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SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
EINSTEIN
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Sir.C.V.Raman Nagar, Tirunelveli-12
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UNIT - I
Stress Terms
Stress is defined as force per unit area. It has the same units as pressure, and in fact
pressure is one special variety of stress. However, stress is a much more complex
quantity than pressure because it varies both with direction and with the surface it acts on.
Compression
Stress that acts to shorten an object.
Tension
Stress that acts to lengthen an object.
Normal Stress
Stress that acts perpendicular to a surface. Can be either compressional or
tensional.
Shear
Stress that acts parallel to a surface. It can cause one object to slide over another.
It also tends to deform originally rectangular objects into parallelograms. The
most general definition is that shear acts to change the angles in an object.
Hydrostatic
Stress (usually compressional) that is uniform in all directions. A scuba diver
experiences hydrostatic stress. Stress in the earth is nearly hydrostatic. The term
for uniform stress in the earth is lithostatic.
Directed Stress
Stress that varies with direction. Stress under a stone slab is directed; there is a
force in one direction but no counteracting forces perpendicular to it. This is why
a person under a thick slab gets squashed but a scuba diver under the same
pressure doesn't. The scuba diver feels the same force in all directions.
In geology we never see stress. We only see the results of stress as it deforms materials.
Even if we were to use a strain gauge to measure in-situ stress in the rocks, we would not
measure the stress itself. We would measure the deformation of the strain gauge (that's
why it's called a "strain gauge") and use that to infer the stress.
Strain Terms
Strain is defined as the amount of deformation an object experiences compared to its
original size and shape. For example, if a block 10 cm on a side is deformed so that it
becomes 9 cm long, the strain is (10-9)/10 or 0.1 (sometimes expressed in percent, in this
case 10 percent.) Note that strain is dimensionless.
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Viscoelastic
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The first two types are statically determinate, meaning that the reactions, shears and
moments can be found by the laws of statics alone. Continuous beams are statically
indeterminate. The internal forces of these beams cannot be found using the laws of
statics alone. Early structures were designed to be statically determinate because simple
analytical methods for the accurate structural analysis of indeterminate structures were
not developed until the first part of this century. A number of formulas have been derived
to simplify analysis of indeterminate beams.
The three basic beam types can be combined to create larger beam systems. These
complex systems can inevitably be distilled to the simple beam types for analysis. The
beams shown immediately below are combinations of the first two beam types; these
systems are all statically determinate.
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The two beam loading conditions that either occur separately, or in some combination,
are:
CONCENTRATED
Either a force or a moment can be applied as a concentrated load. Both are applied at a
single point along the axis of a beam. These loads are shown as a "jump" in the shear or
moment diagrams. The point of application for such a load is indicated in the diagram
above. Note that this is NOT a hinge! It is a point of application. This could be point at
which a railing is attached to a bridge, or a lampost on the same.
DISTRIBUTED
Distributed loads can be uniformly or non-uniformly distributed. Both types are
commonly found on all kinds of structures. Distributed loads are shown as an angle or
curve in the shear or moment diagram. A uniformly distributed load can evolve into a n
on-uniformly distributed load (snow melting to ice at the edge of a roof), but are normally
assumed to act as given. These loads are often replaced by a singular resultant force in
order to simplify the structural analysis.
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Introduction
Normally a beam is analysed to obtain the maximum stress and this is
compared to the material strength to determine the design safety margin. It
is also normally required to calculate the deflection on the beam under the
maximum expected load. The determination of the maximum stress results
from producing the shear and bending moment diagrams. To facilitate this
work the first stage is normally to determine all of the external loads.
Nomenclature
e = strain
= stress (N/m2)
E = Young's Modulus = /e (N/m2)
y = distance of surface from neutral surface (m).
R = Radius of neutral axis (m).
I = Moment of Inertia (m4 - more normally cm4)
Z = section modulus = I/ymax(m3 - more normally cm3)
M = Moment (Nm)
w = Distrubuted load on beam (kg/m) or (N/m as force units)
W = total load on beam (kg ) or (N as force units)
F= Concentrated force on beam (N)
S= Shear Force on Section (N)
L = length of beam (m)
x = distance along beam (m)
Calculation of external forces
To allow determination of all of the external loads a free-body diagram is
construction with all of the loads and supports replaced by their equivalent
forces. A typical free-body diagram is shown below.
The unknown forces (generally the support reactions) are then determined
using the equations for plane static equilibrium.
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Typical Diagrams
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The sketches below show Cantilever beams with three different load
combinations.
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S - w.x = S + S
Therefore making x infinitely small then.. dS /dx = - w
Moments.. Taking moments about C
M + Sx - M - M - w(x)2 /2 = 0
Therefore making x infinitely small then.. dM /dx = S
Therefore putting the relationships into integral form.
The integral (Area) of the shear diagram between any limits results in the
change of the shearing force between these limits and the integral of the
Shear Force diagram between limits results in the change in bending
moment...
Torsion (mechanics)
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where:
where:
Note that the highest shear stress is at the point where the radius is maximum, the surface
of the shaft. High stresses at the surface may be compounded by stress concentrations
such as rough spots. Thus, shafts for use in high torsion are polished to a fine surface
finish to reduce the maximum stress in the shaft and increase its service life.
The angle of twist can be found by using:
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where the o and i subscripts stand for the outer and inner radius of the pipe.
For a thin cylinder
J = 2 R3 t
where R is the average of the outer and inner radius and t is the wall thickness.
Failure mode
The shear stress in the shaft may be resolved into principal stresses via Mohr's circle. If
the shaft is loaded only in torsion then one of the principal stresses will be in tension and
the other in compression. These stresses are oriented at a 45 degree helical angle around
the shaft. If the shaft is made of brittle material then the shaft will fail by a crack
initiating at the surface and propagating through to the core of the shaft fracturing in a 45
degree angle helical shape. This is often demonstrated by twisting a piece of blackboard
chalk between one's fingers.
Deflection of Beams
The deformation of a beam is usually expressed in terms of its deflection from its original
unloaded position. The deflection is measured from the original neutral surface of the
beam to the neutral surface of the deformed beam. The configuration assumed by the
deformed neutral surface is known as the elastic curve of the beam.
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Area-moment method
Strain-energy method (Castiglianos Theorem)
Three-moment equation
Conjugate-beam method
6. Method of superposition
7. Virtual work method
Of these methods, the first two are the ones that are commonly used.
Introduction
The stress, strain, dimension, curvature, elasticity, are all related, under
certain assumption, by the theory of simple bending. This theory relates to
beam flexure resulting from couples applied to the beam without
consideration of the shearing forces.
Superposition Principle
The superposition principle is one of the most important tools for solving
beam loading problems allowing simplification of very complicated design
problems..
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For beams subjected to several loads of different types the resulting shear
force, bending moment, slope and deflection can be found at any location by
summing the effects due to each load acting separately to the other loads.
Nomenclature
e = strain
E = Young's Modulus = /e (N/m2)
y = distance of surface from neutral surface (m).
R = Radius of neutral axis (m).
I = Moment of Inertia (m4 - more normally cm4)
Z = section modulus = I/ymax(m3 - more normally cm3)
F = Force (N)
x = Distance along beam
= deflection (m)
= Slope (radians)
= stress (N/m2)
Simple Bending
A straight bar of homogeneous material is subject to only a moment at one
end and an equal and opposite moment at the other end...
Assumptions
The beam is symmetrical about Y-Y
The traverse plane sections remain plane and normal to the longitudinal
fibres after bending (Beroulli's assumption)
The fixed relationship between stress and strain (Young's Modulus)for the
beam material is the same for tension and compression ( = E.e )
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This can only be correct if (ya) or (y.z.y) is the moment of area of the
section about the neutral axis. This can only be zero if the axis passes
through the centre of gravity (centroid) of the section.
The internal couple resulting from the sum of ( .dA .y) over the whole
section must equal the externally applied moment. Therefore the couple of
the force resulting from the stress on each area when totalled over the whole
area will equal the applied moment
From the above the following important simple beam bending relationship
results
Deflection of Beams
Below is shown the arc of the neutral axis of a beam subject to bending.
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It has been proved ref Shear - Bending that dM/dx = S and dS/dx = -w =
d2M /dx
Where S = the shear force M is the moment and w is the distributed load
/unit length of beam. therefore
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Singularity functions can be used for determining the values when the
loading a not simple ref Singularity Functions
From the equilibrium balance ..At the support there is a resisting moment FL and a vertical upward force F.
At any point x along the beam there is a moment F(x - L) = Mx = EI d 2y /dx
2
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Example 2) Determine the central deflection and end slopes of the simply
supported beam as shown..
E = 210 GPa ......I = 834 cm4...... EI = 1,7514. 10 6Nm 2
A1 = 10.1,8.1,8/2 = 16,2kNm
A2 = 10.1,8.2 = 36kNm
A2 = 10.1,8.2 = 36kNm
A1 = 10.1,8.1,8/2 = 16,2kNm
x1 = Centroid of A1 = (2/3).1,8 = 1,2
x2 = Centroid of A2 = 1,8 + 1 = 2,8
x3 = Centroid of A3 = 1,8 + 1 = 2,8
x4 = Centroid of A4 = (2/3).1,8 = 1,2
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The slope at A is given by the area of the moment diagram between A and C
divided by EI.
A = (A1 + A2) /EI = (16,2+36).10 3 / (1,7514. 10 6)
= 0,029rads = 1,7 degrees
The deflection at the centre (C) is equal to the deviation of the point A above
a line that is tangent to C.
Moments must therefore be taken about the deviation line at A.
C = (AM.xM) /EI = (A1 x1 +A2 x2) / EI = 120,24.10 3/ (1,7514. 10 6)
= 0,0686m = 68,6mm
and
and
, respectively. Let
and
and
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Energy Method
Adiabatic Process
Work of Gravity << External force
change of internal energy of the material resulting from the surface traction
andbody force (no gravity)
Then
elastic material and without hysteresis
body will perform the equal but opposite work in the surrounding during the Unloading
process.
Energy stored in the body as a result of deformation which is equal to the external
work done.
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Ex.2
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Ex.3
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Castigliano Theorem
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Ex.1
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Ex.2
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Ex.3
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Ex.4
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Ex.5
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SHORT COLUMNS
INTRODUCTION: AXIAL COMPRESSION
In this chapter the term column will be used interchangeably with the term
comprerssion member, for brevity and in conformity with general usage.
Three types of reinforced concrete compression members are in use:
Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral ties.
Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and continuous spirals.
Composite compression members reinforced longitudinally with structural
steel shapes, pipe, or tubing, with or without additional longitudinal bars,
and various types of lateral reinforcement.
The main reinforcement in columns is longitudinal, parallel to the direction
of the load, and consist of bars arranged in a square, rectangular, or circular
column.
Columns may be divided into two broad categories: short columns, for
which the strength is governed by the strength of the materials and the geometry
of the cross section, and slender columns, for which the strength may be
significantly reduced by lateral deflections. A number of years ago, an ACI ASCE survey indicated that 90 percent of columns braced against sidesway and
40 percent of unbraced columns could be designed as short columns. Only short
columns will be discussed in this chapter.
The behavior of short, axially loaded compression members, for lower
loads for which both materials remain in their elastic range of response, the steel
carries a relatively small portion of the total load. The steel stress fs is equal to
n times the concrete stress:
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Pacting parallel to
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About c :-
About x :-
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solution
Case1: Cantilever
Column
Mechanism of membrane energy transfer to bending strain energy gives rise to Phenomenon of instability
(Buckling).
Buckling Of Long slender column's
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eflection Curve
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case II:
Substituting
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Multiplying by
trigonometric identity.
We get
Using trigonometric identity i.e.
Again trigonometric
identity
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and
therefore
x=L
Lowest
n=
1
Deflection Shape
cn - any arbitrary constant which of course is very small does not violate the condition of
linearly i.e. small deflection.
Principle of Superposition
The principle of superposition is a central concept in the analysis of structures.
This is applicable when there exists a linear relationship between external forces
and corresponding structural displacements. The principle of superposition may
be stated as the deflection at a given point in a structure produced by several
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M
diagram between C and D
EI
= Area BM
1 (a)
EI
Hence CD = C D = Area of
CD
CD =
M
dx
CD EI
1 (b)
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Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
In figure 4, for the elastic curve a tangent is drawn at point C from which the
vertical intercept to elastic curve at D is measured. This is demoted as KCD. This vertical
intercept is given by
KCD = (Area BM X)CD
2 (a)
EI
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M
diagram
EI
measured from D. The above equation can be expressed in integration mode as
Mxdx
2 (b)
EI
CD
Equation (2) is the second moment area theorem which is stated as follows.
KCD =
Statement of theorem II :
The vertical intercept to the elastic curve measured from the tangent drawn to
M
the elastic curve at some other point is equal to the moment of
diagram, moment
EI
being taken about that point where vertical intercept is drawn.
Sign Convention:
While computing Bending moment at a section, if free body diagram of Left Hand
Portion (LHP) is considered, clockwise moment is taken as positive. If free body
diagram of Right Hand Portion (RHP) is considered, anticlockwise moment is taken as
positive. While sketching the Bending Moment Diagram (BMD), Sagging moment is
taken as positive and Hogging moment is taken as negative.
Proof of Moment Area Theorems:
Figure 5 shows the elastic curve for the elemental length dx of figure 2 to an
enlarged scale. In this figure, R represents the radius of curvature. Then from equation
of bending, with usual notations,
M
E
=
R
I
(3)
From figure 5,
Rd = dx
Hence R =
dx
d
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M
dx
EI
d is nothing but change in angle over the elemental length dx. Hence to compute
change in angle from C to D,
M
d = dx
CD = CD
EI
CD
d =
C
1
d
KCD
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
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Problem 1 : Compute deflections and slopes at C,D and E. Also compute slopes at A
and B.
To Compute Reactions:
fx 0 0
fy 0 V V
A
WW0
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VA VB 2W
+
2L 0
WL
W
3
3
WL 2WL
LVA
WL
3
3
0 LVA
VA = W
VB =W
2L
2L
2L L
, BM @ D = W
W
3
3
3 3
2WL 2WL WL
=
3
3
3
WL
=
3
WL
3
This beam is symmetrical. Hence the BMD & elastic curve is also symmetrical.
In such a case, maximum deflection occurs at mid span, marked as E. Thus, the tangent
drawn at E will be parallel to the beam line and E is zero.
Also, c = D, A = B and C = D
To compute C
From first theorem,
CE = Area of BMD between E&C
EI
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C~ E =
W L 3 L 6
EI
=
E being zero, C = WL2 (
18EI
WL2
18EI
)
To compute
From First theorem,
E = Area of BMD between A&E
EI
1
A~ E =
L WL WL L
3 6
3 3
EI
WL2 WL2
18
18
=
EI
E being zero, A =
WL2
(
9EI
WL2
B =
(
9EI
To compute E
From 2nd theorem
KEA =
Area of BM X
EA
EI
1 L WL 2 L WL L L L
2
3
3
3
3
3
6
3 12
KEA =
EI
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WL3 5WL3
216
= 81
EI
1 8WL3 15WL3
=
EI
648
23WL3
648EI
23WL3
Therefore E =
648EI
To compute C
From 2nd theorem
KEC =
Area of BMD X
CE
EI
W
L
12
EI
3
= WL 1
EI 216
WL3
=
216EI
c = E - KEC
23WL3
WL3
C
648EI 216EI
=
23WL3 3WL3
648EI
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20WL3
=
648EI
=
5WL3
162EI
5WL3
= D C
162EI
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Problem 2. For the cantilever beam shows in figure, compute deflection and slope at
the free end.
Consider a section x-x at a distance x from the free end. The FBD of RHP is taken into
account.
(RHP
+) BM @ X-X = MX-X = -10 (x) (x/2) = -5x2
At x = 0;
BM @ B = 0
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At x = 4m;
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AB = A ~ B =
M dx
EI
1
5X 2 dx
EI 0
5 x3 4
3 0
EI
5
=
64 320
3EI
3EI
A being zero,
B =
320
( )
3EI
To compute B
From II theorem
4
KAB =
M xdx
EI
4
1
5X 2 xdx
EI 0
5 x4 4 5
4 0 256
EI
4EI
320
=
EI
320
EI
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Problem 3: Find deflection and slope at the free end for the beam shown in figure by
using moment area theorems. Take EI = 40000 KNm -2
+
Moment at section = -6x2/2
= -3x2
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At x = 0, BM @ A = 0
x = 4m; BM @ C = -3(16) = - 48kNm
Region CB: (x = 4 to x = 8)
Taking RHP
At x = 4m;
x=8m
BM @ C = -24(4) + 48 = -48kNm;
BM @ B = -144 kNm;
To compute B:
First moment area theorem is used.
know that A = 0.
M dx
AB = A ~ B =
EI
=
1 4
1 8
2
3x
dx
24x 48dx
EI 0
EI 4
A
=
3 x
EI
4
3 0
1
24 x 2 48x 84
EI
2
64 1
1264 16 488 4
EI
EI
= -0.0112 Radians
= 0.0112 Radians (
To compute B
K AB
Mxdx
EI
4
1
1
=
3x 2 xdx 24x 48xdx
EI 0
EI 4
3 x
EI
3
256 1 24 512 64 2464 16
4EI
EI 3
4
4 0
1
24x
EI
8
3 4
48x
8
2 4
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192 1
3584 1152
EI
EI
2624
0.0656m 0.0656m
EI
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Problem 4: For the cantilever shown in figure, compute deflection and at the points
where they are loaded.
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To compute B :
BA = B ~ A =
1 1
2 2.537.5 12 1.515
EI
B =
58.125
(
EI
C =
1 1
2 1.537.5 15 12 1.515
EI
50.625
( )
EI
B =
2.537.5 2.5
2
EI
100.625
EI
100.625
EI
1 1
2 1.5451
EI
C =
1 1
1
2 1.537.5 150.857 2 1.5451
EI
C =
44.99
EI
STRAIN ENERGY
Introduction
Under action of gradually increasing external loads, the joints of a structure
deflect and the member deform. The applied load produce work at the joints to which
they are applied and this work is stored in the structure in the form of energy known as
Strain Energy. If the material of structure is elastic, then gradual unloading of the
structure relieves all the stresses and strain energy is recovered.
The slopes and deflections produced in a structure depend upon the strains
developed as a result of external actions. Strains may be axial, shear, flexural or torsion.
Therefore, ther is a relationship can be used to determine the slopes and deflections in a
structure.
4.2 Strain energy and complementary strain energy
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When external loads are applied to a skeletal structure, the members develop
internal force F in the form of axial forces (P), shear force (V) , bending moment
(M) and twisting moment (T). The internal for F produce displacements e. While
under goint these displacements, the internal force do internal work called as Strain
Energy
Figure 1 shows the force displacement relationship in which Fj is the internal
force and ej is the corresponding displacement for the jth element or member of the
structure.
Fj
Complementry SE(Ui)j
Fj+Fj
Fj
Strain Energy(Ui)j
ej
ej
ej+ej
Ui Fje j
.....(1)
Strain energy stored in the jth element represted by the are under forcedisplacement curve computed as :
(Ui ) j Fjde j
.....(2)
U i (Ui ) j Fjde j
j1
.....(3)
j1
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Ui e jFj
.....(4)
(Ui ) j e jdFj
.....(5)
Ui
e dF
j1
.....(6)
Ui Ui
.....(7)
A,E
dL
Fig.2
A straight bar of length L , having uniform cross sectional area A and E is the Youngs
modulus of elasticity is subjected to gradually applied load P as shown in Fig. 2. The bar
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deforms by dL due to average force 0+(P/2) = P/2. Substituting Fj = P/2 and dej = dl in
equation 2, the strain energy in a member due to axial force is expressed as
(Ui ) P
P
dL ....... (8)
2
Hence
dL
PLx
AE
dL
P
where,
dx E
A
.............(9)
P 2dx
(Ui ) P
....... (10)
2AE
0
For uniform cross section strain energy expression in equation 10 can be modified as
P2L
(Ui ) P
....... (10 a)
2AE
If P, A or E are not constant along the length of the bar, then equation 10 is used instead
of 10a.
4.3.1 Strain energy due to Shear force
dx
dy
dy
dx
Fig.3
Fig.4
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Vx
ArG
......(11)
de v
Vx dx
ArG
.............(12)
V dx
(U i ) V x
....... (13)
2A r G
0
4.3.2 Strain energy due to Bending Moment
An element of length dx of a beam is subjected to uniform bending moment M.
Application of this moment causes a change in slope d is expressed as
dx M x dx
de M d
R
EI
Where ,
......(14)
1 Mx
M dx
(Ui ) M x
....... (15)
0 2EI
L
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Potential energy is the capacity to do work due to the position of body. A body of weight
W held at a height h possess an energy Wh. Theorem of minimum potential energy
states that Of all the displacements which satisfy the boundary conditions of a
structural system, those corresponding to stable equilibrium configuration make the
total potential energy a relative minimum. This theorem can be used to determine the
critical forces causing instability of the structure.
Law of Conservation of Energy
From physics this law is stated as Energy is neither created nor destroyed. For the
purpose of structural analysis, the law can be stated as If a structure and external
loads acting on it are isolated, such that it neither receive nor give out energy, then
the total energy of the system remain constant. With reference to figure 2, internal
energy is expressed as in equation (9). External work done W e = -0.5 P dL. From law of
conservation of energy Ui+We =0. From this it is clear that internal energy is equal to
external work done.
Principle of Virtual Work:
Virtual work is the imaginary work done by the true forces moving through imaginary
displacements or vice versa. Real work is due to true forces moving through true
displacements. According to principle of virtual work The total virtual work done by
a system of forces during a virtual displacement is zero.
Theorem of principle of virtual work can be stated as If a body is in equilibrium under
a Virtual force system and remains in equilibrium while it is subjected to a small
deformation, the virtual work done by the external forces is equal to the virtual
work done by the internal stresses due to these forces. Use of this theorem for
computation of displacement is explained by considering a simply supported bea AB, of
span L, subjected to concentrated load P at C, as shown in Fig.6a. To compute deflection
at D, a virtual load P is applied at D after removing P at C. Work done is zero a s the
load is virtual. The load P is then applied at C, causing deflection C at C and D at D, as
P' D
shown in Fig. 6b. External work
. If the virtual
Wedone
W
e by virtual load P is
2
load P produces bending moment M, then the internal strain energy stored by M acting
on the real deformation d in element dx over the beam equation (14)
L M'M dx
M'd
; Ui
dU i
2
2 EIOF CIVIL ENGG
0 OF ENGG0
0
EINSTEIN COLLEGE
DEPT
U
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
Where, M= bending moment due to real load P. From principle of conservation of energy
P' D L M'M dx
2
2 EI
0
We=Wi
P
C
Fig.6a
x
P
C
L
P
D
a
Fig.6b
x
L
If P=1 then
M'M dx
EI
0
(16)
P' P dx
(17)
AE
Where,
= Deflection in the direction of unit load
P = Force in the ith member of truss due to unit load
P = Force in the ith member of truss due to real external load
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
U
Pj j 1,2, ..... N (18)
2nd
Theorem:
If a linearly elastic structure is subjected to a set of loads, the partial
j
derivatives of total strain energy with respect to a load applied at any point is equal
to the deflection at that point
U
j j 1,2,....... N (19)
Pj
The first theorem is useful in determining the forces at certain chosen coordinates. The
conditions of equilibrium of these chosen forces may then be used for the analysis of
statically determinate or indeterminate structures. Second theorem is useful in computing
the displacements in statically determinate or indeterminate structures.
Bettis Law:
It states that If a structure is acted upon by two force systems I and II, in equilibrium
separately, the external virtual work done by a system of forces II during the
deformations caused by another system of forces I is equal to external work done by
I system during the deformations caused by the II system
I
EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF ENGG
II
DEPT OF CIVIL ENGG
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
Fig. 7
A body subjected to two system of forces is shown in Fig 7. Wij represents work done by
ith system of force on displacements caused by jth system at the same point. Bettis law
can be expressed as Wij = Wji, where Wji represents the work done by jth system on
displacement caused by ith system at the same point.
Numerical Examples
1. Derive an expression for strain energy due to bending of a cantilever beam of
length L, carrying uniformly distributed load w and EI is constant
1
w
x
1
Solution:
wx 2
Bending moment at section 1-1 is M x 2
Strain energy due to bending is
M dx
(Ui ) M x
0 2EI
L
- wx 2
dx
L
L w 2x 4
2
w 2x5
Ui
dx
2EI
40EI
0
0 8EI
w 2 L5
Ui
40EI
Answer
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
2. Compare the strain energies due to three types of internal forces in the
rectangular bent shown in Fig. having uniform cross section shown in the same Fig.
Take E=2 x 105 MPa, G= 0.8 x 105 MPa, Ar= 2736 mm2
12kN
B
C
4m
5
m
12 mm
240 mm
120 mm
A
Solution:
Step 1: Properties
328.94 N - mm
i 1 2AE
2 * 5472 * 2 *105
n 2
Vx2 L
(12 *103 ) 2 * 4000
(Ui ) V
1315.78 N - mm
i 1 2A r G
2 * 2736 * 0.8 x10 5
n 2
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
767.34 *103 N - mm
5
6
i 1 2EI
2 * 2x10 5 * 47.54 *106
2
*
2
*
10
*
47.54
*
10
0
n 2
(Ui ) M
Step 5: Comparison
Total Strain Energy = (Ui)p + (Ui)V+ (Ui)M
Total Strain Energy =328.94 +1315.78 +767.34 x 103
= 768.98 x 103 N-mm
Strain Energy due to axial force, shear force and bending moment are 0.043%, 0.17% &
99.78 % of the total strain energy.
3. Show that the flexural strain energy of a prismatic bar of length L bent into a complete
2 EI
circle by means of end couples is
L2
Solution:
Circumference = 2 R =L or
From bending theory
EI
2EI
2EI L L 2 EI Answer
2
M2L
(Ui ) M
2EI
2EI
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
4. Calculate the strain energy in a truss shown in Fig. if all members are of same crosssectional area equal to 0.01m2 and E=200GPa
30 kN
D
4m C 4m
E 4m
G 4m
3m
B
A
30 kN
Solution: To calculate strain energy of the truss, first the member forces due to external
force is required to be computed. Method of joint has been used here to compute member
forces. Member forces in the members AB, BC, BD, BE, CE and DE are only computed
as the truss is symmetrical about centre vertical axis.
Step1: Member Forces:
i) Joint A: From triangle ACB, the angle = tan-1(3/4)=36052
The forces acting at the joint is shown in Fig. and the forces in members are computed
considering equilibrium condition at joint A
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
FAB
FAC
RA= 30 kN
Fy=0; FABsin+30=0; FAB=-50kN (Compression)
Fx=0; FABcos + FAC=0; FAC=40kN (Tension)
ii) Joint C: The forces acting at the joint is shown in Fig. and the forces in
members are computed considering equilibrium condition at joint C
FCB
FAC=40kN
FCE
Fy=0; FCB=0;
Fx=0; FCE - 40=0; FCE=40kN(Tension)
iii) Joint B: The forces acting at the joint is shown in Fig. and the forces in
members are computed considering equilibrium condition at joint B
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
30kN
FBD
FAB= 50kN
FBE
FCB=0
FDF
FBD=40
FDE
-40 D -40
B
-50
A
40 C
40 E
F
0
-50
40 G 40
(Ui ) P
i 1
P2L
1
(Ui)p=15.83*10-3 kN-m
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
5. Determine the maximum slope and maximum deflection in a cantilever beam of span
L subjected to point load W at its free end by using strain energy method. EI is constant
B
x
L
Solution:
i) Maximum Deflection
BM at 1-1 Mx= -Wx
M x
M x dx
B
M 0
EI
L (-x) (-Wx) dx
M
- x, B
W
EI
0
WL 2
W x3
B
x
dx
EI 0
EI 3
WL3
Answer
3EI
W
B
x
L
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
Substituting M=0
WL
W x2
B
x dx
EI 0
EI 2
WL2
Answer
2EI
6. Calculate max slope and max deflection of a simply supported beam carrying udl of
intensity w per unit length throughout its length by using Castiglianos Theorem
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
i)
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
Maximum Slope:
M
x
L
1
RA
Reactions:
BM at 1-1
RB
RA
wL M'
wL M'
; RB
2 L
2
L
wx 2
M x
x
wL M'
Mx
M' and
1x2
M'
L
2 L
x
U
1 L wL M'
wx 2
A
- )x M' 1 - dx
(
M' EI 0 2 L
2
L
Put M=0
1 L wL 2wx 2 wx3
dx
A
x
(
EI 0 2
2
2L
L
w Lx 2
x3 x4
(
A
x
2EI 2
3 4L 0
wL3
A
Answer
24EI
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
M
x
L/2
1
RA
Reactions:
BM at 1-1
Put W=0
RA
RB
wL W'
wL W'
; RB
2
2
2
2
wx 2
M x x
wL W'
Mx
and
for Region AC
x2
2
2
W'
2
U
2 L/2 wL W'
wx 2 x
dx
C
)x (
W' EI 0 2
L
2 2
3
4 L/2
2w L/2
w
Lx
x
2
3
C
(Lx
x
dx
4EI 0
2EI 3
4 0
L/2
w L L
-
2EI 24 64 0
max
5wL4
C
Answer
384EI
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
Problem 1 : For the Cantilever beam shown in figure, compute deflection and rotation
at (i) the free end (ii) under the
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
load
Conjugate Beam:
By taking a section @ C and considering FBD of LHP,
SF f x
- 150
3 1 2 225
EI
EI
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
BM @ C=
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
- 150
3 12 2 450 ;
EI
EI
BM @ A =
225
EI
225
2 2 900
EI
EI
SF @ a section in Conjugate Beam gives rotation at the same section in Real Beam
BM @ a section in Conjugate Beam gives deflection at the same section in Real Beam
Therefore, Rotation @ C =
225
(
EI
Deflection @ C=
Rotation @ A =
Deflection @ A =
450
EI
225
( )
EI
900
EI
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
Problem 2: For the beam shown in figure, compute deflections under the loaded
points. Also compute the maximum deflection. Compute, also the slopes at supports.
Note that the given beam is symmetrical. Hence, all the diagrams for this beam should be
symmetrical. Thus the reactions are equal & maximum deflection occurs at the mid span.
The bending moment for the beam is as shown above. The conjugate beam is formed and
it is shown above.
For the conjugate beam:
2 12 60EI 3 4 30EI
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
To compute C :
A section at C is placed on conjugate beam. Then considering FBD of LHP;
+ BM @ C=
150
3 12 3 60 1
EI
EI
450 90 360
EI EI EI
360
;
EI
D = C (Symmetry)
To compute E:
A section @ E is placed on conjugate beam. Then considering FBD of
LHP;
+
BM @ E=
i.e E =
A =
150
5 12 3 60 3 30 21
EI
EI
EI
750 270 60 420
EI
EI EI EI
150
(
EI
) B =
150
( )
EI
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
Problem 3: Compute deflection and slope at the loaded point for the beam shown in
figure. Given E = 210 Gpa and I = 120 x 106mm4. Also calculate slopes at A and B.
Note that the reactions are equal. The BMD is as shown above.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
1 120
1 60
VB' 3
3 0
2 EI
2 EI
90 180
VA' VB'
0;
EI EI
fy 0 V
'
A
VA' VB'
270
EI
1 120
1 60
VA' 6 34
32 0
2 EI
2 EI
360 360 720
6VA'
EI
EI
EI
B'
VA'
120
150
'
V
B
EI ;
EI
120 1 60
3
EI 2 EI
30
EI
BM @ C =
120
3 1 60 31
EI
2 EI
360 90 270
EI EI
EI
30
= 1.19 x 10-3 Radians ( )
25200
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Deflection @ C =
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
270
= 0.0107 m
25200
= 10.71 mm ( )
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
fy 0 V
VA
VB 150
600
66.67kN VB 83.33kN
9
fy 0 V
'
A
'
B
1 200 100
3 3
2 EI EI
1 25 1 83.33
3 3
2 EI 2 EI
VB'
762.5
EI
1
2
200
100
1 25
1 83.33
7 3
4.5 3 4 3
2 0
EI
EI
2 EI
2 EI
'
i.e 9VA 3
3850
EI
427.77
VA'
EI
334.73
VB'
EI
9VA'
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
427.77 (
A
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
EI
334.73
EI
To Compute C :
A Section at C is chosen in the conjugate beam:
+
BM at C =
427.77
3 1 3 200 1
EI
2 EI
983.31
EI
C =
983.31
EI
To compute D:
Section at D is chosen and FBD of RHP is considered.
+ BM at D =
334.73
3 1 3 83.33 1
EI
2 EI
=
879.19
EI
879.19
EI
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
Problem 5: Compute to the slope and deflection at the free end for the beam shown in
figure.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
SUBJECT CODE: CE 43
The Bending moment for the real beam is as shown in the figure. The conjugate beam
also is as shown.
Section at A in the conjugate beam gives
5x 2
SF @ A =
dx
EI
0
4
5 x
EI
320
3EI
A =
4
3 0
320
(
3EI
5
64
3EI
1 4
BM @ A =
5x 2 x dx
EI 0
4
- 5 x4
5
=
256
EI 4 0 4EI
A =
320
EI