Duty,

Honor and
Integrity

Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 5- REFRIGERATION CYCLES

Chapter 5...Part 1
REFRIGERATION CYCLES
(Kitar Penyejuk)

Delivered by: Ir Khalid

Duty, Honor and Integrity

Objectives
Introduce the concepts of refrigerators and heat pumps and
the measure of their performance.
Analyze the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.
Analyze the actual vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.
Review the factors involved in selecting the right refrigerant for
an application.
Discuss the operation of refrigeration and heat pump systems.
Evaluate the performance of innovative vapor-compression
refrigeration systems.
Analyze gas refrigeration systems.
Introduce the concepts of absorption-refrigeration systems.

Duty, Honor and

Integrity

REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS

The Purpose of Refrigeration

The fundamental reason for having a refrigerator is to keep food cold. Cold temperatures
help food stay fresh longer. The basic idea behind refrigeration is to slow down the activity
of bacteria (which all food contains) so that it takes longer for the bacteria to spoil the
food.
The basic mechanism of a refrigerator works like this:
1 .The compressor compresses the refrigerant gas. This raises the
refrigerant's pressure and temperature (orange), so the heatexchanging coils outside the refrigerator allow the refrigerant to
dissipate the heat of pressurization.
2. As it cools, the refrigerant condenses into liquid form (purple) and
flows through the expansion valve.
3. When it flows through the expansion valve, the liquid refrigerant is
allowed to move from a high-pressure zone to a low-pressure zone,
so it expands and evaporates (light blue). In evaporating, it absorbs
heat, making it cold.
4. The coils inside the refrigerator allow the refrigerant to absorb heat,
making the inside of the refrigerator cold. The cycle then repeats.
SIQW Slofl Works

Duty, Honor and

Integrity

REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS...cont.

A heat pump is a device that uses a small amount of energy to move heat from one location to
another. Heat pumps are usually used to pull heat out of the air or ground to heat a home or
office building, or they can be switched into reverse to cool a building.
How Heat Pumps Work
Ground-source
System

Blower

Coil
Closed loop
pipe system

Heating

Compressor

Mouse over

button to select

Duty, Honor and

Integrity

REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS...cont.

The transfer of heat from a low-temperature region to a

high-temperature one requires special devices called
refrigerators.
Refrigerators and heat pumps are essentially the same devices;
they differ in their objectives only.
Cooling effect
COPR
Work input
COPHP

Heating effect
Work input

Desired output Required input

Desired output Required input
coi'i,]. COP,, - I for fixed values of QL and QH
Duty, Honor and

The objective of a refrigerator is to remove heat

Note: The capacity of a refrigeration system that can freeze 1 ton of liquid
(Ql) from the cold medium; the objective
of in
a 24
heat
water at OC
hours is said to 1 ton.
pump is to supply heat (QH) to a warm
1 ton ofmedium.
refrigeration is equivalent to 211 kJ/min

THE VERSED CARNOT CYCLE

Integrity

The Carnot cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle that describes a perfect heat engine. In the Refrigeration
system we need cooling effect, so it has to operate in opposite nature to produce the cooling effect. So we run the
carnot cycle reversely in the refrigeration system. So we call the Refrigeration cycle called as REVERSED
CARNOT CYCLE.
The reversed Carnot cycle is the most efficient refrigeration cycle operating between TL and TH.
However, it is not a suitable model for refrigeration cycles since processes 2-3 and 4-1 are not practical because
Process 2-3 involves the compression of a liquid-vapor mixture, which requires a compressor that will handle two
phases, and process 4-1 involves the expansion of high-moisture-content refrigerant in a turbine.
WARM medium
at T

Condenser
Turbine

COLD medium
at T,

Compressor

Evaporator

Schematic of a Carnot refrigerator and T-s diagram of the

reversed Carnot cycle.
6

THE REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE...cont

Duty,
Honor and
Both
COPs
Integrity

increase as the difference between the two

temperature decreases, that is, as TL rises or TH falls.

COP r Carnot
WARM medium
at T

Condenser

Turbine

Compressor

Evaporator

COLD medium
at TV

T T
, ,

THE IDEAL VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE

Duty,
Honor and
Integrity

The vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is the ideal model for refrigeration systems.
Unlike the reversed Carnot cycle, the refrigerant is vaporized completely before it is
compressed and the turbine is replaced with a throttling device.
WARM
eiivfrtmincnL

1234-

2
3
4

Isentropic compression in a compressor

Constant-pressure heat rejection in a condenser
Throttling in an expansion device
1 Constant-pressure heat absorption in an evaporator

Condctisei

y Expansion
v valve

Compresso
r

This is the most widely used

cycle for refrigerators, A-C
systems, and heat pumps.

Evaporutoi

COLD refrigerated
space

Schematic and T-s diagram for the ideal vapor-

compression refrigeration cycle.

Duty, Honor and

3 ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle involves an irreversible (throttling) process to

make it a more realistic model for the actual systems.
Replacing the expansion valve by a turbine is not practical since the added benefits cannot
justify the added cost and complexity.
/?, = hg @ P[ and h = hf @ for the

Integrity

ideal case

Steady-flow
energy balance

Capillary

tube

Kitchen air
25C

Condenser
coils

"....
y
r.

Compressor

The P-h diagram of an ideal vaporcompression refrigeration cycle.

ACTUAL VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE

Duty,
Honor and
Integrity

An actual vapor-compression refrigeration cycle differs from the ideal one in several ways, owing
mostly to the irreversibilities that occur in various components, mainly due to fluid friction (causes
WARM
environment

Qn

Schematic and T-s diagram for the

actual vapor-compression refrigeration
cycle.

Condenser

y Expansion valve
Compressor

Evaporator ^

DIFFERENCES
Non-isentropic compression
Superheated vapor at
evaporator exit
Subcooled liquid at condenser
exit
Pressure drops in condenser
and evaporator

QL

pressure drops) and heat transfer to or from the surroundings. The COP decreases as a result of
irreversibilities.
COLD refrigerated
space

11-2 A steady-flow Carnot refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-13 4a as the working fluid is considered, The coefficient of
performance, the amount of heat absorbed from the refrigerated space, and the net work input
are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist, 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) Noting that TH = 30C = 303 K and TL = T^m mkPa = -15.60C = 257.4 K. the COP of this
Camot refrigerator is detenmned from

(303 K)/(257.4 K) 1

= 3.64

(p) From the refrigerant tables (Table A-l 1)

'h ~ "smart - 266.66 kJ/kg
c -93.58 kJ/kg
Thus
q

= /, hA =266.66 -93,58 = 173.08 kJ/kg

and
r

257.4 K

ii' ne = qH - qL = 173,08 - 147.03 = 26.05

303kJ/kg
K
t

(c) The net work input is deteimmed from

(173.08 kJ/kg) = 147*03 kJ/kg

Duty,
Honor and
Integrity

11-3 A steady-flow Carnot refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is considered. Hie coefficient of
performance, the quality at the beginning of the he at-absorption process, and the net work input are to be determined.
Assmitptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
(c) Remembering that on a T-s diagram the area enclosed represents the net work,
and s3 = jE u Q = 0.92177 kJ 'kg'K.
liW* =

[TH - TL { s 3

r4 :

= [21.5

5 - (-10.09)](0.9 2177 - 0.3 3 3 68} ti/kg K = 18.4 ? kJ, kg

Analysis (a) Noting that TK= .^ ^ = 21.55C = 294.6 K and TL = rat@02MP3 = -10.09C = 262.9 K.
0 iIPa

COIVc =

11
1

(294.6 ^(262.9 K1-1

8.31

(6) Process 4-1 is isentropic, and thus

(*| + W,,

0SMKl

= 0.30799+ (0.05)

(0.6137) = 0.33868 fcJ-kg-K

Xi =

0.2 MP;i

0.33868-0.15457
=

0.7S316

0.2351

11-11 A commercial refrigerator with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is considered. Hie qtvality of the refrigerant at the
evaporator inlet, the refrigeration load the COP of the refrigerator, and the theoretical maximum refrigeration load for the same
power input to the compressor are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

Water

1SC
4
2=C

Conti
enser

Expansion
ah

MPa
5 C
5

Compresso
r

Evaporator

bOkP
a34C

1
6

42 the
C working
Water
Condenser
3 =111.23 kJ/kg
11-11
with refrigerant-134a as
fluid is considered.
The
quality of the
1.2
MPa
P2 3 =A=commercial
1200
kPa ]hrefrigerator
J>
1200kPa
18C
refrigerant at the evaporator
inlet, the
theoretical
65C
^ = 230.03 kJ/kg
\h2 refrigeration load, the COP of the refrigerator, and the
T=
2 =
Ti
4265C
C
h
=h
=111.23
kJ/kg
P
r
A
2
4
maximum refrigeration load for the same power input to the
compressor are to be determined.
Expansion
valve
= 60 kPa h = 111.23
Compressor
Assumptions 41 Steady operating
conditions
exist.
1
Kinetic
and potential
energy' changes are negligible.
0.4795
=295.1(5 kJ/kg
kJ/kg
Analysis (a) From refrigerant-134a tables (Tables A-11 through A-13)
60 kPa
= 60kPa j
-34*C
Evaporator
Ii=- 34-Cj'
26C
=

Using saturated liquid enthalpy at the given

temperature, for water we have (Table A-4)
^ = &f@iarc = 75.47 kJ/kg =

;26ac = l'^S.94 kJ/kg

(b) The mass flow rate of the refrigerant may be determined from an energy' balance on the compressor
mK{h2 -h2) =

- ig)

(295.16 -111.23)k J/kg = (0.25 kg/s)(l 08.94- 75.4 7)kJ/kg

------>mR - 0.0455 kg/s

Tilt waste heat transferred from the refrigerant, the compressor power input, and the refrigeration
load are QH =mi(fct-Ai>=(004551^3X295.16-1 !L23)tJ/kg = S.367 kW

fTb
QL

= (0 0455bg/sX295 i6-230.03)kJ'kg-Q.45kW = 2 5 B k W
=367-2.513=5.85 kW

(tr) The COP of the refrigerator is determined from its

definition
COP-

QL _ 5 - 3 5 -2.33
2513

(d) The reversible COP of the refrigerator for the same

temperature limits is

COP __________i_____-i

TH i TL -1 (18 + 273) /(30 + 273) -1

Then, the maximum refrigeration load becomes

QLU* = COP^&m = (5.063X2.513 kW) =12.72 kW
compression refrigeration cycle. The mass now rate of the refrigerant, the condenser pressure, and the
COP of the refrigerator are to be determined
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible
Analysis (it) (e) From the refrigerant-134a tables (Tables A-l 1 through A-13)

P* = 120kPa

h4 = 86.83 kJ/kg

x& - 0.30

Condenser

h? = 36.83kJ/kg
jr3 = 0 (sat. liq.)

P, =671.8

Expansion

valve

Pn = PR = 671.8kPa
T2

= eoc
Pj = P4 = 120 kPa
a-! = l(sat.vap.)

h2 = 298.87 kJ/kg
Evaporator
hi =23(5.97 kJ-'Kg

120 kPa
A-0.3

The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is

determined from
(c) The refrigeration load and the COP are

0.45 kW
(29S.S7 - 236.97)kJ/kg
h2 -hi
QL =m(h1 -h 4 )

= 0.00727 kg/s

= (0.0727 kg# s)(23 6 .97 - 86.8 3)kJ/kg = 1.091 kW

COP =

1091kW

0.45 kW

2.4
3

Compressor

SELECTING
THE RIGHT REFRIGERANT
Duty,
Honor and

Integrity
Several refrigerants may be used in refrigeration systems such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
ammonia, hydrocarbons (propane, ethane, ethylene, etc.), carbon dioxide, air (in the airconditioning of aircraft), and even water (in applications above the freezing point).
R-11, R-12, R-22, R-134a, and R-502 account for over 90 percent of the market.
The industrial and heavy-commercial sectors use ammonia due to low cost, higher COPs, higher
heat transfer coefficients and no effect to ozone layer. The major drawback is toxicity which
makes it unsuitable for domestic used.
R-11 is used in large-capacity water chillers serving A-C systems in buildings.
R-134a (replaced R-12, which damages ozone layer) is used in domestic refrigerators and
freezers, as well as automotive air conditioners.
R-22 is used in window air conditioners, heat pumps, air conditioners of 17 commercial buildings,
and large industrial refrigeration systems, and offers

Duty, Honor and

Integrity

SELECTING THE RIGHT REFRIGERANT.. .cont.

R-22 is used in window air conditioners, heat pumps, air conditioners of commercial
buildings, and large industrial refrigeration systems, and offers strong competition to
ammonia.
R-502 (a blend of R-115 and R-22) is the dominant refrigerant used in commercial
refrigeration systems such as those in supermarkets.
CFCs allow more ultraviolet radiation into the earths atmosphere by destroying the
protective ozone layer and thus contributing to the greenhouse effect that causes global
warming. Fully halogenated CFCs (such as R-11, R-12, and R- 115) do the most
damage to the ozone layer. Refrigerants that are friendly to the ozone layer have been
developed.
Two important parameters that need to be considered in the selection of a refrigerant are
the temperatures of the two media (the refrigerated space and the environment) with
which the refrigerant exchanges heat.

Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 5- REFRIGERATION CYCLES
Duty,
Honor and
Integrity

A heat pump heats

your home in the

and cools your

home in the

winter...

summer.

HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS

A heat pump is a machine or device that moves heat from one location (the 'source') at a
lower temperature to another location (the 'sink' or 'heat sink') at a higher temperature using
mechanical work or a high-temperature heat source. The difference between a heat pump and
a normal air conditioner is that a heat pump can be used to heat a home as well as cool it.

Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 5- REFRIGERATION CYCLES

Heat pumps are a unique kind of heating system, because they can do the work of both a
furnace and an air conditioner.
http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/heating-and-cooling/heat-pump1.htm

2
3

Duty, Honor and

Integrity

HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS...cont

HEAT PUMP OPERATIONHEATIMS MODE

OuKlooreuil

Rq ve rsj ng valve
-----pressure [itjutid
------ Lowjjjresstirfc li^Likl-vyjjur

The most common energy source for heat pumps is atmospheric air (airto- air systems).
Water-source systems usually use well water and ground-source
(geothermal) heat pumps use earth as the energy source. They typically
have higher COPs but are more complex and more expensive to install.
Both the capacity and the efficiency of a heat pump fall significantly at low
temperatures. Therefore, most air-source heat pumps require a
supplementary heating system such as electric resistance heaters or a
gas furnace.

11
Low-pressure vapor 1
H igh-pressure yqpor
A heat pump can be used to heat a house in winter
and to cool it in summer.

HEAT PUMP OPERATIONCOO! IKC MODE

Out(l(Wr eoiI
Reversing valve

Heat pumps are most competitive in areas that have a large cooling load
during the cooling season and a relatively small heating load during the
heating season. In these areas, the heat pump can meet the entire
cooling and heating needs of residential or commercial buildings. 20

Duty,
Honor and
Integrity

HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS...cont.

Heat Pumps are usually characterized by a coefficient of performance which is the number of units of
energy delivered to the hot reservoir per unit work input.
11-3-1 An actual heat pump cycle with R-134a as the refrigerant is considered. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor, the rate of heat supplied
to the heated room, the COP of the heat pump, and the COP and the rate of heat supplied to the heated room if this heat pump operated on the ideal
vapor-compression cycle between the same pressure limits are to be determined.

refrigerators
area lo a
warme-r area.

Coefficient of Performance =

Carnot case

General define on

T
H

--

-G,
eal coefficient
l^eflormanoe

Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. Analysis (a) The properties of refrigerant134a are (Tables A-ll through A-13)

790

Th ideal apor compressio

cycle I a follows n
S s
e
W

cycle analysis of me

PS 200 kfa

20 kPa
0

9377

80 MPa
0

kJ/kg

td/kg K

273 25 kJ/kg

95 47 kJ'kg

COP

273 25
273

95 4
7
244 46

18

s
QE

(0 01Ekg/s)(273

25

95

47)kJ/kg

20 k W

11-32 A hear pump operating on the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the
working fluid is considered. The COP and the rate of heat supplied to the evaporator are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady op dating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the compression process is isentropic. the
refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor at the evaporator pressure, and leaves the; condenser
as saturated liquid at the condenser pressure. From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-11. A-12. and A-13),

Px = 280 kPa
sat. vapor
P2 = 1200 kPa

jg 2S0 kPa

- s : s @2 mm

249. '2 kJ kg si

= 0.93210kJ k g - K

h, =280.00 k i k e

P3 = 1200 kPa

^3 - hf @ 1200 IcPa 117.17 kJ/kg

sat. liquid hA = h3 = 117.77 kJ kg

(throttling)
The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is determined from
W-m = mih-, - /q )--------> m = W

h1-h1

20

rr

1+

kJ i

= 0.0605 kWs
(280.00 249.72) kJ.'kg

Then the rate of heat supplied to the evaporator is

QL

= m { h x - h 4 ) = (0.6605 kg/s)(249.72-117.77) kJ kg = 87.15 kW The

COP of the heat pump is determined from its definition.

q H h2-h3
280.00-117.77
COPjjp =

h2-hx 280.00-249.72

5.36