SPSS Exercise

Comparing Means:
One or Two Samples t-Tests
t- Test and Z-Tests are commonly used for making comparisons between the means of the
two samples or between some standard value and the mean of one sample.
One sample test:
A Business school in its advertisement claims that the average salary of its graduates in a
particular lean year is at par with average salary offered at the top five business schools.
A sample of 30 graduates from the business school, whose claim was to be verified, was
taken at random. There salaries are given at random below:
Average salary in that year was 7, 50,000
H0: There is no difference between the average salary of the business school
perceived and the average salary of the top five business schools.
Syntax Analyse-Compare means-one sample test
Fill in test value as 750
Results:
One-Sample Statistics
N
salary of
the
graduate
student

30

One-Sample Test
Test Value
= 750
t

salary of
the
graduate
student

-2.460

Mean

Std. Std. Error

Deviation
Mean
713.50
81.26
14.84

df

29

Sig. (2Mean
95%
tailed) Difference Confidenc
e Interval
of the
Difference
Lower
.020
-36.50
-66.84

Upper
-6.16

Result: Since the p value has come out to be .020 therefore the difference is significant to
reject the null hypothesis.

Paired t-test
1. A corporate training institution claimed that its training program can greatly enhance
the efficiency of the call centre employees. A big call centre sent some of its employees
for the training program. The efficiency was measured by the no. of deals closed by each
employee in a one month period. Data was collected for a one month period before
sending the employees for the training program. After the training program the data was
1

again collected on the same program. After the training program, data was collected on
the same employees for a month period.
Variables: Employee, before, after
H0: There is no significant diff between employees before and after the training
program.
H1: There is sig diff between employees before and after the training program.
Syntax:
Analyse-Compare means-paired sample t-test
Paired Samples Statistics

Pair 1

before
after

Mean
40.70
44.15

N
20
20

Std. Deviation
4.318
6.158

Std. Error
Mean
.965
1.377

Paired Samples Correlations

N
Pair 1

before & after

20

Correlation
.281

Sig.
.230
Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference

Pair 1

before - after

Mean
-3.450

Std. Deviation
6.452

Std. Error
Mean
1.443

Lower
-6.470

Upper
-.430

t
-2.391

df
19

Since the p value is coming out to be .027 which is very much lower than .05 so the null
hypothesis is rejected at 5% level of significance.

Independent sample test:

A study was conducted to compare the efficiency of the workers of the two mines, one
with private ownership and other with government ownership. The researcher was of the
view that there is no significant difference between the efficiency of the two. The tonnage
of the minerals mined by a worker in one shift was chosen as a criteria to access its
efficiency. 20 workers from private mines and 24 from government owned mines were
selected and there average output per shift was recorded.
H0: average output of the workers from mine 1 equals to that of workers from mine 2.
Ho: Average output of the workers from mine 1 differs to that of workers from mine 2.
The data obtained is given bin the excel sheet.
2

Sig. (2-tailed)
.027

syntax: Analyse-compare means- independent sample t-test

There will be two options in the next dialogue box
1. Grouping variable.(mine will be the grouping variable)
2. Test variable.(Out put)
Define groups: The other option available there is define groups, click of this and feed 1
in the first blank and 2 in the second. Click on continue and ok.

output:
Group Statistics
MINE

1
2
Independent Samples Test

OUTPUT

Equal
variances
assumed
Equal
variances
not
assumed

20
24

Mean

Std. Std. Error

Deviation
Mean
42.55
5.48
1.23
39.04
2.79
.57

Levene's
Test for
Equality of
Variances
F

t-test for
Equality of
Means
Sig.

df

15.990

.000

2.742

42

2.596

27.044

Sig. (2Mean Std. Error

95%
tailed) Difference Difference Confidenc
e Interval
of the
Difference
Lower
.009
3.51
1.28
.93
.015

3.51

1.35

.74

Upper
6.09
6.28

In this table we get results of two tests- Levenes test for equality of variances and t-test
for equality of means. The table contains two sets of analysis, the first one assuming
equal variance in the two groups and the second one consisting unequal variances. The
Levenes test tells us which statistic to consider to analyse the equality means. It test the
null hypothesis that the two groups have equal variances. A small value of significance
(.000) associated with Levenes test indicates that the two groups have unequal variances
and the null hypothesis is rejected that the variances are equal. Therefore the statistics
associated with equal variance is not assumed should be used fot t-test of equality of
means.
The t-test p-value has come out to be 0.015 which indicate that null hypothesis is rejected
at 5% level of sig. Where as the difference is not significant at 1% level of sig. so null
hyp. is accepted.
Chi Square Test:
3

To find out the significance of association between educational background of PGDBM

students and their performance in terms of grade.
Both the variables are coded as code and grade code representing educational
background and grade obtained. Educational background their codes are given below:
Educational
Background Code
B.com.
1
B.E.
2
B.Sc.
3
BBA.
4
B.A.
5
Grade codes are as follows:
Grade obtained:
grade code
A
1
B
2
C
3
These two variables cross tabulated for twenty five observations. A cross Tabulation with
a chi-square test is performed
Syntax: Analyse- Descriptive- cross tabs- select one variable in row and the other one in
column.
Case I
Armands Pizza Parlors is a chain of Italian Food restaurants located in a five state area.
The most successful locations for Armands have been near college campuses. The
manager believes that the quarterly sales of these restaurants (denoted by Y) are related
positively to the size of the student population (denoted by X); that is the restaurant near
campuses with a large population tend to generate more sales than those located near
campuses with a small population. Use regression analysis to predict the sale of
restaurant for a given data of 16000 students.
Students population and quarterly sales data for 10 Armands Pizza Parlors
Case II
The owner of the pizza Corner Bangalore would like to build a regression model
consisting of six factors to predict the sale of pizza. Data for the past 15 months on sales
and six different factors were collected for the purpose.
Input:
Dependent variables:
Y=Monthly sales in rs.
Independent variables:
X1= No. of delivery boys.
X2=Cost of ad in Rs.
X3=No. of out lets
X4=Variety of pizzas
X5=Competitors activity index
X6=No. of existing customers (000)
Case II
4

This problem relates to the taste and quality of food served to 28 customers in TAJ Group
of Hotels chain. The customers, who are basically from the higher income group (HIG),
were asked to give their opinion about the quality/ taste of the four common non
vegetarian dishes served to them. The analysis of the problem gives us the variance
between the dependent variable (rating) and the independent variable (Non Veg Dishes)
The following are the common dishes served at the above hotels chain restaurant are
coded as follows:
CODE:

DISH NAME

1
2
3
4

Chicken platter
Honey chicken
Chicken spinach
Tandoori Chiken

In This problem we have to consider the four different non vegetarian dishes that are
being offered by TAJ Group of hotels chain. The hotel group wants to test, which of the
above mentioned dishes is being preferred by the target customers, that is HIG
Customers. At random these 28 respondents were asked for their preference on a scale of
10. (1-not liked at all and 10 is most preferred dish).
Factor analysis
Private domestic airline operators raised their airfare in December 2000. Indian Airlines,
the government-owned carrier, was the only domestic airline which did not follow suit.
Information available (source-Economic Times) showed that people still prefer to fly Jet
Airways. Our group set out to ascertain the reasons for the above preference, as according
to Indian Airlines officials domestic flyers are price-conscious customers.
Our study consisted of 20 respondents who had recently flown with Jet Airways.
They were asked to indicate on a seven point scale (1 = completely agree, 7 = completely
disagree), their agreement or disagreement with the set of 10 statements relating to their
perceptions and attributes of the airline.
The 10 statements were as follows:
1. They (Jet Airways) are always on time.
2. The seats are very comfortable.
3. I love the food they provide.
4. Their air-hostesses are very beautiful.
5. My boss/friend flies with the same airline.
6. The airlines have younger aircrafts.
7. I get the advantage of a frequent flyer program.
8. It (the flight timing) suits my schedule.
9. My mom feels safe when I fly Jet.
10. Flying Jet compliments my lifestyle and social standing in the society.