced the effect of recoil
and helps ensure a steady position.
3)
Firing Hand Grip the firing hand grasps the pistol
grip so that it fits the V formed by the thumb and forefinger. The is
placed on the trigger so that the lay of the rifles is not disturbed
when trigger is squeezed.
4)
Firing Elbow Placement the location of the firing
elbow is important in providing balance.
5)
Non-firing Elbow position firmly under the rifle to
elbow for comfortable and stable position.
6)
Stock Weld should provide for a natural line of
sight through the center of the rear sight aperture to the front sight
post and to the target, fires neck should be relaxed check fall into
the stock.
b.
Aiming refers to the precise alignment of the rifle
sights with the target.
Things to remember in aiming:
1)
Correct sight alignment placing the center tip of
the front sight post in the exact center of the sight aperture.
2)
Correct sight picture has the target, front sight
post and rear sight aligned. The sight picture include two basic
elements: sight alignment and placement of the aiming point.
116
c.
Breath Control the third marksmanship fundamental
refers to the control of breathing to help keep the rifle steady.
Two (2) types of breath control techniques
1)
The first is the technique used during zeroing (and
when time is available to fire a shot). Breathing should stop after
most of the air has been exhaled during the normal breathing cycle.
The shot must be fired before the fired feels any discomfort.
2)
The second is employed during rapid firs (short
exposure targets). Using this techniques the soldier hold his breath
when he is about to squeeze the trigger, therefore the firer must
detect, acquire and engage the target before the exposure ends.
d.
Trigger Control The fourth marksmanship fundamental
is trigger control. It is the independent action of the forefinger on
the trigger pulling it straight to the rear with uniformly increasing
pressure until the weapon is fired.
Guideline for Proper Trigger Squeeze:
The trigger finger (index finger on the firing hand) is
placed on the trigger between the first join and the tip of the finger
(not the extreme) and is adjusted depending on hand size and grip.
Squeeze should start with a slight figure straight to the rear
avoiding the left or right twisting movement while observing the
slack. To apply the remaining pressure continuously and the rifle is
fired without disturbing its lay.
c.
1)
Prone Position provides the most stable platform
for engaging targets and presents a low silhouette and easily
adapted with the use of cover and support.
2)
Standing Position - is used in the assault, to
engage surprise target and when no other position can be used.
3)
Kneeling Position is suitable for ground that
slope gently upward and when there are obstacles that hinders
good target acquisition.
4)
Military Operation in Urban Terrain (MOUT) firing
position- although the same principles of rifle marksmanship apply,
the selection and use of firing positions during MOUT requires
some special considerations.
117
Examples:
a)
Firing over Rooftops requires long range
observation and only expose the parts of the body necessary to
engage target.
b)
Firing around Obstacle firing from around
corner requires the soldier to avoid exposing himself to enemy fire
by firing from opposite shoulder.
c)
Firing from Windows highlight the need to
stay in the shadow while firing from the windows and the
requirements for cover and rifle support.
d.
DRY FIRE
PEER COACHING
1)
2)
a)
Peer coach assists the firer to obtain a good
firing position and adjusting sand bags or any available support.
b)
Watches the firer and sees to it that the firer
maintains a proper relax steady position, holds his breath before
the final trigger squeeze, and applies initial pressure to the trigger
with no noticeable trigger jerks, filches eye blink or other reaction
in anticipating the rifle firing. If the firer is tensed and nervous, the
coach advises the firer to breath deeply several times and relax.
118
f.
GROUPING is a live fire exercise shooting tight shot
group in a consistent location. (4 cm or smaller diameter) When the
firer can consistently place three rounds within 4 cm radius circle
at 25 meters regardless of a group location, he is ready to zero his
rifle M16A1.
Step in Marking a shot Groups;
1)
2)
straight line.
3)
4)
an x.
age.
1)
Windage Adjustment - are made on the rear sight
and elevation adjustment on the front sight.
a)
Rear Sight consist of a two (2) aperture and
a wind age drum with a spring loaded detent. The aperture mark L
is used for ranges beyond 300 meter
b)
Front sight consist of a round rotating sight
post with a five
position spring loaded detent.
2)
Sight Changes to make sight changes, the firer
first locate the center of his three rounds shot group and then
determine the distance between it and the desired location. An
error in elevation is measure horizontally.
Elevation Adjustment to raise the strike of the
bullet, rotate the front sight post the desired number of clicks (in
119
ZEROING
Adjusting rifle to bullet hits to the aiming point at a given
range.
Conduct of Zeroing on a 25-Meters Range
1)
The best possible zero is obtained by zeroing at
actual range. Because facilities normally do not exist for zeroing at
250 meters, most zeroing is conducted at 25 meters by pushing the
rear sight forward so that LRS is exposed. Using the L-sight firer
consistently aims target center of mass then fires three separate
three-round shot groups and numbers them. Based on the location
of these groups, the firer would make the sight adjustments. After
the sight changes are made, three more three-round shot groups
are fired. Using the same produced to confirm the zero. The shot
groups must be centered with in the zero circle.
2)
Mechanical zero/initial sight setting to
mechanically zero the weapon, the firer adjust the front sight post
up or down until the base of the front sight post is flush with the
wall. Then adjust the front sight post 11 clicks in the direction of up
or clockwise. This move the post down into the well eleven (11)
clicks. The soldier turns the rear sight wind age drum until it moves
all the way to the left side and locks.
3)
a)
Front Sight elevation zero. Since the center
of the shot groups was determined to be two squares high. The
correction would be two(2) clicks down. With the initial setting of 11
this would be 11 minus 2, or 9 and should be recorded as 9 up.
b)
Rear Sight wind age zero. Since the center
of the shot groups was determined to be seven (7) clicks squares
to the right, the correction would be seven (7) clicks left. This
would be 17 minus 7 or 10 and should be recorded as R10. The data
record for the firer in this example.
RECORDING OF DATA
MSG TEDDY R ZAMORA (OS) PA
01 Jun 02
FS 9 ----10
SN # ----671926
Note: These data are not transferable.
120
4)
Battle Sight Zero to battle sight zero the rifle, the
soldier must understand sight adjustment procedure. The objective
of the battle sight zero is to find a zero range that allows for target
engagement out to the maximum possible range while requiring
minimum adjustments to the aiming point.
a)
LRS setting the sight to LRS to hit at 25
meters where the line of the sight and bullet trajectory actually
coincides and again at 375 meters.
b)
SRS flipping back to SRS to hit at 42 meters
where the line of the sight and bullet trajectory actually coincides
and again at 250 meters. Most combat target are expected to be
engaged in the ranges from 0 to 300 meters, therefore, the 250
meter battle sight zero is the setting that reaming on the fire. All
target can be hit out to a range of 300 meters without major
adjustment to the aiming point.
Trajectory (SRS) passes through mass of all
targets of all out to 300 meters.
Trajectory (SRS) passes through mass of all
targets from 325 meters to maximum effective range.
i.
1)
Slow Semi Automatic Fire one round every 3 to
10 seconds used during grouping, zeroing, qualifying and during
training allows for a slow precise application of marksmanship
fundamentals.
2)
Rapid Semi Automatic Fire one round every 1 to 2
seconds, allows the firer to deliver a large volume of accurate fire
while conserving the ammunition.
3)
Full Automatic Fire (burst ) should be utilized
only after the soldier has demonstrated expertise during slow and
rapid fire. 3 to 13 rounds per seconds into the designated area, for
a few seconds may necessary to gain initial superiority.
j.
121
a)
Tracking engaging moving targets where
the lead is established and maintained moving with the targets as
the trigger is squeezed.
Ex. The firer establishes and maintained aiming point in
relation to the target.
b)
Trapping a technique of engaging a moving
targets. The aiming point is established forward of the target, the
rifle is held stationary and fired as the target approaches the aiming
point.
Ex. The firer setting up an aiming point forward of
the target and along the target path. The trigger squeezed as the
target comes in sight.
In combat defensive or offensive position a soldier
do not know if their target will be stationary or moving, what is
important is to fire immediately at targets occur.
Note: Moving target fundamentals is the same as
engaging stationary targets and the procedure used to engage
moving targets vary as the angle, speed and distance.
2)
b)
Pointed when presented with a target, keep
the rifle at side and quickly fires single shoot or burst. Both eye
open and uses instinct and peripheral vision to line up the rifle with
the target. A target of 15m or less may be engage in less than one
second.
The difference is speed of delivery between this
two (2) techniques is small, pointed quick fire can be delivered
about one tenth of a second faster than aimed quick fire.
2)
a)
Repeatedly practice during dry fire training.
b)
Live fire exercise.
c)
Tactical
consideration
dictate
which
technique is effective in any situation and when single shot or
bursts fire is used.
Note: Pointed and aimed quick fire should be used only
when a target cannot be engageb fast enough using the sight in a
normal manner. This technique should be limited to targets
appearing at 25m or less.
l.
EFFECTS OF GRAVITY
1)
Effects on Ammunition the bullet begins to fall as
soon as it leaves the muzzle of the rifle. The maximum speed or
velocity of the bullet is at muzzle, at first the bullet travel fast,
covering the 25 meters segment (275-300 meters) is covered at an
average speed of 1,450 mph.
Gravity causes the rate of drop to increase as flight
time increases. The effect of gravity and wind increase as the range
increases.
2)
Compensation of gravity the firer therefore must
compensate for the effects of gravity to engage high priority
targets.
3)
Adjusted Aiming Point intended to increase hit
probability in combat. Adjusted aiming point to allow for the effect
of gravity. Usually a soldier should aim low for targets closer than
250 meters and aim high for targets further away than 250 meters.
123
m.
EFFECT OF WIND
1)
Sight Alignment The sight is aligned when the
top of the front sight is exactly on the center of the rear sight
aperture.
2)
Aiming Point is the target where the sights are
aligned with.
o.
1)
The bolt of all rifles must be opened always
2)
All loading and unloading is executed on the firing
line with the muzzle of the rifle pointing towards the target. Strictly
no loading behind the firing line.
3)
No weapon is loaded until the command load is
given.
4)
All firing must be controlled by signals, commands
will be given by the designated range officer/NCO. Do not fire until
the command fire is given.
5)
At the command CEASE FIRING all trigger finger
must be automatically removed from the trigger and shift to safe.
124
6)
No weapon is to be removed from the firing line
until it has been expected to see to it that it is clear with ammo and
safety lever at safe, bolt must be opened always.
7)
No person is allowed beyond the firing line for any
reason or purpose. No weapon is carried in front of the firing line.
8)
After firing, place the selector lever at safe, remove
magazine and always keep the bolt open.
9)
In case of malfunction or alibi, do immediate
actions or remedial actions which make the barrel pointing to the
target. If failed, raise hand, but alibi to be assisted by the DI or
COACH.
10) Anyone observing an unsafe act will immediately
call CEASEFIRE.
11) Consider the rifle loaded at all times, even in the
break areas. Never point the rifle to anyone you not want to hurt.
p.
MARKSMANSHIP QUALIFICATION
RATING
Expert
Sharpshoot
er
Marksman
Unqualified
OLD
NEW
28-40
24-27
36-40
30-35
17-23
16below
23-29
22below
125
ACROE
(New)
180-200
1551179
120-154
119below
OLD
140-200
120-135
85-115
80below
_____________________________
_______________
(Name)
(Date)
WRITTEN EXAMINATION
(Combat Training of Individual Soldier)
INSTRUCTIONS: Fill-in the blanks with the word or group of words that will make the
sentence complete or as required. After completing the examination, detach the same
from this book and submit to your Platoon Leaders.
1.
Intelligence is the product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis,
integration and interpretation of all available information which concerns a foreign
nation or an area of operation.
2.
Military Information means all facts, documents, materials, photograph,
diagram, maps and reports of observation of any kind which increases our knowledge
of a possible or actual enemy or area of operations.
3.
Military Intelligence is a knowledge acquired through the collection,
evaluation, and interpretation of all available information concerning a possible or
actual enemy or area of operations, including the weather and terrain.
Intelligence cycle:
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Map - is a graphical representation of the earth surface drawn to scale as seen
from above. Man-made and natural features are defected by symbols, colors, lines
and forms.
Methods of orienting a map:
9.
10.
Orientation by Compass
Orientation by Inspection
There are three base directions used in the map, namely:
11.
12.
13.
14.
INTERSECTION - is the location of the unknown, unoccupied points by taking
sights to the known point from at least two known occupied positions.
15.
RESECTION - is the locating of an unknown occupied position by taking sights
on two or more identifiable points whose position are known.
16.
MODIFIED RESECTION a method of locating ones position on a map when
the individual is located on a road or some other linear terrain feature identified on the
map.
126
17.
Signal Communication is a method or means or a combination thereof of
conveying information of any king of one person or place to another except direct
communication.
18.
Means of Communication a medium by which a message is conveyed from
one person to another.
19.
Agency of Communication a facility which embraces the personnel and
equipment to provide signal communication by any particular means or combination
thereof.
20.
21.
Radio this means of communication is the most rapid one. It is most
frequently used for maintaining command, control, contact and direction in contact.
22.
Messenger the use of messenger as a means of communication is preferred
over the rest when maps and classified documents are to be transmitted to other
operating units.
23.
24.
Sound Signal this means of communications is used primarily to spread
alarms
25.
Radio Net a group of several stations working together in the same
frequency.
26.
Call Sign a combination of pronounceable words that identifies the facility or
station.
27.
Individual Call Sign this call sign identifies a single call to any station within
the net.
28.
29.
30.
31.
Break-break stop your conversation and allow me to this net to transmit for
an urgent message.
32.
33.
Dark adaptation means allowing your eyes to become accustomed to low
level of illumination.
Techniques in Night Vision:
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
CONCEALMENT is natural or artificial protection from enemy observation
(shadows, foliage, thick bush, fog, the clouds and even the strong rain are included)
Commonly used arm and hand signals
39
40.
Halt - Arm raised at shoulder level with open hand, fingers extended and
joined together.
41.
42.
43.
Come to me (team leader) - Two fingers held against the opposite arm to
indicate the Sgts chevron.
44.
Increase Speed, Double Time or Rush raise the hand to the shoulder, fist
closed; thrust the fist upward to the full extent of the arm and back to the shoulder
rapidly several times.
45.
The tactical rifle squad is the basic fighting unit. When employed in the attack,
its mission is to close with and kill or capture the enemy.
46.
Squad Leader he carries out the orders of his platoon leader. His
responsibility includes the discipline, appearance, training, control and welfare of his
men at all times.
47.
Fire Team Leader he gives positive leadership to his team, and maintains
discipline, welfare and combat proficiency
48.
The mission of the infantry rifle squad is to close with the enemy by means of
fire and maneuver, to destroy or capture them or repel their assault by fire, close
combat and counter attack.
Infantry rifle squad formation
49.
50.
Squad Column
51.
Squad Line
52.
Squad File
Three types of movement techniques:
53.
Traveling - is used when contact with the enemy is not likely an speed is
needed
54.
Traveling over watch - is used when contact is possible. Attached weapons
move near the squad leader and his command so he can employ them quickly.
55.
Bounding Over watch is used when enemy contact is expected. It is most
secured, but the slowest movement technique.
56.
Platoon Leader -- Is responsible for all the platoon does or fails to do. This
includes the tactical employment, training administration and personnel management
and the logistics of the platoon.
128
57.
Platoon Sergeant -- Assist the platoon leader in the supervision, admin and
training, discipline and most especially in the moral and the welfare of the platoon
58.
The U.S. RIFLE 5.56MM M16 is the basic weapon of the Philippine Army.
59.
A grenade is a small explosive or chemical bomb for military use against an
enemy at the short ranges. Grenades are of two (2) basic types hand and launched.
The hand grenade or thrown away, while the launched grenade is fired from a
launcher.
60.
Preparatory Marksmanship Training (MPT) all marksmanship training that
takes place before live fire.
61.
Marksmanship it is a skillful art of shooting and hitting the target at a given
or known distance.
Four fundamentals of marksmanship
62.
Establish a Steady Position refers to the establishments of a position that
allows the weapon to be held still while it is being fired.
63.
Aiming
64.
Breath Control
65.
Trigger Control
Firing positions commonly used:
66.
Prone Position
67.
Standing Position
68.
Kneeling Position
Elements of correct sight picture
69.
Sight Alignment The sight is aligned when the top of the front sight is exactly
on the center of the rear sight aperture.
70.
Aiming Point is the target where the sights are aligned with.
129
PUBLIC INFORMATION
1.
Definition of Terms:
1)
Subversion It is a group conspiracy seeking to
alter an existing system of government through deceit and other
unlawful means, or it is an act of individual or a group who want to
topple the government by all mean.
2)
Communism It is a theory which advocate
elimination of private ownership. It intends to make the world
stateless and the society classless.
3)
Agitation It is a subversive technique to arouse
hatred and anger among the people and to the government.
4)
Propaganda It is a line of persuasion/influence
the belief, emotion, behavior, attitude and opinion of the target
audience.
5)
Infiltration deceptive use of legal activities and
this is being used to exert influence and if possible, seize control of
the target group.
6)
Politics it is an art or science concerning the
winning or control over government.
b.
.
Threat to national security may be defined as any
expression of intuition to inflict evil, injury or damage to the
nations people, territories, vital installations, political, economic
and religious way of life.
c.
Types of Threat
1)
General Threat:
a)
Politics caused by person/group of persons
who aspire for power and/or position into the government.
b)
Economic caused by businessmen who
mass large amount of money but do not pay taxes, hoarders, dollar
syndicate, dollar salters, smugglers and big criminals. These
groups tend to drain our national fund and thus results into
economic chaos.
c)
Psycho-social caused by activities that
would undermine the morale of the populace which make them
easy prey to insurgents exploitation. These are:
130
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2)
Indulgence to vices
Drug addiction
Prostitution
Other criminal acts
External/Internal Threats
If you know the enemy and you know yourself, you need not
fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself and not
the enemy, for every victory gained, you will also suffer a defeat. If
you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in
every battle Sun Tzu
Though the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) is
already considered a legal entity, its original intention of making
the Philippines a communist convert remains. The collapse of
several communist movements around the world, somehow, did
not really affect the efforts of the local communist movement in the
country. Factors contributory to this such as too much democracy,
economic advantage for the members and greed for power in the
disguise of helping the poor continuously exist. The CPP with its
military arm still poses a potent threat to the security of the nation.
133
utmost care and in covert manner since most of those in the NDF
ranks are non-communist intellectuals and who are merely
motivated by their own interpretation of nationalism, some of whom
are of national stature. While the party commands and disciplines
its members in the NDF, the latter is extra careful not to
unnecessarily antagonize the non-members. Democratic space is
given but the leadership of the NDF is always manipulated so that
the party in a subtle manner can always provide the directions. As
part of its mission to subvert the people, the NDF has to bring to its
fold peoples nationalist organizations, a few of which are
organized by the party members themselves.
The basic strategy of the CPP/NPA is to ride on sensitive
issues and conflicts. According to the law of contradiction, matter,
man and society are beset with built-in contradictions which create
conflict. In reference to man and society, there are three main
contradictions personal, interpersonal and societal. The personal
contradiction is with in man himself. He is confronted with what
decision to take, vocations, specific jobs, whom to marry and many
others. The interpersonal contradiction is between persons. The
societal contradiction is between countries, political parties,
classes of people and many others. The last is termed by Karl Marx
as class conflict. These contradictions are the products of various
social forces at play such as economic needs, political
philosophies and ideologies, religions, values, beliefs and
idiosyncrasies among others. The basic contradiction in the
Philippine society according to the CPP are: 1. between the Filipino
nation and imperialism; 2. between the great masses of the people
and feudalism; 3. the suppression of the people by the present
government on behalf of the US imperialism and feudal landlords
A good communist is adept not only in exploiting these various
contradictions especially the class conflict to his advantage but
also in heightening the conflict to a revolutionary level by creating
and inducing a revolutionary situation. The victory of the
communists depends mainly on how it manipulates people based
on this contradictions and class conflicts. That is why a communist
is especially taught how to conduct social investigation and class
analysis, that being the bases of his actions as it must be based on
concrete analysis of a concrete condition.
The communist follows a system in infiltrating a target group
or a village. He is indoctrinated in the art of infiltration. He must
master the art of infiltration to a point that wherever he is, he will
look, act and talk as the majority of the people do. Communist
infiltrators hide under different names, under the different target
sectors. In a farming village where the communist does not have its
136
army yet, or the latter has no ready access to the village, a member
of the semi-legal team (SLT) does and stays in the village with the
pretext that he is a farmer. Usually, his entry is pre-arranged with
the actual village resident with whom he has befriended and whom
he would claim as relative. Thence, covertly, he does social
investigation (SI), class analysis (CA) and counter-intelligence (CI).
Guided by his SICACI, he selects one resident whom he classifies
as his basic ally and based on the SI, he discusses with him the
social problems of the community, linking the same to the macro
problems and ends with an emphatic conclusion that the social
problems are caused by the structure of the society; the very rich
few suppress and extremely oppress the poor majority. The military
in this regard, is seen as an institutional partner of the rich to
oppress the people. The CI guides him in identifying the local
residents who work with the police/military intelligence network,
and he avoids them. When his initial convert is prepared, he task
him to convince two others; each of the other two convinces
another two, and each of the next four convinces two others
making the initial converts into a total of fifteen. After this is
reached, the communist infiltrator, who operates covertly from the
beginning, manipulates the initial converts thru his first convert
who is now regarded as the leader of the group. They grouped
themselves into farmers cooperative. Teach-ins are regularly held
until the Village Committee are established with the leader as the
chairman
and
each
of
the
members
heads
the
education/propaganda,
finance,
defense
and
organizing
committees. Then the activities are intensified to convince and
convert the rest of the residents after which the VRC is formed.
The VRC branches into three groups namely; the male adults, the
womens group and the youths group, each with its own
education/propaganda,
finance,
defense
and
organizing
committees. When all the residents are converted and/or cowed,
(the unwilling ones are forced to transfer residences) the Barangay
or VRC is consolidated with the inclusion of other committees
namely; economic, intelligence, mass action, supply and medical
committees. The male adults has one additional committee, the
militia. The position of vice chairman of each of the three groups is
created. The system is modified as applicable in urban areas and
school settings.
To further hasten discontentment of the people, the
communist pursues a propaganda of agitation to agitate the people
into hating, thus fighting the government. This is done by
exploiting the class conflict. The propaganda of agitation uses the
issue-oriented approach. The local issue of the day is discussed,
say, fuel price increase and in the process of elaborating and
137
deepening the issue, the communist cites the three basic evils
namely; US imperialism, bureaucrat capitalism and feudalism as
the roots of the problem. The issue which is legitimate and relevant
to the lives of the people naturally touches them without being
aware that the issue is just a mere tool to bring them under the
influence of communism. The issue merely serves as the boat and
those who are agitated ride on the vehicle and the communist
being the skipper brings the boat to the realm of a bloody
revolution to grab political power.
Out of the various vocations, the most deceptive is
communism. Aside from having no qualms in his deception, a
communist is proud of being smart in his deceit. It is being
nameless, hiding his real identity by using many aliases that
renders him shameless. He tells the Christians that he is a
Christian, even using the name of /Christ in vain branding him as
the first communist, yet, he is godless and anti Christ. He tells the
workers that his is a dictatorship of the proletariat the working
class, yet, his is a dictatorship of the communist elite and under his
leadership, the workers are extremely oppressed and suppressed.
He promises that the peasants that the land will be distributed and
titled in their names, yet, his is a communal farming where the land
is owned by the state and the farmers are only given share of the
produce enough for their consumption. He tells the politicians that
his political system is peoples democracy without elaborating, yet,
his political system is totalitarianism. He commits anything and
everything to the people just so he can grab political power. While
we cannot blame him because he is indoctrinated to be such, at
least, we must always be aware that the ignorance of one makes
him and easy prey to the communist deceptive propaganda and
manipulation, the worst kind is subtly done.
At present, the local communists also considered as local
terrorists, are still capable of conducting mass actions and
selective armed attacks to unprepared military and police
detachments and vital installations. These activities can affect
economic activities in the area giving much burden to the local
populace. Communism is a menace and has no place to a
democratic way of life.
138
140
ARTICLE 16
a. Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to
race, nationality or religion have the right to marry and to find a
family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage and its
dissolution.
b.
Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full
consent of the intending spouses.
c.
The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of
society and is entitled to protection by society and the state.
ARTICLE 17
a.
Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as
in association with others.
b.
No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
ARTICLE 18 everyone has the right to freedom of thought,
conscience and religion, this right includes freedom to hold
opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart
information and ideas through any media and regardless of
frontier.
ARTICLE 19
a.
Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly
and association.
b.
No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
ARTICLE 20
a.
Everyone has the right to take part in the government of
his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.
b.
Everyone has the right of access to public service in his
country.
c.
The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority
of government, this will be expressed in periodic and genuine
selections which shall be by universal and equal surface shall be
held by secret vote or by equivalent voting procedures.
ARTICLE 21 everyone, as a member of society has the right
to social security and is entitled to realization, through national
effort and international cooperation and in accordance with the
organization and resources of each state, of the economic, social
and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and in the free
development of his personality.
ARTICLE 22
a.
Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of
employment, to just pay, favorable conditions of work and to
protection against unemployment.
b.
Everyone without any discrimination has the right to
equal pay for equal work.
c.
Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable
remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence
141
142
_____________________________
(Name)
WRITTEN EXAMINATION
(Public Information)
_______________
(Date)
INSTRUCTIONS: Fill-in the blanks with the word or group of words that will make the
sentence complete or as required. After completing the examination, detach the same
from this book and submit to your Platoon Leaders.
1.
Subversion It is a group conspiracy seeking to alter an existing system of
government through deceit and other unlawful means, or it is an act of individual or a
group who want to topple the government by all mean.
2.
Communism It is a theory which advocate elimination of private ownership. It
tends to make the world stateless and the society classless.
3.
Threat to national security may be defined as any expression of intuition to
inflict evil, injury or damage to the nations people, territories, vital installations,
political, economic and religious way of life.
4.
External Threat it is posed primarily by conflict from other countries that may
affect certain country politically, economically, socially and even militarily.
5.
Internal Threat posed primarily by the different groups from within who
oppose our present system.
6.
CPP/NPA it was organized on 26 December 1968 by Jose Maria Sison with
sixty seven (67) students activist after he drifted from the PKP/HMB. It adheres to the
teachings of Mao Tse Tung. It aims to wrest state power and completely dissolve the
existing government through protracted armed struggle which is being done by
mobilizing the peasantry from the country sides.
7.
The military arm of the CPP is
Bernabe Buscayno,
8.
Secessionist is an insurgency which aims to establish an autonomous region
over the province of MINSUPALA, BASILAN and TAWI-TAWI.
9.
Rightists are the disgruntled politicians, businessmen, clerics, oligarch,
intellectual, military men and big time criminals who work hand in hand to restore the
old order to pave their way into power and position in the government.
10.
Political Warlords are politicians who maintained their private armies to
secure their vested interest. They show defiance to an existing system of the
government
11.
12.
13.
The highest combat unit of the NPA is the Main Guerilla Unit.
14.
The Militia serves as the village police force, to impose party policies in the
village
15.
The CPP united front is the National Democratic Front (NDF). Its highest
governing body is the White Area Commission (WAC).
143
CIVIL AFFAIRS
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
DISASTER RESPONSE AND RESCUE OPERATIONS
1.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
a.
DISASTER/CALAMITY refers to a situation that is
associated with catastrophic events where a number of persons are
plunged with hardship and suffering that are caused by problems
like shortage of food, clothing, medical care and other basic
necessities
b.
FLOOD it is state or condition when water overflows
from natural waterways caused by heavy rainfall resulting in the
water accumulation in low lying areas.
c.
RELIEF refers to anything that is done to alleviate the
condition of those who are suffering from the effects of a
disaster/calamity and who at that particular time are completely
helpless.
d.
POLLUTION refers to any discharge of liquid, solid
substance or gases into land, soil, waters, atmosphere, air or space
which will create or render such environmental elements and
atmospheric air harmful or detrimental or injurious to human
beings, animals, plants and the natures environment and
ecological balance.
e.
REHABILITATION refers to the restoration of a
persons economic dependency to a stable living either physically,
economically, socially or emotionally.
f.
VOLCANIC ERUPTION an occurrence characterized by
an ejection of volcanic materials such as molten lava, rock
fragments, ashes, lahar flow, steam and other gases through the
fissure brought about by tremendous pressure which forces open
the rock formation or stem reservoirs beneath the earths crust.
g.
SPACE DEBRIS these are remains of artificial satellites
and other components as well as their means of carriage aloft
which fall back to earth.
h.
RADIO ACTIVE FALL-OUT- these are dust particles of
earth and debris, together with the radioactive materials that cling
to them and are drawn up into mushroom clouds resulting from
detonation of a nuclear weapon or devise and which are carried by
the wind and sent back to earth.
i.
NATIONAL DISASTER COORDINATING COUNCIL this
is the highest government body responsible in advising the
President of the country on the status of disaster preparedness
144
5.
THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT AGENCIES DURING
DISASTER AND CALAMITY OPERATIONS
Since the DND and the AFP possess the capability to react to
natural calamities with the DNDs unique nature of organization and
network of troops and asset disposition, an inter-agency plan
headed by the DND was organized specifically to put into
realization an action oriented Civil Defense Plan with the creation of
the NDCC.
The Secretary of DILG is responsible for the establishment of
operation centers of all local government.
The Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports is tasked with
organizing the disaster control and reaction teams in large building
for commercial and reaction purposes.
The Department of Trade and Industry Secretary is
responsible for the organization of disaster control and reaction
teams in large building for commercial and reaction purposes.
The Secretary of Department of Social Welfare and
Development is tasked with extending emergency relief assistance
and social services to victims of strategy.
During disaster operations, all other disaster coordinating
councils make available their facilities and expertise relative to the
effective implementation of the councils mission. Likewise, the
146
_____________________________
(Name)
WRITTEN EXAMINATION
(Civil Affairs)
_______________
(Date)
INSTRUCTIONS: Fill-in the blanks with the word or group of words that will make the
sentence complete or as required. After completing the examination, detach the same
from this book and submit to your Platoon Leaders.
1.
DISASTER/CALAMITY refers to a situation that is associated with
catastrophic events where a number of persons are plunged with hardship and
suffering that are caused by problems like shortage of food, clothing, medical care
and other basic necessities
2.
RELIEF refers to anything that is done to alleviate the condition of those who
are suffering from the effects of a disaster/calamity and who at that particular time are
completely helpless.
3.
The Secretary of Department of Social Welfare and Development is tasked with
extending emergency relief assistance and social services to victims of strategy.
In times of natural calamities or manmade disorders, the ROTC cadets may be
tapped to render to direct assistance to calamity victims in any of the following areas:
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
148
MANDATORY READINGS
1.
1)
Field Officer of the Day (FOD) A field grade officer detailed
at FOD is the commanding officers personal representative. His primary
concern is the proper supervision in the performance of duty of the interior
guards.
2)
Officer of the (OD) The OD is responsible for the proper
performance of duty by the main guards. He is charged with executing all
orders of the commanding officer relating to interior guard duty.
3)
Commander of the Guard (COG) He is responsible for the
instruction, discipline, and performance of the guards. Being a senior in rank,
the commander of the guards is responsible for proper action in case of
emergency.
4)
Sergeant of the Guard (SOG) The SOG is the overall
supervision over the other NCOs and sentinel of the guards. He takes over a
commander of the guards in case no one else is detailed as such.
5)
Relief Commander The relief commander instructs
members of his relief as to their orders and duties, and makes certain that
each sentinel understands them. He also familiarizes himself with the special
duties of members of his relief.
6)
Sentinel They must memorize, understand, and comply
with the general orders for sentinel. In addition, they must understand and
comply with the special orders applicable to their particular post, including the
use of counter-signs, if they are in effect.
149
c.
1)
Before the new guard arrives in the guardhouse, the old
guards have already been formed on time by the old commander. The new
guards march to the guardhouse for informal guard mounting.
2)
When the new guards are about six steps from the left flank
of the old guards, the new commander of the guards commands Eyes Right.
Almost at the same time, the commander of the old guards faces about the
commands present Arms. They remain in this position until the new guards
have cleared their right flank. The old commander commands Order Arms
3)
A soon as the new guards have cleared the right flank, the
new commanders ready, Front. The new guard executes right flank and halts
when are approximately six steps to the right of the old guards. The
commander then commands Order, Arms and About Face.
4)
Both commanders of the guards positioned six steps in
front and centered on their respective groups, face about and command
Present Arms. After that, they face each other and exchange salutes. They
then face their guards and command Order Arms.
5)
After the new guards have been presented to the
commander of the guards, the new old officers of the day position themselves
eighteen steps in front and centered on their respective guards. Both
commanders of the guards face about the command Present Arms." After
which they face back to the front and salute their respective officers of the day.
6)
After salutes have been exchanged both commanders face
about, command Order Arms, and face back to the front. The two officers of
the day then face each other and exchange salutes which starts with the new
OD rendering salute to the old OD. They then face their respective guards.
7)
The new commands Post the first Relief, after which the
first relief commander salutes the new OD, faces about, then commands Falls
out. The guards report to the guardhouse and the first relief commander
reports to the commander of the guards for instructions on posting his relief.
8)
Meanwhile, the old OD commands Dismiss the Guards.
The old commander of the guards salutes the old OD, faces about, and
command Rest. He then contracts the new commander of the guards to
convey instructions and orders. The old guards are then marched off to their
company areas. This ends informal guard mounting.
d.
Guard Orders
5)
relieved.
6)
General Order Nr 6 To received, obey, and pass on the
sentinel who relieves me all orders from the commanding officer, office of the
day, and officer and non-commissioned officers of the guard only.
7)
General Order Nr 7 To talk to one except in the line of
duty.
8)
General Order Nr 8 To give the alarm in case of fire or
disorder.
9)
General Order Nr 9 To call the commander of the guard in
any case not covered by instructions.
10)
General Order Nr 10 To salute all officers, and all colors
and standards not cased.
11)
General Order Nr 11 To be especially watchful at night,
and during the time for challenging, to challenge all personal on or near my
post, and to allow no one to pass without proper authority.
2.
1)
Non-State Supported this terrorist group operates
autonomous receiving no significant support from any government.
2)
State Supported a state supported group generally
operates independently but receives support from one or more government.
3)
State Directed in this category, the terrorist group
operates as an agent to a government. It receives intelligence, logistics and
operational support from government.
d.
TERRORIST OBJECTIVES:
react of the attack. They may opt to use force to resolve the incident since few
or no innocent lives may be risked.
10)
Sabotage the sabotage in the most sabotage incident is to
demonstrate how vulnerable society is to the terrorist actions. In the more
developed countries, utilities, communications and transportation systems are
so interdependent that a serious disruption of one, affects all and gained
immediate public attentions. Sabotage of industrial, commercial or military
facilities is one means of showing the vulnerability of the target. While
simultaneously making statement or political or monetary demands.
11)
Hoaxes any terrorist group can successfully employ a
hoax. A threat to against persons life and those around him to devote more
time and effort to security measures. A bomb threat can close a commercial
building, empty or disrupt transportation system at no cost to the terrorist. The
long-term effects is false alarm on the security force are more dangerous
than a temporary disruption of the hoax. Repeated threat that do not
materialized, dull the analytical and operational effectiveness of security
personnel.
12)
Use of NBC Weapons although nuclear device is beyond
the reach of all but the most sophisticated state sponsored terrorist group, a
chemical or biological weapons is not. The technology is simple and the cost
per casualty is extremely low. This makes such weapons ideal for those with
little or no regard for the consequence of their act. Fear of alienation from peer
and support population probably inhibits their use, but this restrains could
disappear as completion for headlines increases.
f.
usually includes one or more members who have been trained by the
sponsoring state.
2)
Active Supporters active supporters are people who do
not actually commit the violent acts of terrorism. However, they assist the
terrorist by providing money, information, legal end, medical services, safe
houses, and forged, and stolen documents, Active supporters frequently agree
ideologically with some or all of the groups goal, but not the use of violence.
3)
Passive Supporters passive supporters are more difficult
to define and identify. Most of them are sympathetic to the terrorist group, but
either will not or cannot assume an active role. Some passive supporters are
involved by intimidation or blackmail. Passive support may be unwitting, for
example, contribution to charitable cause or causes. The terrorist relies on
passive supporters for financial and public displays of support and minor
logistical support.
g.
1)
Legal Consideration terrorist acts are criminal, whether
committed in peacetime or war. In peacetime, terrorist may be prosecuted for
violating the criminal laws of the country which they commit their crime.
Terrorist may also be subjected to the extra-territorial criminal jurisdiction of
other nation. They may also be subjected to universal jurisdiction by any
nation for international offence such as piracy.
2)
Principles of National Program no two nations or societies
are exactly alike; therefore, no two national programs for combating terrorism
are identical. This is because national programs exercise the values of the
society and government that create it. There are however, several principles
common than an internationally recognized insurgency, for example, the use
of conventional military forces (other than highly specialized counter terrorism
units) in a domestic counter terrorist role and lead to overreaction and abuse.
This would be counterproductive and lend support to the terrorist cause.
155
3)
Policy a government develop single, consistent policy, the
national leadership must express it clearly. The statement of policy address
three (3) audiences:
a)
The Domestic Population the terrorist attempts to
undermine popular faith in a government ability to protect its citizens. A
significant part of the government policy therefore, must demonstrate to its
citizens that their government actions are more detrimental to their well being
than the terrorist acts the government attempts to prevent.
b)
The International Community views the government
policy as statement of national resolve and commitment. It evaluates the
policy for consistency, with agreements, treaty, commitments, and adherence
to national and international law. To the extent the policy achieve this, the
government legitimacy grows while that of the terrorist diminishes. However, a
strong national policy against terrorism is meaningless without the resolve
and the means to implement it.
c)
The Terrorist are the third audience for national
policy. In general, terrorism is at his time a low risk operation. Bombings,
hijacking and assassinations offer terrorist groups a high probability of
success and low risk of capture or death. However, a strong consistent
national program effectively executed; can increase the terrorist risk. It can
also separate the terrorists from the populace, thereby denying their
sanctuary, recruits, funds and support. The terrorist evaluates the government
program by comparing its public statements with effectiveness of its policy.
d)
Organization a government cannot easily organize
and support a new system whose sole mission is combating terrorism, due to
the expense and degree of sophistication required, therefore, it usually
employs existing organizations.
e)
Terrorist attack a broad range of target which fall
into many different civil and military jurisdictions. Thus, no single element of
government can fully cope with all aspects of a nations terrorist problem. To
be successful, it is necessary for a government to orchestrate the activities of
the many agencies involved. National leaders must actively participate in this
orchestration.
One way to focus the national effort is to establish an office which
deals exclusively with terrorism. Such an office requires a mechanism for
policy coordination. A council composed of senior personnel from all
government agencies involved in the anti-terrorism program could provide this
mechanism. The head of the terrorism office should chair this council; ideally,
he should report directly to the nations leader.
i.
3.
BASIC SURVIVAL
b.
Air crashes
Crash landing
Ship wreck
Lost patrol
Unit cut-off main body
1)
Fear of the unknown your fear of the unknown will be
eliminated by proper training and briefing. Perhaps you will learn something of
the geography, topography and the climate of the area which you will operate.
All it takes is to recall them.
2)
Fear of discomfort fear of discomfort will be eliminated
when you know how to get water, food and proper ways to travel thru the
terrain. Knowledge of medicines and construction of shelter will also help you
to overcome this condition. Remember that rest is valuable than speed and
you will be more comfortable if you make your way with careful planning.
3)
Fear of people Fear of certain races of people within the
territory can be relieved by previous knowledge and some common sense.
Unless they have been allied with the enemy, you will have little trouble from
the native and possibly get a lot of assistance.
4)
Fear of your weakness considerable outdoor experience,
or previous experience in environment similar to that which you find yourself;
you should have confidence in you ability to live-off then land if not, take
advantage of any opportunity to go any survival school.
d.
1)
Determination to Live You can remain alive anywhere in
the world when you keep your wits, you may suffer all the hardship and
obstacle, yet you will still be alive because of your strong determination in
your will to survive.
2)
Ability to make nature work for you Remember that nature
and elements are actually interested on your welfare. If you know how to use it
in your own advantage, it will always be your friend.
e.
a)
Yourself Hope for the best but prepare for the
worst. Recall survival training, expect it to work. Be confident that you can
survive. Get to safe comfortable place as quickly as possible. Once there, look
things over, think and forge a plan. Your fear will lessen and your confidence
increases. Be calm. Take It easy until you know where you and where you are
heading for.
b)
The area Part of your fear may come from being in a
strange country, therefore try to determine where you are by landmarks,
compass direction or by recalling intelligence passed to you by leaders.
c)
The Enemy - put your self in the enemys shoes. What
would you do? Watch the enemy habits & routines. Base your plans in your
observations. Remember you know where the enemy is but he does not know
where you are.
2)
and impatient.
159
b)
Dont loose your temper. It makes cause you to top
thinking when something initiating happens, stop, take a breath and relax,
start over.
c)
3)
You may give yourself away because you are top acting in a
certain way. Do things naturally.
4)
a)
To fear is normal and necessary. It is natures of
giving you to that extra shot of energy when you need learn to recognized fear
for what it is and control it.
b)
When you are injured and in pain, it is difficult to
control fear. Pain sometimes turn fear into panic and causes person to act
without thinking.
c)
Panic can also cause by loneliness. It can lead to
hopelessness, suicide and carelessness, even capture or surrender.
Recognizing this signs help to overcome panic.
d)
Planning your escape will keep your mind busy. Find
things to do and watch. Remember that miracle work best for those who
prepare carefully and they can do to save themselves.
5)
Improvise
a)
You can always do something to improved the
situation. Figure out of what you have, then improvise.
b)
Learn to put up with new and unpleasant conditions.
Keeping your mind on survival will help. Dont be afraid to try strange food.
6)
Value living
a)
A hope and real when for escape reduces your fear
and make chance of survival.
b)
Conserve your health and strength. Injury will greatly
reduce your chance of survival and escape.
c)
Hunger, cold and fatigue lower your efficiency and
stamina, make you careless and increases the possibility of getting caught.
Knowing that this will make you especially careful, because you will realize
that your low spirit is the result of your physical condition and not of the
danger.
d)
Remember your goal Getting out alive
concentrating on the time after you get out alive will help you value living now.
7)
Accept the true customs of the native. When you are in the
situation, accept and adopt native behavior.
8)
f.
Generally:
a)
edible.
b)
All four-legged animals edible
c)
Anything that birds and monkeys eat are edible
d)
All eggs are edible
e)
All larvae are edible
f)
Almost all sea leaves are edible
g)
All reptiles are edible
h)
All crustaceans and mollusk are edible
i)
Most fish you can catch in an open sea and sight of
land are good to eat
j)
Eel are good to eat than sea snakes
k)
All snakes except sea snake are edible
l)
Cook animals as soon after killing as possible
m)
Frogs, turtles, lizards, alligators and crocodiles are
edibles. Toads are not edible
n)
Always remove in trails (intestines) and sex glands
before cooking.
2)
Water will be a primary requirement. Start looking for it
immediately. An individual can get along without food for a week, but he cant
live along without water, especially in hot or in arctic areas where he will lose
large quantities of water thru sweating or dehydration.
Purification purify all water before drinking, either (1) by
boiling for at least one minute; (2) by using water purification tablets; (3) by
adding eight drops of 2 percent solution of iodine to a quart (canteen full) of
water and letting it stand for ten minutes before drinking.
Rainwater collected directly in the clean containers or in
plants is generally safe to drink without purifying. Dont drink urine or sea
water the salt content is to high.
3)
Plants - Never eat large quantities of strange food without
first tasting it. Prepare a cooked sample then take a mouthful, chew and hold it
in your mouth for five minutes. If it still taste good, go ahead and eat it. If the
taste is disagreeable, dont eat it. A Burning of bitter taste is a warning of
danger.
a)
Plants eaten by birds and animals are safe.
b)
Dont eat unknown plants with milky juice or let silk
contact your body skin.
c)
Dont eat unknown plants that have a disagreeable
odor.
d)
Non-poisonous mushroom are edible. Poisonous
mushroom are very dangerous. Cooking will not destroy the poison.
Poisonous mushroom have a frill or ring around the upper part of the stem and
cup that the base into which the stem fits.
161
e) Dont eat
bitterness is a guide for danger.
4)
g.
1)
Avocado fresh leaves use for diarrhea. Boil for thirty
minutes. Take a glass three time a day.
2)
Ampalaya Leaves, antiseptic for wounds Cure for malaria.
Boiled seed or stem. For stomach trouble. Reduce constipation.
3)
Atis Leaves, bark, unripe fruits, good for diarrhea.
Boil or ground fruit. For sprain, wrap leaves.
4)
Balingbing For gonorrhea. Rub and squeeze in opening of
penis. Rub around penis.
5)
Banana Leaves and bark. Boil for kidney trouble. Increase
urine flow. Four to Five glasses daily.
6)
Garlic Bulb is a cure for high blood, inflammation of
peptic ulcer. Use a juice.
7)
Guava Leaves for diarrhea and antiseptic for wounds
8)
Cacao Boil roots for kidney trouble
9)
Chico Bark cure for diarrhea
10)
Duhat Barks when boiled is good for cure of diabetes and
hemorrhage.
11)
Granada Fruits, barks cures hemorrhage.
12)
Gumamela Flower for boils
13)
Squash Seeds when boils is good eradicating parasites
14)
Calamansi For cold
15)
Camias for gonorrhea
16)
Coffee stimulants for nerves and heart
17)
Kawayan roots and leaves, shoots for curing kidney
18)
Kaimito Bark or fruit for diarrhea
19)
Radish Help cure peptic ulcer
20)
Jackfruit Milky caps helps cure wound
h.
1)
Along sea coast between high and low water marks
2)
Areas between beaches and corals reefs
3)
Marshes and mud flats
4)
Best time is on early morning or dust
5)
In travels keep alert for animal size such as tracks, trampled
underbrush or droppings.
6)
On narrow trails, watch for games crossing
7)
In hallow trees.
4.
CMO OBJECTIVES;
1)
BROAD OBJECTIVES:
a)
To enrich the military personnel moral, spiritual and
nationalistic positive values and strengthen his commitment to his
constitutional role as defender of his country and protector of his people.
b)
To contribute the natural growth and development
while sustaining as wide bade of popular support for the government
particularly the AFP.
c)
To help establish the environment conducive to the
early return to the folds of the law of the various threat groups.
d)
To develop CMO doctrines, concepts and strategies
through continuous research, analysis, surveys and special studies.
2)
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
a)
To conduct values education activities among
military personnel and their dependents.
b)
To train military personnel, their dependents is
essential vocational skills.
c)
To conduct civic action, community relations and
public information activities among the civilian populace in the urban and rural
areas.
d)
To help broaden the awareness of Filipinos on the
nature and dynamics of various threats to national security, and also no to
extend any kind of support to dubious organizations in and out of the country.
e)
To link-up and interface with the civil government
agencies (CGAs), tri-media group, non-govt organization (NGOs) and other
sectors in the delivery of basic goods and services during disasters/calamities
and /or insurgency related operations.
f)
To reach out develop, organize and motivate the
people in insurgency affected barangays to resist communist insurgency, and
reject all forms of terrorism and criminality.
g)
To conduct activities that will strengthen and uplift
the moral fiber of soldiers to include their dependents, and develop them into
better well-discipline soldier.
h)
To conduct research/analysis for the purpose of
developing CMO policies, doctrines, techniques and responsive appeals.
a.
CMO COMPONENTS:
1)
a)
Definition the dynamic of process of learning
internalizing, upholding and practicing universal truth, moral principles and
163
time honored intrinsic military values and ethics essential to the pursuit of
AFP goals objectives.
b)
Objectives:
(1)
To develop, organize and sustain a corps of
trainers from any PA units, and responsible for the implementation of AFP
Values Education Program of Instruction (MILVED POI) based on the Philippine
Constitution and AFP Code of Ethics.
(2)
To undertake regular values education
activities to include the publication and distribution of values reading material
at all levels of command.
2)
a)
Definition it is designed to provide necessary
assistance to the soldier and his dependents to embark on productive gesture
that would enable him to cope with harsh economic realistic while in the active
services and during retirement.
b)
Objectives
(1)
To transform the soldier and his dependents
into productive members of the organization and to locality through manpower
skills development.
(2)
To develop interest of the soldier in the
organization of cooperative and active participation of his dependent through
loan acquisition and/or initiation of specific livelihood project may be expedite.
(3)
To establish and maintain livelihood centers
where soldiers and his dependents could avail of training and technical
assistance in planning and implementation of productive activities.
3)
a)
Definition the use of the army resources in predominantly non-military projects and activities useful to the people and
supportive of combat operation in such fields as socio-economic, health and
sanitation, agri-industrial, rescue, relief and rehabilitation, education and the
like.
b)
Objectives:
(1)
To support combat operations through the
conduct or short term, high impact CIVAC projects jointly with civil
government agencies (CGAs).
(2)
To assume implementation of certain civil
works projects being undertaken by DPWH and other civil government
agencies concerned and therefore request for assistance, to be implemented
with AFP Engineers as OPR and fund s from other civil government agencies
(CGAs).
4)
a)
Definition it is a program that needs active
participation of the AFP personnel, individual or collectively as an AFP unit, in
people oriented community-based activities initiatives in such fields sports;
cultural/historical events/festival, cause-oriented program immoral activities,
and other community relation activities.
The difference between the COMREL and CIVAC is
that the former is to identify the military with the community, not as costintensive and more often is undertaken by the military as a result of COMREL,
cost-intensive and designed to improve the militarys standing in the locality
as well as the spur growth and development efforts.
b)
Objectives:
(1)
To enhance better understanding and prompt
closer coordination/cooperation between/among military personnel; civil
government agencies; NCOs; and the people.
(2)
To bring the AFP closer to the people and
develop sensitively in the AFP personnel for peoples sentiments, problems
and aspirations.
5)
a)
Definition is the dissemination of military
information through all forms of communications media to include
interpersonal, face to face communication to the internal audience and more
specifically to the public at large with the view of information them about
peace, security and development efforts.
b)
Objective:
To disseminate information through all form of
communication media such as print and broadcast (radio/TV); inter-personal,
face to face communication that will broader the public understanding of the
AFP, and to generate public support for the AFP in particular support for the
AFP in particular understanding of the various threats to national security, its
objectives, strategies and techniques to grab political powers.
6)
a)
Definition it is a myriad of activities undertaken by
the military addressed principally to the enemy (CPP/NPA/NDF; MNLF; and
URG) directly or through key communicators, designed to breaks his will to
fight and persuade him to abandon the resident struggle and return to the
folds of the law. actions and appeals in this program are generally persuasive
in character with the BALIK-BARIL projects as backbone.
b)
Objectives
(1)
To
disseminate
print
and
broadcast
propaganda materials exploiting certain psychological issues and situations
designed to break the enemys will to fight.
165
(2)
To conduct community organizing/networking
activities to insulate the people from enemy infiltration and/or severe enemy
linkage with the people.
(3)
To identify the implementation of BALIK-BARIL
protects.
7)
a)
Definition it is designed to improve and upgrade the
operational effective of CMO and to hasten the attainment of AFP objectives. It
include collection of Psyops information, conduct of surveys if enemy
propaganda and the conduct of the special studies in the support of other
CMO program components.
b)
Objectives:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
166
ANNEX -
RA 9163
167
(c)
Literacy Training Service is a program designed to train
students to become teachers of literacy and numeracy skills to school
children, out of school youth, and other segments of society in need of their
service.
(d)
Civic Welfare Training Service refers to programs or activities
contributory to the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members
of the community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially those devoted
to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety,
recreation and morals of the citizenry.
(e)
Program component shall refer to the service components of
the NSTP as enumerated in Section 4 of this Act.
Section 4. Establishment of the National Service Training Program
There is hereby established a National Service Training Program (NSTP),
which shall form part of the curricula of all baccalaureate degree courses and
of at least two (2) year technical vocational courses and is a requisite for
graduation, consisting of the following service components:
(a)
The Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC), which is hereby
made optional and voluntary upon the effectivity of this Act.
(b)
The Literacy Training Service; and
(c)
The Civic Welfare Training Service
The ROTC under the NSTP shall instill patriotism, moral virtues, respect
for rights of civilian, and adherence to the Constitution, among others.
Citizenship training shall be given emphasis in all three (3) program
components.
The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Technical Education
and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), in consultation with the
Department of National Defense (DND), Philippine Association of State
Universities and Colleges (PASUC), Coordinating Council of Private
Educational Associations of the Philippines (COCOPEA) and other concerned
government agencies may design and implement such other program
components as may be necessary in consonance with the provisions of this
Act.
Section. 5. Coverage
Students, male and female, of any
baccalaureate degree course or at least two (2) year technical vocational
courses in public and private educational institutions shall be required to
complete one (1) of the NSTP components as requisite for graduation.
Section. 6. Duration and Equivalent Course Unit Each of the
aforementioned NSTP program components shall be undertaken for an
academic period of two (2) semesters.
In lieu of the two (2) semester program for any of the components of the
NSTP, a one (1) summer program may be designed, formulated and adopted by
the DND, CHED and TESDA.
Section. 7. NSTP Offering in Higher and Technical-Vocational
Educational Institutions. All higher and technical-vocational institutions,
public and private, must offer at least one of the program components:
Provided, That State universities and colleges shall offer the ROTC component
and at least one other component as provided herein: Provided, further, That
168
169
These three (3) agencies shall consult with other concerned government
agencies, the PASUC and COCOPEA, NGOs and recognized student
organizations in drafting the implementing rules.
The implementing rules shall include the guidelines for the adoption of
the appropriate curriculum for each of the NSTP components as well as for the
accreditation of the same.
Section. 13. Transitory Provisions - Students who have yet to complete
the Basic ROTC, except those falling under Section 14 of this Act, may either
continue in the program component they are currently enrolled or shift to any
of the other program components of their choice: Provided, That in case he
shift to another program component, the Basic ROTC courses he has
completed shall be counted for the purpose of completing the NSTP
requirement: Provided, further, That once he has shifted to another program
component he shall complete the NSTP in that component.
Section. 14. Suspension of ROTC Requirement The completion of
ROTC training as a requisite for graduation is hereby set aside for those
students who despite completing all their academic units as of the effectivity
of this Act have not been allowed to graduate.
Section. 15. Separability Clause If any section or provision of this Act
shall be declared unconstitutional or invalid, the other sections or provisions
not affected thereby shall remain in full force and effect.
Section. 16 Amendatory Clause Section 35 of Commonwealth Act No.
1, executive Order No. 207 of 199, Sections 2 and 3 of Presidential Decree No.
1706 and Section 38 and 39 of republic Act no. 7077, as well as all laws,
decrees, orders, rules and regulations and other issuance inconsistent with
the provisions of this Act are hereby deemed amended and modified
accordingly.
Section. 17. Effectivity this Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after
its publication in two (2) newspapers of national circulation, but the
implementation of this Act shall commence in the school year of 2002-2003.
Approved,
FRANKLIN M. DRILON
President of the Senate
JOSE DE VENECIA JR
Speaker of the House
of Representative
OSCAR G YABES
Secretary of the Senate
ROBERTO P. NAZARENO
Secretary General
House of Representative
ANNEX - MS 1 POI
BASIC ROTC PROGRAM OF INSTRUCTION
PURPOSE:
To teach students the values of citizenship, leadership, service to the
community, personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment while
instilling in them self-esteem, teamwork, and self-discipline. It prepares
students for responsible leadership roles while making them aware of their
rights, responsibilities, and privileges as Filipino citizens.
It provides
instruction and rewarding opportunities that will benefit the student,
community, and nation.
OBJECTIVES:
a.
1.
To attract, motivate, and prepare selected students to serve
as commissioned Officers in the Active or Reserve Force of the Philippine
Army.
2.
To provide ROTC cadets with the fundamental concepts
and principles of military art and science to develop leadership and managerial
potential.
3.
To develop strong sense of personal integrity, honor,
responsibility, and good citizenship.
b.
Attainment of the ROTC objectives prepares students for a sound
foundation for their future professional development and effective
performance essential to success in any career.
Basic ROTC POI for 1st Semester (MS 1)
A.
TITLE:
B.
SUBJECT
NR OF PERIODS
Lecture
(L) &
SCOPE OF INSTRUCTION
Practical
References
Exercises
(PE)
Organizing the cadets by squad / 2
platoon / company and its equivalent of
the Cadet Corps. Course orientation (1L, 1PE)
(General
Provisions,
attendance,
Grading
System,
Merits
System,
Conditions of the Service).
12
1. PHYSICAL
ORGANIZATION
OF THE CADET
CORPS and
COURSE
ORIENTATION
2. MILITARY
ORIENTATION
a. Legal Basis Specific Provisions of the Fundamental
for ROTC Program law and pertinent Republic Act
171
1L
RA 7077, RA
9163 & Phil
Constitution
b. Military
Organization
c. Philippine
Military History
d. AFP Core
Values
e. Military
Courtesy and
Discipline
f. Military
Justice
g. Military
Leadership
a. Special
Text
b. AFP Field
Manual
1L
1L; 4 hrs
PA camp
tour
History of
the
Philippine,
by Agoncillo
PA
Centennial
Book 1997
Issue
1L, 1 hr
film
showing
1L
Spl Text
Soldiers
Handbook
Soldiers
Handbook
1L
1L
3. COMBAT
TRAINING OF
INDIVIDUAL
SOLDIER (CTIS)
a. Basic
Intelligence
b. Basic Map
Reading and Land
Navigation
c. Basic Signal
Communication
d. Individual
Movement
Technique
e. Basic Unit
Formations
f. Basic
Weapons Training
(M16 5.56mm,
M14, Grenade &
Garand)
g. Pre
Marksmanship
Training
4. Public
Information
a. Threat to
National Security
(Knowing the
Enemy of the
State)
18
1L, 2PE
Size,
activity,
location,
unit, time
and
equipment
(SALUTE)
2L, 2PE
1L, 1PE
1L, 2PE
1L, 1PE
1L, 1PE
1L, 1PE
6
a. CCP History, strategy and recruitment
methods and propaganda.
b. Three Basic propaganda, talks of Mao
Tse Tung, (MLMTT).
c. Concept of communism and its
varieties as applied to Philippine
173
2L, 2 hrs
film
showing
a. Special
Text
b. Anatomy
of
Communist
Insurgency.
b. Peace
Process
5. Civil Affairs
a. Army Social
Responsibility
(ASR) Program
2L
Executive
Order Nr
103
- POC
Program
Info
Materials
- OPPAP
Brochure
1L
ASR Manual
11
a. The rationale on how Army Social
Responsibility revolves around the spirit
of rendering services voluntary even
beyond the call of duty.
b. Causes why should every Army
personnel to be always on the call in
extending assistance 24 hours a day,
seven days a week all year round.
c. The current frame of mind among the
174
b. Disaster
preparedness
c. Community
Service
6 DRILLS AND
CEREMONIES
1L, 4 hrs
practical
exercises
Special Text
on Disaster
Rescue &
Relief
Operations.
Special
Handouts /
Facts
sheets
a. Dismounted
Drill
b. Ceremonies
7.TEST &
EVALUATION
*MANDATORY
READINGS
a. Interior Guard
Duty
b. Human Rights
SCOPE
Definition of terms, Sequence of formal
/ informal guard mounting, (11 General
Orders)
Provision of Human Rights
c. Anti and
Reading of news articles five (5)
Counter Terrorism articles that affect the image of the
PA/AFP and five (5) articles on CPP/NPA
atrocities). Organization and Dynamics;
Mode of Opns & Techniques
d. Basic Signal
a. Signal Communications, General
Communication
1)
Principles
of
Signal
Communication
2) Signal support organization in the
maneuver units (Infantry) and Combat
support (Artillery)
3) Means of Signal Communication
and its employment in various types of
offensive and defensive operations.
4) Message preparation and handling
b. Basic Radio Communication
1) Radio-telephone procedure
2)
Capabilities and limitations of
radio
3) General characteristics of radio
4)
Field
expedient
radio
communication
c. Communication Security
1) CEOI/CESI formulation and use
2) Radio commo security procedures
and techniques
3)
Message center operation
(Division HQs, Brigade HQs and Bn
HQs)
e. Basic Survival Familiarization on various field craft,
survival at sea, water and food
discipline and other survival technique.
f. Intro to CMO
Different pillars of CMO, concepts, roles
and the significance of CMO for the
furtherance of the AFP mission.
g. AGOS /
Procedures on directing, troop boarding
Heliborne Opns
and dismount from a helicopter.
176
1L
7PE
1L
1PE
60 Hrs
Module/Subject
I.
Physical Organization / Orientation
II. Military Orientation
III. Combat Training of Individual Soldier
IV. Public Information
V. Civil Affairs
VI. Drills and Ceremonies
VII. Test and Evaluation
Total Periods/Hours
177
Lecture
1
7
8
4
3
2
1
26
Practicals
1
5
10
2
8
8
34
TOTAL
2
12
18
6
11
10
1
60
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, 1987
Cupin, Buds. Anatomy of Counter Communist InsurgencySan Juan Press
Inc.1992
HPA Letter Directive dated 12 June 2007. Subject: Revitalizing the Reserve
Officers Training Corps (ROTC) Program.
Ong, Jerome A. In Defense of our Homeland: A Glimpse at Military Education
and ROTC History Faura, CAS, UP Manila. Number 2 April 2005
Philippine Army Manuals
Republic Act 7077
Republic Act 9163 otherwise known as the National Service Training Program
(NSTP) Act of 2001
United States Field Manuals
178