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Credit:
General Objective:
I.
STRUCTURE OF CARBON
A. HYBRIDIZED ORBITALS OF CARBON
1. Electronic configuration of carbon
2. Hybridization (sp,sp2,sp3 hybrid orbitals)
3. Geometry of hybrid orbitals
4. s and p character of hybrid atomic orbitals
B. THE COVALENT BOND
1. Characteristics of sigma and pi orbitals
2. Formation of covalent bonds
3. Properties of covalent bonds
3.1 Bond length
3.2 Bond angle
3.3 Bond strength
3.4 Bond polarity
3.5 Bond order
II.
3.
III.
IV.
REACTIONS
REAGENTS
INVOLVING
ELECTROPHILIC
B. ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION
1.
General reaction mechanism of
electrophilic addition reaction
2.
Direction and stereochemistry of
added substituent
3.
Orientation and position of added
substituent
4.
Relative rates of carbonium ion
intermediates
5.
Addition reactions of alkenes
6.
Addition reactions of alkynes
7.
Mechanism of conjugate addition
reaction
8.
1,2 and 1,4-addition reactions of
butadiene
C.
REACTIONS
REAGENTS
INVOLVING
NUCLEOPHILIC
4.2
4.3
B. NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION AT SATURATED
CARBON
1.
Mechanism
of
SN1
and
SN2
reactions
2.
Stereochemistry of SN1/SN2
3.
Rate of SN1/SN2 reactions
4.
Factors affecting rate of SN1/SN2
reactions
4.1
Nature of substrate
4.2
Strength of nucleophiles
4.3
Nature of leaving group
4.4
Effect of solvent
5.
Competing reactions: elimination,
rearrangement
6. Substitution reactions of alcohols and
ethers
7. Intramolecular substitution reactions
C. ELIMINATION
1.
Mechanism of E1/E2 reactions
2.
Conditions
favouring
elimination
reactions:
strong
bases,
higher
temperature
3.
Reactivity of substrates towards
elimination reactions
4.
Stability of alkenes
5.
Hoffmann elimination reaction
E. NUCLEOPHILIC
SUBSTITUTION
AT
UNSATURATED CARBON
1.
Mechanism
of
nucleophilic
substitution
2.
Reactivity of leaving groups in
carboxylic acid derivatives
2.1
Basicity of leaving groups
2.2
Resonance of substances
2.3
Comparative reaction of bases or
nucleophiles
to
saturated
and
unsaturated carbon
3.
Reactions
of
carboxylic
acid
derivatives
3.1
Esterification and trans-esterification
3.2
Base
hydrolysis
of
esters:
saponification
3.3
Synthesis of anhydrides
3.4
Synthesis of aspirin and oil of
wintergreen
VIII. REDOX REACTIONS
A. COMMON
OXIDIZING
AND
REDUCING
AGENTS
B. SOME USES OF REDOX REACTIONS
1. In qualitative analysis
1.1
Baeyers Test
1.2
Tollens Test
1.3
Fehlings Test
1.4
Benedicts Test
2 In organic synthesis
2.1
Oxidation with KMnO4, K2Cr2O7
2.2
Reduction
2.2.1 Catalytic Hydrogenation
2.2.2 Clemmensen Reduction
2.2.3 Reduction with LiAlH4/NaBH4
2.2.4 Reduction with Metal (Sn)
3. In structure determination: ozonolysis
3.1
Reductive ozonolysis
3.2
Oxidative ozonolysis
FOURTH DEPARTMENTAL EXAMINATION
Course Policies:
1. Any form of cheating during examinations shall be penalized according to the fullest extent of
university rules and regulations. The case against offenders shall be filed and referred to the highest
authorities regarding scholastic integrity and their future in the university. Furthermore, a grade of 5.0
is automatically given to the offenders and they shall be blacklisted as cheaters in their succeeding
semesters taking any chemistry subject in the division.
2. No makeup examination shall be given for whatever reason.
3. In case an examination is missed due to a valid reason, the final examination shall make up for the
missed examination. No more than two missed examinations shall be allowed.
4. A student is exempted from taking the final examination if the following conditions are met:
a. He/she has a class standing equivalent to a grade of 2.75 or better.
b. He/she has no grade lower than 40% in any of the long examinations.
5. At the end of the semester, grades shall be computed as follows:
a. If the student takes the final examination, his or her grade shall be computed according to the
following percentage distribution:
Class Standing:
2/3
Final Examination:
1/3
b. If a student is exempted from taking the final examination and did not take it, then his or her
grade shall be the equivalent grade of his or her class standing.
c. If a student is not exempted but failed to take the final examination for whatever reason, he or
she gets a grade of 5.0.
Course Requirements:
Four (4) Departmental Examinations
Quizzes
Pre-Final Grade
Pre-Final Grade
Final Examination
Final Grade
2/3
1/3
1
Grading Scale:
90-100
85-89
80-84
75-79
70-74
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
80%
20%
100%
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
40-49
0-39
prepared_by_threelegendz_summer_11_12
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
4.00
5.00