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ABSTRACT
The equations for the nozzle's contours are derived by integration of the characteristic equations of the axially symmetric flow.
Since it is not possible to integrate these equations mathematically in an exact form, it was necessary to find a way to approximate the calculations. The approximation offers itself by considering and comparing the conditions of the flow in a cone with
those in a nozzle, as a linearization of the characteristic equations.
The first part of the report deals with equations for the transition curve by which the conical source flow is converted into a
parallel stream of uniform velocity. The equations are derived
by integration along a Mach line of the flow in the region where
the conversion takes place. A factor / is introduced expressing a
relation between the direction and the velocity of the flow along
a certain Mach line. / remains undetermined and is not involved
in the final equations.
In the second part of the report, the spherical sonic flow section is converted into a plane circular section of the throat.
The nozzle's contour adjacent to the throat is formed by the arc
of a circle connected with the transition curve by a straight line.
The gas dynamic properties of the boundary Mach line are calculated in Table 1, the use of which shortens the calculations considerably.
SYMBOLS
M
a
w
wp
6
co
r
D
s
R
A
\p
ix
and
Aerodynamicist
INTRODUCTION
(I)
(II)
(Ill)
162
OF T H E
AERONAUTICAL
SCIENCES MARCH,
1949
Downloaded by VIRGINIA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY on November 12, 2014 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/8.11758
JOURNAL
/ -^_K
(3)
y = r sin 0,
dr/rdd = cot a
(la)
(5)
AXIALLY SYMMETRIC
PKu and, further, each point of the transition
curve A3 has gas-dynamically an image point along
AE.
We assume now that Eq. (3) has the differential
form
dO = k(dw/w) cot a
(6)
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(7)
LAVAL
dy _
y ~f
( a)
wp = (wp)o M / + ^ M 2
(12)
\7 + 1 7 + 1
/
Substituting Eqs. (9), (10), and (12) into Eq. (11) and
observing the rule we have set up for Eq. (8), the integration of Eq. (11) gives
r02(cos Op cos co) =
2fA(M-MP)
[yp
= dP + e
AI,
(8)
yP^M~Mp)
A =
VMP
- i (VMP
MP{1+
- I + cot eP)
[(7-
1)/2].MP2}
0+ W
sin
i
- " dp(VMp
- 1
- 1 + cot dp)rP2
/
Tp'
V 1
\ <T + l)/2(7-D
\7 + 1
7+1
- 1 sin 0) (10)
(13)
(14)
yP = r P sin dp
(15)
(16)
with
F(dP) =
(16a)
(9)
with
2
with
163
NOZZLE
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
y, the ordinate of the transition curve, has been obtained as a function of 0P, since rP and MP are deter-
164
J O U R N A L
OF
T H E
A E R O N A U T I C A L
S C I E N C E S MARCH,
1949
TABLE 1
P R O P E R T I E S OF BOUNDARY M A C H L I N E AE
( F I G . 1)
y = 1.40
V^ 2 - i
oTi
0.00788
0.06188
0.2021
0.4581
0.84729
1.09387
1.3749
1.68968
2.0369
2.41491
2.82200
3.25612
3.7151
4.19662
4.6987
5.21910
5.75559
6.30609
6.86885
7.44175
8.02319
8.61138
9.20503
9.80251
10.4026
11.0041
11.6059
12.2072
12.8068
13.4039
13.9980
14.5883
15.1743
15.7553
16.3311
16.9011
17.4651
18.0228
18.5737
19.1178
19.6549
20.1848
20.7073
21.2225
21.7303
22.2306
22.7233
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
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0.9
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45
2.50
2.55
2.60
VM2
1.0000
1.0002
1.0008
1.0024
1.0055
1.0077
1.0106
1.0141
1.0182
1.0231
1.0288
1.0352
1.0425
1.0506
1.05965
1.0696
1.0804
1.0921
1.1048
1.1184
1.1330
1.1485
1.1650
1.1824
1.2008
1.2202
1.2406
1.2619
1.2842
1.3075
1.3318
1.3571
1.3834
1.4106
1.4389
1.4682
1.4985
1.5298
1.5621
1.5955
1.6299
1.6653
1.7017
1.7393
1.7778
1.8175
1.8582
2.65
2.70
2.75
2.80
2.85
2.90
2.95
3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20
3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
3.45
3.50
3.55
3.60
3.65
3.70
3.75
3.80
3.85
3.90
3.95
4.00
4.05
4.10
4.15
4.20
4.25
4.30
4.35
4.40
4.45
4.50
4.55
4.60
4.65
4.70
4.75
4.80
4.85
4.90
dx
efA(M-MP)
I dx = fAyP I
JMMP
J*p
xP = yP
VMP2
1 -
tan (0 + a)
tan dp
2
1 + tan dpVMp
dM
rjA{M-MP)_
1]
- 1
X
2
1 + (cos SpVMp
sin 6PVMP2
- 1 - sin eP)F(dp)
-
1 +
cos dP
(21)
- i
~"~
23.2085
23.6861
24.1563
24.6189
25.0742
25.5221
25.9626
26.3959
26.8220
27.2411
27.6532
28.0584
28.4568
28.8480
29.2336
29.6122
29.9814
30.3503
30.7100
31.0638
31.4115
31.7534
32.0894
32.4198
32.7449
33.0644
33.3786
33.6876
33.9914
34.2903
34.5841
34.8732
35.1576
35.4373
35.7125
35.9832
36.2497
36.5117
36.7696
37.0234
37.2733
37.5192
37.7611
37.9994
38.2339
38.4648
r
1.8999
1.9428
1.9867
2.0317
2.0778
2.1251
2.1734
2.2229
2.2734
2.3251
2.3780
2.4320
2.4871
2.5434
2.6009
2.6596
2.7194
2.7804
2.8427
2.9061
2.9707
3.0366
3.1037
3.1720
3.2462
3.3124
3.3844
3.4577
3.5224
3.6082
3.6854
3.7639
3.8436
3.9247
4.0071
4.0907
4.1758
4.2621
4.3498
4.4389
4.5293
4.6211
4.7142
4.8106
4.9047
5.0020
AXIALLY SYMMETRIC
LAVAL
165
NOZZLE
% ^-^NOA
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FIG.
3.
(M2 - 1) dM
2M{l + [(7 ~ l)/2]M2}
PART II.
= dr/r #
(22)
or by Eq. (19)
$ 2
= VM
- 1
D/2TE
(28)
(23)
[V^T--V
tan-1 VM% - 1
(25)
(26)
4.
166
JOURNAL
OF T H E
AERONAUTICAL
y = s + R - RVl
(29)
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(3D
cos (cc/2)J
(32)
rA cos (co/2) 1
>
(33)
4:TE sin (co/2) cos (co/2) + sin (co/2)
co = y 2 f e = oA = fa
Determine rA and
rA cos (co/2) 1
co/2)]/
cos (co/2)]
(34)
VMA2
APPENDIX
Eq. (20) may be obtained in a shorter and mathematically more general way than in the above analysis.
The only assumption we make here is that the ordinate
y of the Mach curve PK is uniquely given by
(36)
y = yMM, Op)
D
4 sin (co/2)
1949
SUMMARY OF STEPS IN ANALYTICAL DESIGN OF A T H R E E DIMENSIONAL LAVAL NOZZLE WITH AXIAL SYMMETRY
SCIENCES MARCH,
- 1+
COS 6P]
resp.
log sin dp
*- m^m
+ cot dp
(37)
M.
(Continued on page 188)
188
JOURNAL
OF
THE
A E R O N A U T I C A L
S C I E N C E S MARCH,
1949
10
Tsien, Hsue-Shen, Lower Buckling Load in the Non-linear
Buckling Theory for Thin Shells, Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, Vol. 5, No. 2, p . 236, July, 1947.
11
Wagner, H., Remarks on Airplane Struts and Girders Under
Compressive and Bending Stresses;
Index Values, N.A.C.A.
T.M. No. 500, 1929.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
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(20)