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Unix KornShell Quick Reference

Contents
1. Command Language
I/O redirection and pipe
Shell variables
Pattern matching
Control characters
2. The environment
3. Most usual commands
Help
Directory listing
Creating a directory
Changing directory
Comparing files
Access to files
copying files and directories
deleting files & directory
moving files & directories
Visualizing files
linking files & directories
Compiling & Linking
Debugging a program
Archive library
Make
Job control
miscellaneous
History & Command line editing
4. Creating KORNshell scripts
The different shells
Special shell variables

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special characters
Evaluating shell variables
The if statement
The logical operators
Math operators
Controlling execution
Debug mode
Examples
Example 1 : loops, cases ...
Example 2 : switches
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
5. List of Usual commands
6. List of Administrator commands

1.

Command Language
I/O redirection and pipe
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

command
command >file
command 2>err_file
command >file 2>&1
(command > f1) 2>f2
command >>file
command <file
command << text

% command1

command2

% command | tee f1 f2 ...

% command&
% nohup command&
% set -o monitor

running in foreground (interactive)

redirects stdout to file
redirects stderr to err_file
redirects both stdout and stderr on file
send stdout on f1, stderr on f2
appends stdout to file
redirects stdin from file
Read standard input uo to line identical
to text
redirects stdout from command1 into stdin of
command2 via a pipe
Ex : du ~ | sort -nr | head
The output of command is sent on
stdout and copied into f1, f2, ...
running in background
running in background even after log out
to have a message when a background job ends

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stderr : to print on it in a script, use the option -u2 in command print

Shell variables
# Warning : no blank before of after the = sign
# Integers :
n=100 ; x=&n
integer t
typeset -r roues=4
# definition of a CONSTANT (read only)
typeset -i2 x
# declares x as binary integer
typeset -i8 y
# declares y as octal integer
typeset -i16 z
# guess what ?
# Strings :
lettre="Q" ; mot="elephant"
phrase="Hello, word"
print "n=$n ; lettre=$lettre ; mot=$mot ; phrase=$phrase"
typeset -r nom="JMB"
# string constant
# Arrays
: one dimensional arrays of integers or strings
#
automatically dimensionned to 1024
animal[0]="dog" ; animal[1]="horse" ; animal[3]="donkey"
set -A flower tulip gardenia " " rose
print ${animal[*]}
print ${flower[@]}
print "cell#1 content : ${flower[1]}

Pattern matching
+------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Wild card
| matches
|
+------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| ?
| any single char
|
| [char1char2... charN] | any single char from the specified list
|
| [!char1char2... charN] | any single char other than one from the
|
|
| specified list
|
| [char1-charN]
| any char between char1 and charN inclusive
|
| [!char1-charN]
| any char other than between char1 and charN
|
|
| inclusive
|
| *
| any char or any group of char (including none) |
| ?(pat1|pat2...|patN)
| zero or one of the specified patterns
|
| @(pat1|pat2...|patN)
| exactly one of the specified patterns
|
| *(pat1|pat2...|patN)
| zero, one or more of the specified patterns
|
| +(pat1|pat2...|patN)
| one or more of the specified patterns
|
| !(pat1|pat2...|patN)
| any pattern except one of the specif. patterns |
+------------------------+------------------------------------------------+

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Tilde Expansion :
~
your home directory (ls ~)
~frenkiel
home directory of another user
~+
absolute pathname of the working directory
~previous directory (cd ~-) ( or cd -)

Control characters
< ctrl_c> Cancel the currently running process (foreground)
< ctrl_z> Suspend the currently running process
then : > bg
: to send it in background
or
> fg
: continue in foreground
or
> kill -option
: sends signals (such as TERMINATE)
ex
> kill -9 pid
: to kill a background job
kill -l
: to find out all the signals
supported by your system.
< ctrl_d> End of file character
$ stty
to see what are the KILL & <EOF> characters

2.

The environment
+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| environmental characteristic
| child inherit this ? |
+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| parent's access rights to files, directories | yes
|
| the files that parent has opened
| yes
|
| parent's ressource limits (type ulimit)
| yes
|
| parent's response to signal
| yes
|
| aliases defined by parent
| NO (expect opt -x)
|
| functions defined by parent
| if exported (*)
|
| variables defined by parent
| if exported (*)
|
| KornShell variables (except IFS)
| if exported (*)
|
| KornShell variable IFS
| if NOT exported
|
| parent's option settings (type set -o)
| no
|
+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
(*) Not needed if a 'set -o allexport' statement has told the KornShell to
export all these variables and functions

To export a variable :

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$ export LPDEST=pshpa
$ echo $LPDEST
$ echo LPDEST

---> pshpa
---> LPDEST

Dot Scripts : a script that runs in the parent's environment, so it is not a child of the caller. A dot script inherits ALL of the caller's environment. To
invoke a dot script, just preface the name of the script with a dot and a space :
$ ficus.ksh
$ . ficus.fsh

# invoke this script as a regular script.

# invoke the same script as a dot script.

Aliases : An alias is a nickname for a KornShell statement or script, a user program or a command. Example:
$ alias del='rm -i'
$ alias
$ unalias del

# whenever you type 'del', it's replace by 'rm -i'

# to see a list of all aliases
# remove an alias

It is recommanded (but not mandatory) to write the local variable names in lower case letters and those of global variables in upper case letters.
Sequence of KornShell start-up scripts : The KornShell supports 3 start-up scripts. The first 2 are login scripts; they are executed when you log in. A
third one runs whenever you create a KornShell or run a KornShell script.
- /etc/profile
- $HOME/.profile
Use this file to :
- set & export values of variables
- set options such as ignoreeof that you want to apply to your
login shell only
- specify a script to execute when yu log out
Example :
set -o allexport
# export all variables
PATH=.:/bin:/usr/bin:$HOME/bin
# define command search path
CDPATH=.:$HOME:$HOME/games
# define search path for cd
FPATH=$HOME/mathlib:/usr/funcs
# define path for autoload
PS1='! $PWD> '
# define primary prompt
PS2='Line continues here> '
# define secondary prompt
HISTSIZE=100
# define size of history file
ENV=$HOME/.kshrc
# pathname of environment script
TMOUT=0
# KornShell won't be timed out
VISUAL=vi
# make vi the comm. line editor
set +o allexport
# turn off allexport feature
- script whose name is hold in the KornShell variable ENV
Use this file to :
- define aliases & functions that apply for interactive use only
- set default options that you want to apply to all ksh invocations
- set variables that you want to apply to the current ksh invoc.
Example :

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# The information in this region will be accessible to the KornShell

# command line and scripts.
alias -x disk='du'
# -x makes alias accessible to scripts
case $- in
*i*)
# Here you are NOT in a script
alias copy='cp';;
esac

KornShell Reserved variables :

+-----------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+------+
| Variable | What this variable holds
| Default
| Who |
|
|
|
| sets |
+-----------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+------+
| CDPATH
| directories that cd searches
| none
| U
|
| COLUMNS
| terminal width
| 80
| SA
|
| EDITOR
| pathname of command line editor
| /bin/ed
| U,SA |
| ENV
| pathname of startup script
| none
| U,SA |
| ERRNO
| error number of most recently
| none
| KSH |
|
| failed system call
|
|
|
| FCEDIT
| pathname of history file editor
| /bin/ed
| U,SA |
| FPATH
| path of autoload functions
| none
| U
|
| HISTFILE | pathname of history file
| $HOME/.sh_history | U,SA |
| HISTFILE | nb of command in history file
| 128
| U,SA |
| HOME
| login directory
| none
| SA
|
| IFS
| set of token delimiters
| white space
| U
|
| LINENO
| current line number within
| none
| KSH |
|
| script or function
|
|
|
| LINES
| terminal height
| 24
| SA
|
| LOGNAME
| user name
| none
| SA
|
| MAIL
| patname of master mail file
| none
| SA
|
| MAILCHECK | mail checking frequency
| 600 seconds
| U,SA |
| MAILPATH | pathnames of master mail files
| none
| SA
|
| OLDPWD
| previous current directory
| none
| KSH |
| OPTARG
| name of argument to a switch
| none
| KSH |
| OPTIND
| option's ordinal position on
| none
| KSH |
|
| command line
|
|
|
| PATH
| command search directories
| /bin:/usr/bin
| U,SA |
| PPID
| PID of parent
| none
| KSH |
| PS1
| command line prompt
| $
| U
|
| PS2
| prompt for commands that
| >
| U
|
|
| extends more than 1 line
|
|
|
| PS3
| prompt of 'select' statements
| #?
| U
|
| PS4
| debug mode prompt
| +
| U
|
| PWD
| current directory
| none
| U
|
| RANDOM
| random integer
| none
| KSH |

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| REPLY
| input repository
| none
| KSH |
| SECONDS
| nb of seconds since KornShell
| none
| KSH |
|
| was invoked
|
|
|
| SHELL
| executed shell (sh, csh, ksh)
| none
| SA
|
| TERM
| type of terminal you're using
| none
| SA
|
| TMOUT
| turn off (timeout) an unused
| 0 (unlimited)
| KSH |
|
| KornShell
|
|
|
| VISUAL
| command line editor
| /bin/ed
| U,SA |
| $
| PID of current process
| none
| KSH |
| !
| PID of the background process
| none
| KSH |
| ?
| last command exit status
| none
| KSH |
| _
| miscellaneous data
| none
| KSH |
+-----------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+------+
| Variable | What this variable holds
| Default
| Who |
|
|
|
| sets |
+-----------+-----------------------------------+-------------------+------+
Where U : User sets this variable
SA : system administrator
KSH: KornShell

To get a list of exported objetcts available to the current environment :

$ typeset -x
$ typeset -fx

# list of exported variables

# list of exported functions

To get a list of environment variables :

$ set

3.

Most usual commands

Help
>
>
>
>

man command
man -k keyword
apropos keyword
whatis command

Ex: > man man

list of commands related to this keyword
locates commands by keyword lookup
brief command description

Directory listing
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> ls [opt]
-a list hidden files
-d list the name of the current directory
-F show directories with a trailing '/'
executable files with a trailing '*'
-g show group ownership of file in long listing
-i print the inode number of each file
-l long listing giving details about files and directories
-R list all subdirectories encountered
-t sort by time modified instead of name

Creating / Deleting a directory

> mkdir dir_name
> rmdir dir_name

(directory must be empty)

Changing directory
>
>
>
>

cd pathname
cd
cd ~tristram
cd -

> pwd

# return to the previous working directory

# display the path name of the working directory

Comparing files
>
>
>
>
>
>

diff
sdiff
diff
cmp
file
comm

f1
f2
f1
f2
dir1 dir2
f1
f2
filename
f1
f2

text files comparison

idem in 2 columns
directory comparison
for binary files
determine file type
compare lines common to 2 sorted files

Access to files
user
r w x
4 2 1
> ls -l

group
rwx

others
rwx
display access permission

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>
>
>
>
>

chmod
chmod
chmod
chmod
umask

754 file
u+x file1
g+re file2
a+r *.pub
002

change access (rwx r-x r--)

gives yourself permition to execute file1
gives read and execute permissions for group members
gives read permition to everyone
(default permissions : inverse) removes write permission
for other in this example
> groups username
to find out which group 'username' belongs to
> ls -gl
list the group ownwership of the files
> chgrp group_name file/directory_name
change the group ownwership

copying files and directories

>
>
>
>
>

cp [-opt] source destination

cp source path_to_destination
cp *.txt dir_name
cp -r dir1 dir2
cat fil1 fil2 > fil3

copy a file into another

copy a file to another directory
copy several files into a directory
concatenates fil1 and fil2, and places
the result in fil3

deleting files & directory

> rm [opt] filename
> rm -r dir_name
> rmdir dirname

moving files & directories

> mv [opt] file1 file2
> mv [opt] dir1 dir2
> mv [opt] file dir

Visualizing files
>
>
>
>
>
>

cat file1 file2 ...

more file
pg file
od file
tail file
tail -n file

print all files on stdout

print 'file' on stdout, pausing at each end of page
idem, with more options
octal dump for a binary file
list the end of a file (last lines)
idem for the last n lines

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> tail -f file

> tail +n file
> head

idem, but read repeatedly in case the file grows

read the fisrt n lines of 'file'
give first few lines

linking files & directories

> ln [-opt] source linkname
The 2 names (source & linkname) address the same
file or directory
> ln part1.txt ../helpdata/sect1 /public/helpdoc/part1
This links part1.txt to ../helpdata/sect1 and
/public/helpdoc/part1.
> ln -s sdir/file .
makes a symbolic link between 'file' in the
subdirectory 'sdir' to the filename 'file' in
the current directory
> ln ~sandra/prog.c .
To make a link to a file in another user's home
directory
> ln -s directory_name(s) directory_name
To link one or more directories to another dir.
> ln -s $HOME/accounts/may .
To link a directory into your current directory
Examples :
> ln -s /net/cdfap2/user/jmb
cdfap2
> ln -s ~frenkiel/cdf/man/manuel
pfmanuel

Compiling & Linking

Use "man xxx" to have a precise description of the following commands :
> cc
C compiler
> f77
Fortran compiler
> ar
archive & library maintainer
> ld
link editor
> dbx
symbolic debugger
Examples :
> cc hello.c
executable : a.out
> f77 hello.f
idem
> cc main.c func1.c func2.c
sevaral files
> cc hello.c -o hello
redefine the executable name
> cc -c func1.c
compilation only, then :
> cc main.c func1.o -o prog

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Job control
> nohup command
>
>
>
>
>

at, batch
jobs [-lp] [job_name]
kill -l
kill [-signal] job...
wait [job...]

> ps

run a command immune to hangups, logouts,

and quits
execute commands at a later time (see 'man at')
Display informations about jobs
Display signal numbers ans names
Send a signal to the specified jobs
Wait for the specified jobs to terminate
(or for all child processes if no argument)
List executing processes

miscellaneous
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>

who [am i]
lists names of users currently logged in
rwho
idem for all machines on the local network
w
idem + what they are doing
whoami
your userid
groups
names of the groups you belong to
hostname
name of the host currently connected
finger
names of users, locally or remotly logged in
finger name
information about this user
finger name@cdfhp3
mail
electronic mail
grep
searching strings in files
sleep
sleep for a given amount of time (shell scripts)
sort
sort items in a file
touch
change the modification time of a file
tar
compress all files in a directory (and its
subdirectories) into one file
type
tells you where a command is located (or what it is an
alias for)
find pathname -name "name" -print
seach recursively from pathename for "name". "name" can
contain wild chars.
findw string
search recursively for filenames containing 'string'
file fich
tries to guess the type of 'fich' (wild chars allowed)
passwd
changing Pass Word
sh -x command
Debugging a shell script
echo $SHELL
Finding out which shell you are using
/.../sh
Bourne shell
/.../csh
C shell
/.../tcsh
TC shell

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/.../ksh
/.../bash
> df
> du
>
>
>
>
>

time command
ruptime
telnet host
rlogin host
stty

>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>

tty, pty
write user_name
msg y
msg n
mes
wall
date
ulimit
whence command
whence -v name
tee [-a] file

> wc file

Korn shell
Bourne Again SHell
gives a list of available disk space
gives disk space used by the current directory and all
its subdirectories
execute 'command' and then, gives the elapse time
gives the status of all machines on the local network
for remote login
idem for machines running UNIX
set terminal I/O options
(without args or with -a, list current settings)
get the name of the terminal
send a message (end by < ctrl_d --> to a logged user
enable message reception
disable message recpt.
status of mes. recept.
idem write, but for all logged users.
display date and time on standard output
set or display system ressource limits
find pathname corresponding to 'command'
gives the type of 'name' (built-in, alias, files ...)
reads standard input, writes to standard output and
file. Appends to 'file' if option -a
Counts lines, words and chars in 'file'

for other commands, looks in appendix or in directories such as :

/bin
/usr/bin
/usr/ucb
/usr/local/bin

History & Command line editing

>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>

history
history 166 168
history -r 166 168
history -2
history set
r
r cc
r foo=bar cc
r 215
r math.c=cond.c 214

#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#

list commands 166 through 168

idem in reverse order
list previous 2 commands
list commands from most recent set command
repeat last command
repeat most recent command starting with cc
idem, changing 'foo' to 'bar'
repeat command 215
repeat command 214, but substitute cond.c
for math.c

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You can edit the command line with the 'vi' or 'emacs' editor :
Put the following line inside a KornShell login script :
FCEDIT=vi; export FCEDIT
$ set -o emacs
> fc [-e editor] [-nlr] [first [last]]
* display (-l) commands from history file
* Edit and re-execute previous commands (FCEDIT if no -e).
'last' and 'first' can be numbers or strings
$ fc
# edit a copy of last command
$ fc 271
# edit, then re-execute command number 271
$ fc 270 272
# group command 270, 271 & 272, edit, re-execute

4.

Creating KORNshell scripts

The different shells
/bin/csh
/bin/sh
/bin/ksh
+ public domain

C shell (C like command syntax)

Bourne shell (the oldest one)
Korn shell (variant of the previous one)
(tcsh, bash, ...)

Special shell variables

There are some variables which are set internally by the shell and which are available to the user:
$1 - $9
$0
$argv[20]
$#
$?

$$

these variables are the positional parameters.

the name of the command currently being executed.
refers to the 20th command line argument
the number of positional arguments given to this
invocation of the shell.
the exit status of the last command executed is
given as a decimal string. When a command
completes successfully, it returns the exit status
of 0 (zero), otherwise it returns a non-zero exit
status.
the process number of this shell - useful for
including in filenames, to make them unique.

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$!
$$*
$@
shift

the process id of the last command run in

the background.
the current options supplied to this invocation
of the shell.
a string containing all the arguments to the
shell, starting at $1.
same as above, except when quoted :
"$*" expanded into ONE long element : "$1 $2 $3"
"$@" expanded into THREE elements : "$1" "$2" "$3"
: $2 -> $1 ...)

special characters
The special chars of the Korn shell are :
$ \ # ? [ ] * + & | ( ) ; ` " '
- A pair of simple quotes '...' turns off the significance of ALL enclosed chars
- A pair of double quotes "..." : idem except for $ ` " \
- A '\' shuts off the special meaning of the char immediately to its right.
Thus, \$ is equivalent to '$'.
- In a script shell :
#
: all text that follow it up the newline is a comment
\
: if it is the last char on a line, signals a continuation line
qui suit est la continuation de celle-ci

Evaluating shell variables

The following set of rules govern the evaluation of all shell variables.
$var

signifies the value of var or nothing,

if var is undefined.
${var}
same as above except the braces enclose
the name of the variable to be substituted.
+-------------------+---------------------------+-------------------+
| Operation
| if str is unset or null
| else
|
+-------------------+---------------------------+-------------------+
| var=${str:-expr} | var= expr
| var= ${string}
|
| var=${str:=expr} | str= expr ; var= expr
| var= ${string}
|
| var=${str:+expr} | var becomes null
| var= expr
|
| var=${str:?expr} | expr is printed on stderr | var= ${string}
|
+-------------------+---------------------------+-------------------+

The if statement
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The if statement uses the exit status of the given command

if test
then
commands
else
commands
fi

(if condition is true)

(if condition is false)

if statements may be nested:

if ...
then ...
else if ...
...
fi
fi

Test on numbers :
((number1 == number2))
((number1 != number2))
((number1
number2))
((number1 > number2))
((number1 = number2))
((number1 >= number2))
Warning : 5 different possible syntaxes (not absolutely identical) :
if ((x == y))
if test $x -eq $y
if let "$x == $y"
if [ $x -eq $y ]
if [[ $x -eq $y ]]

Test on strings: (pattern may contain special chars)

[[string = pattern]]
[[string != pattern]]
[[string1
string2]]
[[string1 > string2]]
[[ -z string]]
true if length is zero
[[ -n string]]
true if length is not zero
Warning : 3 different possible syntaxes :
if [[ $str1 = $str2 ]]
if [ "$str1" = "$str2" ]
if test "$str1" = "$str2"

Test on objects : files, directories, links ...

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examples :
[[ -f $myfile ]]
# is $myfile a regular file?
[[ -x /usr/users/judyt ]]
# is this file executable?
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Test
| Returns true if object...
|
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| -a object
| exist; any type of object
|
| -f object
| is a regular file or a symbolic link
|
| -d object
| is a directory
|
| -c object
| is a character special file
|
| -b object
| is a block special file
|
| -p object
| is a named pipe
|
| -S object
| is a socket
|
| -L object
| is a symbolic (soft) link with another object
|
| -k object
| object's "sticky bit" is set
|
| -s object
| object isn't empty
|
| -r object
| I may read this object
|
| -w object
| I may write to (modify) this object
|
| -x object
| object is an executable file
|
|
|
or a directory I can search
|
| -O object
| I ownn this object
|
| -G object
| the group to which I belong owns object
|
| -u object
| object's set-user-id bit is set
|
| -g object
| object's set-group-id bit is set
|
| obj1 -nt obj2 | obj1 is newer than obj2
|
| obj1 -ot obj2 | obj1 is older than obj2
|
| obj1 -ef obj2 | obj1 is another name for obj2 (equivalent)
|
+---------------+---------------------------------------------------+

The logical operators

You can use the && operator to execute a command and, if it is successful, execute the next command in the list. For example:
cmd1 && cmd2

cmd1 is executed and its exit status examined. Only if cmd1 succeeds is cmd2 executed. You can use the || operator to execute a command and, if it
fails, execute the next command in the command list.
cmd1 || cmd2

Of course, ll combinaisons of these 2 operators are possible. Example :

cmd1 || cmd2 && cmd3

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Math operators
First, don't forget that you have to enclose the entire mathematical operation within a DOUBLE pair of parentheses. A single pair has a completely
different meaning to the Korn-Shell.
+-----------+-----------+-------------------------+
| operator | operation | example
|
+-----------+-----------+-------------------------+
| +
| add.
| ((y = 7 + 10))
|
| | sub.
| ((y = 7 - 10))
|
| *
| mult.
| ((y = 7 * 4))
|
| /
| div.
| ((y = 37 / 5))
|
| %
| modulo
| ((y = 37 + 5))
|
|
| shift
| ((y = 2#1011 2))
|
| >>
| shift
| ((y = 2#1011 >> 2))
|
| &
| AND
| ((y = 2#1011 & 2#1100)) |
| ^
| excl OR
| ((y = 2#1011 ^ 2#1100)) |
| |
| OR
| ((y = 2#1011 | 2#1100)) |
+-----------+-----------+-------------------------+

Controlling execution
goto my_label
......
my_label:
----case value in
pattern1) command1 ; ... ; commandN;;
pattern2) command1 ; ... ; commandN;;
........
patternN) command1 ; ... ; commandN;;
esac
where : value
value of a variable
pattern any constant, pattern or group of pattern
command name of any program, shell script or ksh statement
example 1 :
case $advice in
[Yy][Ee][Ss])
print "A yes answer";;
[Mm]*)
print "M followed by anything";;
+([0-9))
print "Any integer...";;
"oui" | "bof") print "one or the other";;
*)
print "Default";;
example 2 :
Creating nice menus

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PS3="Enter your choice :"

select menu_list in English francais
do
case $menu_list in
English) print "Thank you";;
francais) print "Merci";;
*)
print "???"; break;;
esac
done
----while( logical expression)
do
....
done
while :
# infinite loop
....
done
while read line
# read until an EOF (or <crtl_d> )
do
....
done fname
# redirect input within this while loop
until( logical expression)
do
....
done <fin >fout
# redirect both input and output
----for name in 1 2 3 4
# a list of elements
do
....
done
for obj in *
# list of every object in the current directory
do
....
done
for obj in * */*
# $PWD and the next level below it contain
do
....
done
----break;
# to leave a loop (while, until, for)
continue;
# to skip part of one loop iteration
# nested loops are allowed in ksh
---select ident in Un Deux # a list of identifiers
do
case $ident in
Un) ....... ;;

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Deux) ..... ;;
*) print " Defaut" ;;
esac
done

Debug mode
> ksh -x script_name
ou, dans un 'shell script' :
set -x
# start debug mode
set +x
# stop debug mode

Examples
Example 1 : loops, cases ...
#!/bin/ksh
USAGE="usage : fmr [dir_name]"
# how to invoke this script
print "
+------------------------+
| Start fmr shell script |
+------------------------+
"
function fonc
{
echo "Loop over params, with shift function"
for i do
print "parameter $1"
# print is equivalent to echo
shift
done
# Beware that $# in now = 0 !!!
}
echo "Loop over all ($#) parameters : $*"
for i do
echo "parameter $i"
done
#---------------------if (( $# > 0 ))
# Is the first arg. a directory name ?
then
dir_name=$1
else
print -n "Directory name:"
read dir_name
fi

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print "You specified the following directory; $dir_name"

if [[ ! -d $dir_name ]]
then
print "Sorry, but $dir_name isn't the name of a directory"
else
echo "-------- List of directory $dir_name -----------------"
ls -l $dir_name
echo "------------------------------------------------------"
fi
#---------------------echo "switch on #params"
case $# in
0) echo "command with no parameter";;
1) echo "there is only one parameter : $1";;
2) echo "there are two parameters";;
[3,4]) echo "3 or 4 params";;
*) echo "more than 4 params";;
esac
#---------------------fonc
echo "Parameters number (after function fonc) : $#"
#------- To read and execute a command
echo "==> Enter a name"
while read com
do
case $com in
tristram) echo "gerard";;
guglielmi) echo "laurent";;
dolbeau) echo "Jean";;
poutot) echo "Daniel ou Claude ?";;
lutz | frenkiel) echo "Pierre";;
brunet) echo "You lost !!!"; exit ;;
*) echo "Unknown guy !!! ( $com )"; break ;;
esac
echo "==> another name, please"
done
#------ The test function :
echo "Enter a file name"
read name
if [ -r $name ]
then echo "This file is readable"
fi
if [ -w $name ]
then echo "This file is writable"
fi
if [ -x $name ]
then echo "This file is executable"

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fi
#-----echo "--------------- Menu select ----------"
PS3="Enter your choice: "
select menu_list in English francais quit
do
case $menu_list in
English)
print "Thank you";;
francais) print "Merci.";;
quit)
break;;
*)
print " ????";;
esac
done
print "So long!"

Example 2 : switches
#!/bin/ksh
USAGE="usage: gopt.ksh [+-d] [ +-q]"
# + and - switches
while getopts :dq arguments
# note the leading colon
do
case $arguments in
d) compile=on;;
# don't precede d with a minus sign
+d) compile=off;;
q) verbose=on;;
+q) verbose=off;;
\?) print "$OPTARG is not a valid option"
print "$USAGE";;
esac
done
print "compile=$compile - verbose= $verbose"

Example 3
###############################################################
# This is a function named 'sqrt'
function sqrt
# square the input argument
{
((s = $1 * $1 ))
}
# In fact, all KornShell variables are, by default, global
# (execpt when defined with typeset, integer or readonly)
# So, you don't have to use 'return $s'
###############################################################
# The shell script begins execution at the next line

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print -n "Enter an integer : "

read an_integer
sqrt $an_integer
print "The square of $an_integer is $s"

Example 4
#!/bin/ksh
############ Using exec to do I/O on multiple files ############
USAGE="usage : ex4.ksh file1 file2"
if (($# != 2))
# this script needs 2 arguments
then
print "$USAGE"
exit 1
fi
############ Both arguments must be
if [[ (-f $1) && (-f $2) && (-r $1)
then
#
exec 3 <$1
#
exec 4 <$2
#
exec 5> match
#
exec 6> nomatch
#
else
#
print "$
USAGE"
exit 2
fi
while read -u3 lineA
#
do
read -u4 lineB
#
if [ "$lineA" = "$lineB" ]
then
#
print -u5 "$lineA"
else
#
print -u6 "$lineA; $lineB"
fi
done
print "Done, today : $(date)"
date_var=$(date)
print " I said $date_var"

readable regular files

&& (-r $2) ]]
use exec to open 4 files
open $1 for input
open $2 for input
open file "match" for output
open file "nomatch" for output
if user enters bad arguments

read a line on descriptor 3

read a line on descriptor 4
send matching line to one file
send nonmatching lines to another

# $(date) : output of 'date' command

# or put it in a variable
# and print it...

Example 5
############ String manipulation examples ##################

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read str1?"Enter a string: "

print "\nYou said : $str1"
typeset -u str1
# Convert to uppercase
print "UPPERCASE: $str1"
typeset -l str1
# Convert to lowercase
print "lowercase: $str1"
typeset +l str1
# turn off lowercase attribute
read str2?"Enter another one: "
str="$str1 and $str2"
#concatenate 2 strings
print "String concatenation : $str"
# use '#' to delete from left
#
'##' to delete all
#
'%' to delete all
#
'%%' to delete from right
print "\nRemove the first 2 chars -- ${str#??}"
print "Remove up to (including) the first 'e' -- ${str#*e}"
print "Remove the first 2 words -- ${str#* * }"
print "\nRemove the last 2 chars -- ${str%??}"
print "Remove from last 'e' -- ${str%e*}"
print "Remove the last 2 tokens -- ${str% * *}"
print "length of the string= ${#str}"
########################
# Parsing strings into words :
typeset -l line
# line will be stored in lowercase
read finp?"Pathname of the file to analyze: "
read fout?"Pathname of the file to store words: "
# Set IFS equal to newline, space, tab and common punctuation marks
IFS="
,. ;!?"
while read line
# read one line of text
do
# then Parse it :
if [[ "$line" != "" ]]
# ignore blank lines
then
set $line
# parse the line into words
print "$*"
# print each word on a separate line
fi
done < $finp > $fout
# define the input & output paths
sort $fout | uniq | wc -l
# UNIX utilities

5.

List of Usual commands

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adb
adjust
admin
ar
as
asa
astrn
at, batch
atime
atrans
awk
banner
basename, dirname
bc
bdftosnf
bdiff
bfs
bifchmod
bifchown, bifchgrp
bifcp
biffind
bifls
bifmkdir
bifrm, bifrmdir
bitmap, bmtoa
bs
cal
calendar
cat
cb
cc, c89
cd
cdb, fdb, pdb
cdc
cflow
chacl
chatr
checknr
chfn
chmod
chown, chgrp
chsh
ci
clear
cmp

absolute debugger
simple text formatter
create and administer SCCS files
maintain portable archives and libraries
assembler
interpret ASA carriage control characters
translate assembly language
execute commands at a later time
time an assembly language instruction sequence
translate assembly language
pattern - directed scanning and processing language
make posters in large letters
extract portions of path names
arbitrary - precision arithmetic language
BDF to SNF font compiler for X11
big diff
big file scanner
change mode of a BIF file
change file owner or group
copy to or from BIF files
find files in a BIF system
list contents of BIF directories
make a BIF directory
remove BIF files or directories
bitmap editor and converter utilities
a compiler/interpreter for modest - sized programs
print calendar
reminder service
concatenate, copy, and print files
C program beautifier, formatter
C compiler
change working directory
C, C++, FORTRAN, Pascal symbolic debugger
change the delta commentary of an SCCS delta
generate C flow graph
add, modify, delete, copy, or summarize access con
change program's internal attributes
check nroff/troff files
change finger entry
change file mode
change file owner or group
change default login shell
check in RCS revisions
clear terminal screen
compare two files

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cnodes
co
col
comb
comm
compact, uncompact
cp
cpio
cpp
crontab
crypt
csh
csplit
ct
ctags
cu
cut
cxref
date
datebook
dbmonth
dbweek
dc
dd
delta
deroff
diff
diff3
diffmk
dircmp
domainname
dos2ux, ux2dos
doschmod
doscp
dosdf
dosls, dosll
dosmkdir
dosrm, dosrmdir
du
echo
ed, red
elm
elmalias
enable, disable
env
et
ex, edit

display information about specified cluster nodes

check out RCS revisions
filter reverse line - feeds and backspaces
combine SCCS deltas
select or reject lines common to two sorted files
compact and uncompact files
copy files and directory subtrees
copy file archives in and out
the C language preprocessor
user crontab file
encode/decode files
a shell (command interpreter) with C - like syntax
context split
spawn getty to a remote terminal (call terminal)
create a tags file
call another (UNIX) system; terminal emulator
cut out (extract) selected fields of each line of a
generate C program cross - reference
print or set the date and time
calendar and reminder program for X11
datebook monthly calendar formatter for postscript
datebook weekly calendar formatter for postscript
desk calculator
convert, reblock, translate, and copy a (tape) file
make a delta (change) to an SCCS file
remove nroff, tbl, and neqn constructs
differential file and directory comparator
3 - way differential file comparison
mark differences between files
directory comparison
set or display name of Network Information Ser convert ASCII file format
change attributes of a DOS file
copy to or from DOS files
report number of free disk clusters
list contents of DOS directories
make a DOS directory
remove DOS files or directories
summarize disk usage
echo (print) arguments
text editor
process mail through screen - oriented interface
create and verify elm user and system aliases
enable/disable LP printers
set environment for command execution
Datebook weekly calendar formatter for laserjet
extended line - oriented text editor

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expand, unexpand
expr
expreserve
factor, primes
file
find
findmsg, dumpmsg
findstr
finger
fixman
fold
forder
from
ftio
ftp
gencat
get
getaccess
getconf
getcontext
getopt
getprivgrp
gprof
grep, egrep, fgrep
groups
gwindstop
help
hostname
hp
hpterm
hyphen
iconv
id
ident
ied
imageview
intro
iostat
ipcrm
ipcs
join
kermit
keysh
kill
ksh, rksh
lastcomm
ld

expand tabs to spaces, and vice versa

evaluate arguments as an expression
preserve editor buffer
factor a number, generate large primes
determine file type
find files
create message catalog file for modification
find strings for inclusion in message catalogs
user information lookup program
fix manual pages for faster viewing with
fold long lines for finite width output device
convert file data order
who is my mail from?
faster tape I/O
file transfer program
generate a formatted message catalog file
get a version of an SCCS file
list access rights to
get system configuration values
display current context
parse command options
get special attributes for group
display call graph profile data
search a file for a pattern
show group memberships
terminate the window helper facility
ask for help
set or print name of current host system
handle special functions of HP2640 and HP2621 - series
X window system Hewlett - Packard terminal emulator.
find hyphenated words
code set conversion
print user and group IDs and names
identify files in RCS
input editor and command history for interactive progs
display TIFF file images on an X11 display
introduction to command utilities and application
report I/O statistics
remove a message queue, semaphore set or shared
report inter - process communication facilities status
relational database operator
kermit file transfer
context - sensitive softkey shell
terminate a process
shell, the standard/restricted command program
show last commands executed in reverse order
link editor

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leave
remind you when you have to leave
lex
generate programs for lexical analysis of text
lifcp
copy to or from LIF files
lifinit
write LIF volume header on file
lifls
list contents of a LIF directory
lifrename
rename LIF files
lifrm
remove a LIF file
line
read one line from user input
lint
a C program checker/verifier
ln
link files and directories
lock
reserve a terminal
logger
make entries in the system log
login
sign on
logname
get login name
lorder
find ordering relation for an object library
lp, cancel, lpalt
send/cancel/alter requests to an LP line
lpstat
print LP status information
ls, l, ll, lsf, lsr, lsxlist contents of directories
lsacl
list access control lists (ACLs) of files
m4
macro processor
mail, rmail
send mail to users or read mail
mailfrom
summarize mail folders by subject and sender
mailstats
print mail traffic statistics
mailx
interactive message processing system
make
maintain, update, and regenerate groups of programs
makekey
generate encryption key
man
find manual information by keywords; print out a
mediainit
initialize disk or cartridge tape media
merge
three - way file merge
mesg
permit or deny messages to terminal
mkdir
make a directory
mkfifo
make FIFO (named pipe) special files
mkfontdir
create fonts.dir file from directory of font
mkmf
make a makefile
mkstr
extract error messages from C source into a file
mktemp
make a name for a temporary file
mm, osdd
print documents formatted with the mm macros
more, page
file perusal filter for crt viewing
mt
magnetic tape manipulating program
mv
move or rename files and directories
mwm
The Motif Window Manager.
neqn
format mathematical text for nroff
netstat
show network status
newform
change or reformat a text file
newgrp
log in to a new group
newmail
notify users of new mail in mailboxes
news
print news items

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nice
nl
nljust
nlsinfo
nm
nm
nm
nodename
nohup
nroff
nslookup
od, xd
on
pack, pcat, unpack
pam
passwd
paste
pathalias
pax
pcltrans
pg
ppl
pplstat
pr
praliases
prealloc
printenv
printf
prmail
prof
protogen
prs
ps, cps
ptx
pwd
pwget, grget
quota
rcp
rcs
rcsdiff
rcsmerge
readmail
remsh
resize
rev
rgb
rlog

run a command at low priority

line numbering filter
justify lines, left or right, for printing
display native language support information
print name list of common object file
print name list of common object file.
print name list of object file
assign a network node name or determine current
run a command immune to hangups, logouts, and quits
format text
query name servers interactively
octal and hexadecimal dump
execute command on remote host with environment similar
compress and expand files
Personal Applications Manager, a visual shell
change login password
merge same lines of several files or subsequent
electronic address router
portable archive exchange
translate a Starbase bitmap file into PCL raster
file perusal filter for soft - copy terminals
point-to - point serial networking
give status of each invocation of
print files
print system - wide sendmail aliases
preallocate disk storage
print out the environment
format and print arguments
print out mail in the incoming mailbox file
display profile data
ANSI C function prototype generator
print and summarize an SCCS file
report process status
permuted index
working directory name
get password and group information
display disk usage and limits
remote file copy
change RCS file attributes
compareRCS revisions
merge RCS revisions
read mail from specified mailbox
execute from a remote shell
reset shell parameters to reflect the current size
reverse lines of a file
X Window System color database creator.
print log messages and other information on RCS files

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rlogin
rm
rmdel
rmdir
rmnl
rpcgen
rtprio
rup
ruptime
rusers
rwho
sact
sar
sb2xwd
sbvtrans
sccsdiff
screenpr
script
sdfchmod
sdfchown, sdfchgrp
sdfcp, sdfln, sdfmv
sdffind
sdfls, sdfll
sdfmkdir
sdfrm, sdfrmdir
sdiff
sed
sh
sh, rsh
shar
shl
showcdf
size
sleep
slp
soelim
softbench
sort
spell, hashmake
split
ssp
stconv
stlicense
stload
stmkdirs
stmkfont
strings

remote login
remove files or directories
remove a delta from an SCCS file
remove directories
remove extra new - line characters from file
an RPC protocol compiler
execute process with real - time priority
show host status of local machines (RPC version)
show status of local machines
determine who is logged in on machines on local
show who is logged in on local machines
print current SCCS file editing activity
system activity reporter
translate Starbase bitmap to xwd bitmap format
translate a Starbase HPSBV archive to Personal
compare two versions of an SCCS file
capture the screen raster information and
make typescript of terminal session
change mode of an SDF file
change owner or group of an SDF file
copy, link, or move files to/from an
find files in an SDF system
list contents of SDF directories
make an SDF directory
remove SDF files or directories
side-by - side difference program
stream text editor
shell partially based on preliminary POSIX draft
shell, the standard/restricted command programming
make a shell archive package
shell layer manager
show the actual path name matched for a CDF
print section sizes of object files
suspend execution for an interval
set printing options for a non - serial printer
eliminate .so's from nroff input
SoftBench Software Development Environment
sort and/or merge files
spelling errors
split a file into pieces
remove multiple line - feeds from output
Utility to convert scalable type symbol set map
server access control program for X
Utility to load Scalable Type outlines
Utility to build Scalable Type ``.dir'' and
Scalable Typeface font compiler to create X and
find the printable strings in an object or other

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strip
stty
su
sum
tabs
tar
tbl
tcio
tee
telnet
test
tftp
time
timex
touch
tput
tr
true, false
tset, reset
tsort
ttytype
ul
umask
umodem
uname
unget
unifdef
uniq
units
uptime
users
uucp, uulog, uuname
uuencode, uudecode
uupath, mkuupath
uustat
uuto, uupick
uux
vacation
val
vc
vi
vis, inv
vmstat
vt
wait
wc
what

strip symbol and line number information from an

set the options for a terminal port
become super - user or another user
print checksum and block or byte count of
set tabs on a terminal
tape file archiver
format tables for nroff
Command Set 80 CS/80 Cartridge Tape Utility
pipe fitting
user interface to the TELNET protocol
condition evaluation command
trivial file transfer program
time a command
time a command; report process data and system
update access, modification, and/or change times of
query terminfo database
translate characters
return zero or one exit status respectively
terminal - dependent initialization
topological sort
terminal identification program
do underlining
set file - creation mode mask
XMODEM - protocol file transfer program
print name of current HP - UX version
undo a previous get of an SCCS file
remove preprocessor lines
report repeated lines in a file
conversion program
show how long system has been up
compact list of users who are on the system
UNIX system to UNIX system copy
encode/decode a binary file for
access and manage the pathalias database
uucp status inquiry and job control
public UNIX system to UNIX system file copy
UNIX system to UNIX system command execution
return ``I am not here'' indication
validate SCCS file
version control
screen - oriented (visual) display editor
make unprintable characters in a file visible or
report virtual memory statistics
log in on another system over lan
await completion of process
word, line, and character count
get SCCS identification information

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which
who
whoami
write
x11start
xargs
xcal
xclock
xdb
xdialog
xfd
xhost
xhpcalc
xinit
xinitcolormap
xline
xload
xlsfonts
xmodmap
xpr
xrdb
xrefresh
xseethru
xset
xsetroot
xstr
xtbdftosnf
xterm
xthost
xtmkfontdir
xtshowsnf
xtsnftosnf
xwcreate
xwd
xwd2sb
xwdestroy
xwininfo
xwud
yacc
yes
ypcat
ypmatch
yppasswd
ypwhich

locate a program file including aliases and paths

who is on the system
print effective current user id
interactively write (talk) to another user
start the X11 window system
construct argument
display calendar in an X11 window
analog / digital clock for X
C, FORTRAN, Pascal, and C++ Symbolic Debugger
display a message in an X11 Motif dialog window
font displayer for X
server access control program for X
Hewlett - Packard type calculator emulator
X Window System initializer
initialize the X colormap
an X11 based real - time system resource observation
load average display for X
server font list displayer for X
utility for modifying keymaps in X
print an X window dump
X server resource database utility
refresh all or part of an X screen
opens a transparent window into the image planes
user preference utility for X
root window parameter setting utility for X
extract strings from C programs to implement shared
BDF to SNF font compiler (HP 700/RX)
terminal emulator for X
server access control program for X
create a fonts.dir file for a directory of
print contents of an SNF file (HP 700/RX)
convert SNF file from one format to another (HP
create a new X window
dump an image of an X window
translate xwd bitmap to Starbase bitmap format
destroy one or more existing windows
window information utility for X
image displayer for X
yet another compiler - compiler
be repetitively affirmative
print all values in Network Information Service map
print values of selected keys in Network Information
change login password in Network Information System
list which host is Network Information System

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6.

List of Administrator commands

accept, reject
acctcms
acctcom
acctcon1, acctcon2
acctdisk, acctdusg
acctmerg
acctprc1, acctprc2
arp
audevent
audisp
audomon
audsys
audusr
automount
backup
bdf
bifdf
biffsck
biffsdb
bifmkfs
boot
bootpd
bootpquery
brc, bcheckrc, rc
buildlang
captoinfo
catman
ccck
chroot
clri
clrsvc
cluster
config
convertfs
cpset
cron
csp
devnm

allow/prevent LP requests
command summary from per - process accounting
search and print process accounting
time accounting
overview of account
merge or add total accounting files
process accounting
address resolution display and control
change or display event or system call audit
display the audit information as requested by the
audit overflow monitor daemon
start or halt the auditing system and set or
select users to audit
automatically mount NFS file systems
backup or archive file system
report number of free disk blocks (Berkeley version)
report number of free disk blocks
Bell file system consistency check and interactive
Bell file system debugger
construct a Bell file system
bootstrap process
Internet Boot Protocol server
send BOOTREQUEST to BOOTP server
system initializa
generate and display locale.def file
convert a termcap description into a terminfo
create the cat files for the manual
HP Cluster configuration file checker
change root directory for a command
clear inode
clear x25 switched virtual circuit
allocate resources for clustered operation
configure an HP - UX system
convert a file system to allow long file names
install object files in binary directories
clock daemon
create cluster server processes
device name

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df
diskinfo
disksecn
diskusg
dmesg
drm admin
dump, rdump
dumpfs
edquota
eisa config
envd
fbackup
fingerd
frecover
freeze
fsck
fsclean
fsdb
fsirand
ftpd
fuser, cfuser
fwtmp, wtmpfix
gated
getty
getx25
glbd
grmd
gwind
hosts to named
ifconfig
inetd
init, telinit
insf
install
instl adm
intro
ioinit
ioscan
isl
killall
lanconfig
lanscan
last, lastb
lb admin
lb test
link, unlink
llbd

report number of free disk blocks

describe characteristics of a disk device
calculate default disk section sizes
generate disk accounting data by user ID
collect system diagnostic messages to form error log
Data Replication Manager administrative tool
incremental file system dump, local or across
dump file system information
edit user disk quotas
EISA configuration tool
system physical environment daemon
selectively backup files
remote user information server
selectively recover files
freeze sendmail configuration file on a cluster
file system consistency check and interactive repair
determine shutdown status of specified file system
file system debugger
install random inode generation numbers
DARPA Internet File Transfer Protocol server
list process IDs of all processes that have
manipulate connect accounting records
gateway routing daemon
set terminal type, modes, speed, and line discip.
get x25 line
Global Location Broker Daemon
graphics resource manager daemon
graphics window daemon
Translate host table to name server file
configure network interface parameters
Internet services daemon
process control initialization
install special files
install commands
maintain network install message and default
introduction to system maintenance commands and
initialize I/O system
scan I/O system
initial system loader
kill all active processes
configure network interface parameters
display LAN device configuration and status
indicate last logins of users and ttys
Location Broker administrative tool
test the Location Broker
exercise link and unlink system calls
Local Location Broker daemon

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lockd
lpadmin
lpana
lpsched, lpshut
ls admin
ls rpt
ls stat
ls targetid
ls tv
lsdev
lssf
makecdf
makedbm
mkboot, rmboot
mkdev
mkfs
mklost+found
mklp
mknod
mkpdf
mkrs
mksf
mount, umount
mountd
mvdir
named
ncheck
netdistd
netfmt
netlsd
nettl
nettlconf
nettlgen
newfs
nfsd, biod
nfsstat
nrglbd
opx25
pcnfsd
pcserver
pdc
pdfck
pdfdiff
perf
ping
portmap
proxy

network lock daemon

configure the LP spooling system
print LP spooler performance analysis information
start/stop the LP request
Display and edit the license server database
Report on license server events
Display the status of the license server system
Prints information about the local NetLS tar
Verify that Network License Servers are working
list device drivers in the system
list a special file
create context - dependent files
make a Network Information System database
install, update, or remove boot programs
make device files
construct a file system
make a lost+found directory
configure the LP spooler subsystem
create special files
create a Product Description File from a prototype
construct a recovery system
make a special file
mount and unmount file system
NFS mount request server
move a directory
Internet domain name server
generate path names from inode numbers
network file distribution (update) server daemon
format tracing and logging binary files.
Starts the license server
control network tracing and logging
configure network tracing and logging command
generate network tracing and logging commands
construct a new file system
NFS daemons
Network File System statistics
Non - Replicatable Global Location Broker daemon
execute HALGOL programs
PC - NFS daemon
Basic Serial and HP AdvanceLink server
processor - dependent code (firmware)
compare Product Description File to File System
compare two Product Description Files
test the NCS RPC runtime library
send ICMP ECHO REQUEST packets to network hosts
DARPA port to RPC program number mapper
manipulates the NS Probe proxy table

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pwck, grpck
quot
quotacheck
quotaon, quotaoff
rbootd
rcancel
reboot
recoversl
regen
remshd
repquota
restore, rrestore
revck
rexd
rexecd
ripquery
rlb
rlbdaemon
rlogind
rlp
rlpdaemon
rlpstat
rmfn
rmsf
rmt
route
rpcinfo
rquotad
rstatd
runacct
rusersd
rwall
rwalld
rwhod
sa1, sa2, sadc
sam
savecore
sdfdf
sdffsck
sdffsdb
sdsadmin
sendmail
setmnt
setprivgrp
showmount
shutdown
sig named

password/group file checkers

summarize file system ownership
file system quota consistency checker
turn file system quotas on and off
remote boot server
remove requests from a remote line printer spool
reboot the system
check and recover damaged or missing shared
regenerate (uxgen) an updated HP - UX system
remote shell server
summarize quotas for a file system
restore file system incrementally, local
check internal revision numbers of HP - UX files
RPC - based remote execution server
remote execution server
query RIP gateways
remote loopback diagnostic
remote loopback diagnostic server
remote login server
send LP line printer request to a remote system
remote spooling line printer daemon, message
print status of LP spooler requests on a remote
remove HP - UX functionality (partitions and filesets)
remove a special file
remote magnetic - tape protocol module
manually manipulate the routing tables
report RPC information
remote quota server
kernel statistics server
run daily accounting
network username server
write to all users over a network
network rwall server
system status server
system activity report package
system administration manager
save a core dump of the operating system
report number of free SDF disk blocks
SDF file system consistency check, interactive
examine/modify an SDF file system
create and administer Software Disk Striping
send mail over the internet
establish mount table /etc/mnttab
set special attributes for group
show all remote mounts
terminate all processing
send signals to the domain name server

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snmpd
spray
sprayd
statd
stcode
subnetconfig
swapinfo
swapon
sync
syncer
sysdiag
syslogd
sysrm
telnetd
tftpd
tic
tunefs
untic
update, updist
uucheck
uucico
uuclean
uucleanup
uugetty
uuid gen
uuls
uusched
uusnap
uusnaps
uusub
uuxqt
uxgen
vhe altlog
vhe mounter
vhe u mnt
vipw
vtdaemon
wall, cwall
whodo
xdm
xtptyd
ypinit
ypmake
yppasswdd
yppoll
yppush
ypserv, ypbind

daemon that responds to SNMP requests

spray packets
spray server
network status monitor
translate hexadecimal status code value to textual
configure subnet behavior
system swap space information
enable additional device or file system for paging
synchronize file systems
periodically sync for file system integrity
online diagnostic system interface
log systems messages
remove optional HP - UX products (filesets)
TELNET protocol server
trivial file transfer protocol server
terminfo compiler
tune up an existing file system
terminfo de - compiler
update or install HP - UX files (software
check the uucp directories and permissions file
transfer files for the uucp system
uucp spool directory clean - up
uucp spool directory clean - up
set terminal type, modes, speed and line discip.
UUID generating program
list spooled uucp transactions grouped by transaction
schedule uucp transport files
show snapshot of the UUCP system
sort and embellish uusnap output
monitor uucp network
execute remote uucp or uux command requests
generate an HP - UX system
login when Virtual Home Environment (VHE) home
start the Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
perform Network File System (NFS) mount to
edit the password file
respond to vt requests
write to all users
which users are doing what
X Display Manager
X terminal pty daemon program
build and install Network Information Service data
create or rebuild Network Information Service data
daemon for modifying Network Information Service
query NIS server for information about NIS map
force propagation of Network Information Service
Network Information Service server and

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ypset

bind to particular Network Information Service

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