DC Arcs

Electric Arcs in DC Systems
Characterization, Detection and Extinction
Delft University of Technology

Aditya Shekhar
June 25, 2015
Aditya Shekhar (TU Delft)
June 25, 2015
1 / 35
Outline
1
Load-side Series Arc Detection in Low Voltage DC Microgrids

Proposed Arc Detection Algorithm
Choice of Filter Time Constants
Impact of Circuit Parameters
Experimental Validation
Bus Transfer Switching with HVDC GIS Disconnector
Experimental Setup and Simulation Model
Parameter Estimation
Recovery and Re-strike Voltage
Analysis of Bus Transfer Experiments
The Big Picture
June 25, 2015
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Next Subsection
1

The Big Picture
June 25, 2015
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Fundamental Concept
110
Rdc
Rarc
Iarc
Vdc
Cload
100
L
O
A
D
Vload
Load Voltage (V)
Ldc
Initial electrode dependent

voltage drop to be detected
90
80
70
60
Equivalent Circuit
50
1
4
5
Time (ms)
10
Measured load voltage: drop of 13.3 V.
Detection of series arcs from load voltage drop (plug out).

Selectivity in parallel load.
June 25, 2015
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1
fs 1
Vflp
Fast Low Pass Filter
If V > Vdetect
+
Vload
Slow Low Pass Filter
1
ss 1
Vslp
Detach load to eliminate arc
Band Pass Filter
June 25, 2015
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Selectivity for Parallel Loads

Idc
Ldc
Rdc
Vdc
Vcom
Lcab1
Rcab1
Rarc1
IL2
CL1
VL1
Rarc2
IL2
CL2
VL2
Icab1
Lcab2
Rcab2
Icab2
Constant
Power
Constant
Power
June 25, 2015
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Validation - Simulation Results

5
Load 2 keeps running
Current (A)
Load 1 selectively
ramped to zero
on arc detection
Arc detected
Load Current 1
Load Current 2
2
Arc extinguished
1
0
1
4
5
Time (ms)
10
105
Load 1 Voltage
Load 2 Voltage
Vslp, Load 1
Voltage(V)
100
95
Vdetect=10 V
90
85
flp=0.0001 s
80
75
1
Vflp, Load 1
slp = 0.001 s
4
5
Time (ms)
10
June 25, 2015
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Next Subsection
1

The Big Picture
June 25, 2015
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Intuitive Understanding: Filter Time Constants

V with Fast LPF Tc=1 ms
14
V with Fast LPF Tc=0.5 ms
14
12
12
10
10
V with Fast LPF Tc=0.1 ms
18
16
14
6
V
=10V
4
6
Time (ms)
Slow LPF Tc=0.01 s

Slow LPF Tc=0.02 s
detect
10
Voltage(V)
Voltage(V)
Voltage(V)
12
Slow LPF Tc=0.03 s
6
4
Slow LPF Tc=0.07 s
2
0
Slow LPF Tc=0.4 s
Slow LPF Tc=0.05 s

Slow LPF Tc=0.1 s
10
4
6
Time (ms)
10
4
6
Time (ms)
10
It would be nice to have:
High value of slow LPF time constant.

Low value of fast LPF time constant.
150 Hz to 1.5 kHz bandpass is chosen nally...
June 25, 2015
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1

The Big Picture
June 25, 2015
10 / 35
Frequency Domain Analysis

Capacitance= 10 F
Capacitance= 22 F
Capacitance= 47 F
Capacitance= 100 F
Capacitance= 215 F
Capacitance= 464 F
Capacitance= 1000 F
14000
Natural Frequency (Hz)
12000
10000
8000
f
6000
LC
4000
2000
0
0
3.5
400
600
Inductance (H)
800
Q=0.25
Q=0.5
Q=1
Q=2
Q=3
3
2.5
2
1.5
= R1
L
C
1
0.5
0
0
200
Magnitude Response
Magnitude Response (|Vc|/||Vi|)
16000
2
3
4
Normalized Frequaency (f/f0)
1000
June 25, 2015
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Detection Voltage at Discrete BPF Output

Grid Inductance=47 H, Resistance=0.125
10
5
0
0.5
0.504
10
5
0
0.505
0.5
0.501
0.502
0.503
Time (s)
0.504
10
5
0
0.5
0.505
0.501
0.504
0.505
10
5
0
0.5
0.501
0.502
0.503
Time (s)
0.504
0.505
Grid Inductance=1000 H, Resistance=2
15
Load Capacitance=10 F
10
5
0
0.502
0.503
Time (s)
Grid Inductance=465 H, Resistance=1
15
Voltage(V)
Voltage(V)
0.502
0.503
Time (s)
15
Voltage(V)
0.501
15
Voltage(V)
Voltage(V)
15
0.5
0.501
0.502
0.503
Time (s)
0.504
0.505
June 25, 2015
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Maximum Detection Voltage
Voltage to
Band pass
filter
14
12
15
12
10
10
8
5
6
0
10
10
5
Quality Factor
Maximum Detection Voltage (V)
Maximum Detection Voltage (V)
10
8
6
4
2
5
0
Natural Frequency (kHz)
0
0
4
6
8
June 25, 2015
10
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Detection Boundary
Threshold Voltage = 8 V
10
Detection
Time (ms)
8
Quality Factor
Quality Factor
Voltage to
Band pass
filter
10
6
4
2
1
6
4
0.8
2
0.6
0
0
10
4
5
6
7
0
0
10
4
5
6
7
10
0.4
0.2
8
Quality Factor
Quality Factor
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
6
4
Black indicates
no detection
2
1
4
5
6
7
10
0
0
4
5
6
10
June 25, 2015
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Next Subsection
1

The Big Picture
June 25, 2015
15 / 35
Ldc
Real Time Arc Detection

6.2 ms
2
80
2
4
Time (ms)
Voltage (V)
90
Tdetect=2 ms
4
Voltage (V)
L
O
A
D
Vload
5.5 ms
2
80
70
Voltage Across Load Capacitor

Detection Signal from C2000
100
90
2
4
Time (ms)
100
95
=2.5 ms
detect
=2.8 ms
4.2 ms
2
80
Voltage (V)
detect
Voltage (V)
T
90
90
3
2.3 ms
85
2
80
1
75
4
2
4
Time (ms)
70
5
Voltage (V)
Voltage (V)
Cload
100
Tdetect=1.25 ms
Voltage (V)
Iarc
Vdc
Voltage (V)
100
70
Rarc
70
Rdc
0
10
Time (ms)
June 25, 2015
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Next Subsection
1

The Big Picture
June 25, 2015
17 / 35
Bus Transfer in HVDC Substations

Before making DS2, current
(green) flows from feeder 1 to
feeder 2 via busbar coupling (BC).
DS1
DS2
With both DS1 and DS2 closed,

parallel buses share current from
feeder 1 to feeder 2
DS1
DS2
DS1
BC
Feeder 1
Feeder 2
After breaking DS1, current (red)

flows from feeder 1 to feeder 2 via
busbar coupling (BC).
DS2
BC
Feeder 1
Feeder 2
BC
Feeder 1
Feeder 2
Vbus
I2
Itot
R2
L2
VDS
I1
L1
R1
June 25, 2015
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Experimental Setup
Power
Supply
Bus 1
Inductance
Control
Room
Bus 2
Inductance
Automatic
Grounding
Stick
Manual
Grounding
Stick
Oscilloscope
Box
GIS
Disconnector
Motor
Controller
June 25, 2015
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Equivalent Circuit
Ibn
Sn
Lnn Rnn
Itot
Lm
Rm
I1
L1
VC Cnn
Dn
I2
Vout
L2
R2
Vbus
R1
VDS
n=3
n=3
June 25, 2015
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Next Subsection
1

The Big Picture
June 25, 2015
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Developed Graphical User Interface

2.
3.
1.
4.
June 25, 2015
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Equivalent Circuits for Analysis

Inductances with GIS Open
Lm
Rm
Lm
Itot
L11
L1
Vbus
Vout
Lnn
R11
R1
Currents and voltages are falling

exponentials.
Rm Itot
I2
I1
I1
Rnn
Inductances with GIS Closed
L2
L1
R2
Lds Vbus
R1
VDS
Rds
Currents and voltages are sum of

two exponentials.
June 25, 2015
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Inductance Computation
dI
1
dt (1)
dI1
dt (2)
dI
1
dt (n)
I1
(1)
I1
(2)
I1
(n)
Vbus
(1)
Vbus (2)
R1
.
.
Vbus
(n)
June 25, 2015
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Inductance of GIS Disconnector

Lds
0.2
0
Voltage (V)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Vds
2
L dI
dt + RI2
2
L dI
dt
RI2
1
1.2
0
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
Time (s)
3.5
4.5
4
x 10
Voltage Drop across this due to current gradient must be
removed to estimate the actual arc voltage.
June 25, 2015
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Corrected Arc Voltage

0.8
0.6
Voltage (p.u.)
Restrike
Disconnector Voltage
Uarc,fast
0.7
Uarc,lp
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
Time (s)
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
x 10
June 25, 2015
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Comparison of Measured and Simulated Results

Simulated Current
Measured Current
600
400
200
0
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
1500
Capacitor Voltage (V)
Total Current (A)
800
Simulated Capacitor Voltage

Measured Capacitor Voltage
1400
1300
1200
1100
Time (s)
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045

Time (s)
Simulated Buck Output Voltage

Measured Buck Output Voltage
Simulated Bus Voltage

Measured Bus Voltage
300
Voltage (V)
150
Bus Voltage (V)
400
200
100
50
0
200
100
50
100
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045

Time (s)
Time (s)
June 25, 2015
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Next Subsection
1

The Big Picture
June 25, 2015
28 / 35
Derived Analytical Expression

Recovery voltage is the voltage that appears across the electrodes of
the GIS disconnector at the instant of arc extinction.
Restrike Voltage
is the voltage across the disconnector just before the instant of arc reignition.
Vbus =
Itot
I1

Lm
Lin
Lm

Lm
Lm
Lm
P
=1
Pn
Lnn

L1
Lin
VC
Itot
P3
n

=1
Ibn
nn
Lm
June 25, 2015
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Eect of Capacitor Voltage and Source

Inductance
(a)
(b)
1200
(c)
1200
1200
1000
1000
800
800
Lnn=0.1 mH
Lnn=0.2 mH
1000
Lnn=1.5 mH
Lnn=5.5 mH
Bus Voltage (V)
Bus Voltage (V)
800
600
400
Bus Voltage (V)
Lnn=0.5 mH
600
400
600
400
200
200
200
200
4
4.5
Time (ms)
200
4
4.5
Time (ms)
200
4
4.5
Time (ms)
June 25, 2015
30 / 35
Eect of Switching Frequency and Source

Inductance
(a)
(b)
700
(c)
700
700
600
600
500
Lnn=0.5 mH
500
500
400
400
Lnn=1.5 mH
400
Lnn=5.5 mH
300
200
100
Bus Voltage (V)
Lnn=0.2 mH
Bus Voltage (V)
Bus Voltage (V)
Lnn=0.1 mH
600
300
200
100
300
200
100
100
100
100
200
4
4.5
Time (ms)
200
4
4.5
Bus Voltage (V)
200
4
4.5
Time (ms)
June 25, 2015
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Next Subsection
1

The Big Picture
June 25, 2015
32 / 35
Graphical User Interface Developed for Analysis
June 25, 2015
33 / 35
The Big Picture???
June 25, 2015
34 / 35
Thank You!
June 25, 2015
35 / 35

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Electric Arcs in DC Systems

Characterization, Detection and Extinction

Delft University of Technology

Aditya Shekhar (TU Delft)

Electric Arcs in DC Systems

June 25, 2015

Load-side Series Arc Detection in Low Voltage DC Microgrids

Aditya Shekhar (TU Delft)

Electric Arcs in DC Systems

June 25, 2015

Load-side Series Arc Detection in Low Voltage DC Microgrids

Aditya Shekhar (TU Delft)

Electric Arcs in DC Systems

June 25, 2015

Load Voltage (V)

Initial electrode dependent

Measured load voltage: drop of 13.3 V.

Detection of series arcs from load voltage drop (plug out).

Aditya Shekhar (TU Delft)

Electric Arcs in DC Systems

June 25, 2015

Proposed Arc Detection Algorithm

Fast Low Pass Filter

Slow Low Pass Filter

Detach load to eliminate arc

Band Pass Filter

Aditya Shekhar (TU Delft)

Electric Arcs in DC Systems

June 25, 2015

Selectivity for Parallel Loads

Aditya Shekhar (TU Delft)

Electric Arcs in DC Systems

June 25, 2015

Validation - Simulation Results

Aditya Shekhar (TU Delft)

Electric Arcs in DC Systems

June 25, 2015

Load-side Series Arc Detection in Low Voltage DC Microgrids

Aditya Shekhar (TU Delft)

Electric Arcs in DC Systems

June 25, 2015

Intuitive Understanding: Filter Time Constants

V with Fast LPF Tc=0.5 ms

V with Fast LPF Tc=0.1 ms

Slow LPF Tc=0.01 s

Slow LPF Tc=0.03 s

Slow LPF Tc=0.07 s

Slow LPF Tc=0.4 s

Slow LPF Tc=0.05 s

It would be nice to have:

High value of slow LPF time constant.

150 Hz to 1.5 kHz bandpass is chosen nally...

Aditya Shekhar (TU Delft)

Electric Arcs in DC Systems

June 25, 2015

Load-side Series Arc Detection in Low Voltage DC Microgrids

Aditya Shekhar (TU Delft)

Electric Arcs in DC Systems

June 25, 2015

Frequency Domain Analysis

Natural Frequency (Hz)

Aditya Shekhar (TU Delft)

Electric Arcs in DC Systems

June 25, 2015

150 Hz to 1.5 kHz bandpass is chosen nally...