9740 Mathematics Pure Section

Functions and Graphs

Functions
Test for
Line test
functions
Vertical
1-1 function
Horizontal

Condition for inverse functions to exist
o 1-1 function: use horizontal line test
Thus D f 1 = R f and R f 1 = D f and graphs of f and f-1 are

2. The asymptotes
a. Oblique: y = f(x)
b. Vertical: x = h(0)
c. Horizontal: y = g(0)
3. Indicate maximum, minimum points and axial
intercepts, using GC.
4. Use discriminant to check for values that the curve does
exists (b2 4ac 0) or does not exist (b2 4ac < 0),
after cross-multiplying the function.
5. If the curve has turning points, graph is

reflection about y = x

Conditions for composite functions
Df
Dgf

Rf
Dg

Min point
Rgf
Rg

Max point

Or else is (no stationary points)

gf
o For gf to exist, Rf Dg
o Dgf = Df
o Rgf Rg
Curve Sketching
1. If the function is improper, perform long division to get
f(x) + g(x) / h(x)

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

Conics

Tips for sketching: Sketch the graph with centre (0, 0), then
shift the graph to the correct centre, (h, k).

Circle
( x h) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2
where the centre is (h, k) and radius, r.
Ellipse
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
+
=1
a2
b2
where the centre is (h, k), a b
Hyperbola (1)
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2

=1
a2
b2
where the centre is (h, k)
Asymptotes: y = k

b(x h )
a

Hyperbola (2)
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2

+
=1
a2
b2
where the centre is (h, k)
Asymptotes: y = k

b(x h )
a

ngwha/prer-u/maths/h2/summary/pure maths

Transformation of Graphs
Equation
y = f(x) + a
y = f(x) a
y = f(x + a)
y = f(x a)
y = a f(x)
y = f(ax)
y = f(x)
y = f(x)

Transformation
Translation a units
in the
of
direction
a units
of the
a units
a units
scale factor a along the
Scaling of
1
scale factor
a
Reflection
about the
of

y-axis.
x-axis.
y-axis.
x-axis.
x-axis
y-axis

For y = f(|x|),
1. Right of y-axis, no change
2. Left of y-axis is deleted
3. Right of y-axis reflect about the y-axis
In general, transform in the sequence of
Tx Sx Sy Ty
f(x) graph
1. upward sloping +ve, downward sloping, -ve
2. at turning points, f(x) = 0

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

Reciprocal Function
y = f(x)
a. x-intercept

1
f ( x)
vertical asymptote

b. vertical asymptote
c. max point (a, b)
d. min point (c. d)

y=

Y-square Function
y = f(x), y 0

y=

a. 0 < f(x) < 1

f ( x) > f ( x)

x-intercept

b. f(x) = 1

f ( x ) < f ( x)

1
min point a,
b
1
max point c,
d

c. f(x) > 1

f ( x) = f ( x)

e. horizontal asymptote
1
horizontal asymptote at y =
at y = h
h
f. y-intercept at (0, n)
1
y-intercept at 0,
n
g. y-values
Reciprocate the y-values,
including the y-asymptote(s)

ngwha/prer-u/maths/h2/summary/pure maths

f (x )

d. horizontal
asymptote at y = k

Horizontal asymptote at y = k .

e. vertical asymptote

Remains unchanged

f. y-values

Square-root the y-values

Reflection the graph of y = f ( x ) about the x-axis, to

obtain y2 = f(x).Gradient at x = 0 is 0.

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

Inequalities

Sequences and Series

Never cross-multiply unless the denominator is always

positive.
Factorise completely for all the terms.
For x , y , a and a > 0
i. |x2| = |x|2 = x2
ii. |xy| = |x| |y|
x
x
iii.
=
provided y 0
y
y
iv. |x| = a x = a
v. |x| < a a < x < a
vi. |x| > a x > a or x < a
vii. |x| < |y| x2 < y2
Use (a + b)(a b) = a 2 b2 as far as possible.
Perform completing the square when needed.
Multi-Variable Equations

By setting up a system of linear equations,

a b c x m

d e f y = n
g h i z o

AX = M
A 1 AX = A 1 M
X = A 1 M
Use PlySmlt App to solve.

ngwha/prer-u/maths/h2/summary/pure maths

AP and GP

A.P.
a + (n 1)d

G.P.
Tn
arn-1
Sn
n
a (1 r n )
[2a + (n 1)d ]
, r <1
2
1 r
n
a (r n 1)
(a + Tn )
, r >1
2
r 1
a
S
, r <1
1 r
In general, the nth term, Tn = Sn Sn-1, n 2
Show a series is a

AP, Tn+1 Tn = a
T

GP, n +1 = r
Tn
n
If r is a GP, Tn = rrn-1 , where a = r
Mathematical Induction

2 types of induction
1. a summation
2. a term in a recurrence relation
Format

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

Let Pn be the statement of r =

r =1

When n = 1,

n
(n + 1) , where n +
2

LHS = 1
RHS = 1

Since LHS = RHS, P1 is true.

Assume that Pk is true for some k +, i.e.

r = 2 (k + 1)
r =1

To prove that Pk+1 is true for some k , i.e.

k +1
k +1
r=
(k + 1 + 1)

2
r =1
k

LHS of Pk+1

th

+ (k + 1) term

r =1

k
= (k + 1) + (k + 1)
2
=
k +1
=
(k + 1 + 1)
2
= RHS of Pk+1

Pk is true Pk+1 is true

P1 and Pk are true Pk+1 for some k +
Hence by mathematical induction, Pn is true for n +

Conjecture
When the general term has the pattern, the general term is

ngwha/prer-u/maths/h2/summary/pure maths

Even
2n
odd
2n + 1 or 2n 1
Power of 2, 3
2n, 3n
Perfect squares, cubes
n2, n3
Terms of alternating sign
(-1)n
1, 2, 6, 24, 120..
n!
GP
arn-1 or rn
AP
a + (n 1)d
Sometimes, we have to multiply, divide, plus or minus a
number to achieve the sequence. The number is usually 2, 3, 4.
Summation
n

a = a(n k + 1) , where a is a constant

r =k

r = 2 n(n + 1)
r =1
n

r =1

1
= n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6

1
= n 2 (n + 1) 2
4
r =1
Change range to use the formula.

Limits of a sequence
Divide the general term by the highest power of the variable,
on the numerator and denominator.
E.g. As n , 1/n 0

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

Method of difference

Binomial Series

Types
1.

When n +,

f(n) f(n + 1)
+ f(n + 1) f(n + 2)
+ f(n + 2) f(n + 3)
+
2.
f(n + 2) f(n)
+ f(n + 3) f(n + 1)
+ f(n + 4) f(n + 2)
+ f(n + 5) f(n + 3)
+
3.
f(n) 2f(n + 1) + f(n + 2)
+ f(n + 1) 2f(n + 2) + f(n + 3)
+ f(n + 2) 2f(n + 3) + f(n + 4)
+ f(n + 3) 2f(n + 4) + f(n + 5)
+

Recurrence

Given that as n , un k, un+1 k.

Taking limits of terms, solve for x.
For quadratic functions that require exact values, use
 Factorization
 Complete the square
 Formula
 GC (PlySmlt App or Graph Sketching)
For proves, use the information required to deduce the
relationship, like always positive for x2 + 6.

ngwha/prer-u/maths/h2/summary/pure maths

Ascending powers of n,
n
bx
(a + bx) n = a n 1 +
a

2
3

bx n(n 1) bx n(n 1)(n 2) bx

+
+ ...
1 + n +
a
2! a
3!
a

= an
n(n 1)...(n r + 1) bx r

+ ...

r!

Limits

bx
a
<1 x <
a
b

Descending powers of n,
n
a
n
n
(a + bx) = bx 1 +
bx
2
3

a n(n 1) a n(n 1)(n 2) a

+

1 + n +
bx
2! bx
3!
bx
n
= (bx)
r

+ ... + n(n 1)...(n r + 1) a + ...

r!

bx

Limits

a
a
<1 x <
bx
b

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

Application of Binomial Series

1. Linked to Maclaurins series
2. Approximate square roots of rational numbers
3. Expand complex numbers

Midpoint theorem: When and = 1, AB = 2AP. Apply to

reflection of a point along a plane.
Scalar or dot product

3D Vectors

a . b = |a||b| cos
a1 b1

a2 b2 = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
a b
3 3

r
r
r
AB = O B O A

Projection

x

Magnitude of a vector, y = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
z

Length of projection of a on b = |a b |
Projection of a on b is (a b) b

Vectors

a
|a|
a + b

Ratio theorem: OP =
or
a+
b
+
+
+
A

Unit vector of a, a =

Vector or cross product

O

a x b = (|a||b| sin ) n
a x b = -b x a

Parallel vectors: v = ku
Collinear: Parallel vectors + share a common point

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

a1 b1 i

a 2 b2 = a1
a b b
1
3 3
Area of triangle =

j
a2
b2

k a 2 b3 a3b2

a3 = (a1b3 a3b1 )
b3 a1b2 a 2 b1

1
a b , a and b start at a common point.
2

Foot of
Vector: PF b = 0
(OF OP) b = 0
(a + b p) b = 0, for some
Find . Thus OF = a + b

Lines

Length: | PF |
Key:
OA or a is point on the line/plane
b is the direction vector of the line/plane
n is the normal of the line/plane
OF is the foot of on the line
OP is a point not on the line/plane
r is any point on the plane
u and v are direction vectors of a plane
Equations of Lines
Vector: r = a + b,
x a1 y a 2 z a3
Cartesian:
=
=
b1
b2
b3

ngwha/prer-u/maths/h2/summary/pure maths

distance / shortest distance from P to AF, PF = | PA b |

Lines and Planes

Equation of Planes
Scalar product form: r n = a n = p
Cartesian form: n1x + n2y + n3z = p
Vector / Parametric form: r = a + u + v, and
When p = 0, the plane pass the origin.
Given two direction vectors of a plane, n = b1 x b2
Normal of the
1
0
0



xy-plane 0 , xz-plane 1 , yz-plane 0
0
1
0

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

Angles b/w

Intersections of Line and Planes

2 lines |b1 b2|. Take cos.
a line and a plane |n b| . Take sin.
2 planes |n1 n2|. Take cos.
Make the subject of the formula.
Shortest / Perpendicular / Least Distance
from O to plane, d =

|p|
|n|

from point P to plane, d = | PA n |

b/w 2 planes, h =

| p1 | | p 2 |

| n1 | | n 2 |

Length of projection
of line CD on plane = |CD|2 (|CD| . n )2
= | CD x n |

 b/w 2 lines equate coefficients of components of

lines. a1 + 1b1 = a2 + 2b2
 b/w line and plane solve r = a + b and r n = n1x +
n2y + n3z = p. So, (a + b) n = p
 b/w 2 non-// planes n1 n2 = b. Get the common point
by setting 1 component = 0

Intersections of 3 planes
When the planes 1, 2 and 3 meet,
x0 y 0 z 0 p 0

Using GC, RREF x1 y1 z1 p1 =
x y z
p 2
2
2
2

Use PolySmlt App to solve.

Could be point of, line of or infinite intersection(s).

of line CD on normal = | CD n |
// and of Lines and Planes
//

Planes
n1 = kn2
n1 n2 = 0
Lines
b1 b2 = 0
b1 = kb2

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

Complex Numbers

Useful values
|i| = 1

Rectangular form: z = x + iy
Trigonometric form: z = r(cos + i sin )
Exponential form: z = rei = r(cos + i sin )

i
i

i2
-1

i3
-i

i4
1

i5
i

i6
-1

Rectangular form

i-1
-i

i-2
-1

i-3
i

i-4
1

i-5
-i

i-6
-1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

z + z* = 2Re(z)
Useful in z = rei
z z* = 2Im(z)i
zz* = a2 + b2 = |z|2
z** = z
(z1 + z2)* = z1* + z2*
(z1 / z2)* = z1* / z2*
Coefficient of a complex number , then the roots
occur in conjugate pairs
8. z1 / z2 = (z1 / z2)(z2*/ z2*) rationalizing the
denominator
9. zn has n number of roots, n

Im(z)
z1P(1, 2)

Polar form

1. z* = x iy = r(cos - i sin ) = r[cos (- ) + i sin (-)]

2. |z1 z2| = r1 r2 = |z1| |z2|
Properties for argument
1
z
4. arg have operations similar to log functions
5. If arg not in principal range (- < ), add or minus
2.
6. (cos + i sin )(cos + i sin ) = cos ( + ) + i sin (
+ )

3. arg z* = arg z = arg

For basic angle the arg is

Im(z)
Re(z)
OP z1

ngwha/prer-u/maths/h2/summary/pure maths

-
- +

Re(z)

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

Special angles
Degrees
0
Radians
0
sin

cos

tan

30

45

60

90

6
1
2

4
1

3
3
2
1
2

2
1

3
2
1

2
1
2
1

equation of locus: y y1 = -1/m (x x1), where

a+c b+d
midpoint is ( x1 , y1 ) =
,
and m is
2
2
gradient of line PQ
Im(z)
z2Q(c, d)

3
Transformations
From z to
1. z* reflection in the Re(z)-axis
2. z reflection in the line Re(z) = Im(z)
3. iz rotation of radians anticlockwise about the origin
Locus

Key: z1 = a + bi, z2 = c + di

Re(z)
z1P(a, b)

Locus

3. arg (z z1) =

half-line from (a, b), excluding (a, b), from angle of
measured in the anticlockwise sense.

equation of locus: y = mx + c, x > a or < ?, where m
is gradient of line, tan-1 (b / a) = tan-1 and c is
when y = 0

1. |z z1| = r

circle of radius r units, centre (a, b)

equation of locus: (x a)2 + (y b)2 = r2
2. |z z1| = |z z2|

perpendicular bisector of (a, b) and (c, d)

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

Im(z)

3. Sine rule.
Locus

Re(z)

z1P(a, b)

For Argand diagrams

accurate sketch

scale 1:1

Use compass for sketching circles, bisectors.

Use protractors for half-line
For inequality, check for the boundaries.
Use dotted line / hollow dot for exclusion, solid line / shaded
dot for inclusion.
 Circle- interior, exterior, in/exclude the circumference
 bisector left or right of the bisector of (a, b) and
(c, d)
 half-line in between the region bounded by the halflines, z1 and z2
To find range of z, max and min, use
1. Pythagoras Theorem. h2 = o2 + a2
2. Trigonometrical ratios. Toa, cah, soh

ngwha/prer-u/maths/h2/summary/pure maths

sin A sin B sin C

=
=
a
b
c

4. Cosine rule. c = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C

5. Co-ordinate geometry
a. Distance = (x1 x2)2 + (y1 y2)2
6. Angle properties of circles
a. s in the same segment
b. in a semicircle
c. at centre = 2 at ce
d. s in the alternate segment
e. b/w tangent and radius = 90
f. s in a cyclic quad. (opp. s add up to 180)
Exponential form

1. (rei)* = (re-i) = r(cos - i sin )

2. (rei( + 2)) = rei
3. r1ei r2ei = r1 r2ei( + )
De Moivres Theorem
zn = (rei)n = rn ein = rn(cos n + i sin n)
|zn| = rn = |z|n
arg zn = n = n arg z
Taking out power, only works for
1. ei + 1
2. ei - 1
3. 1 - ei
Apply

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

ei + e-i = 2Re(ei) = 2 cos

ei e-i = 2Im(ei)i = 2i sin
Roots of unity is zn = 1
n

+ 2 k
i
n

Roots of z = re
k = {n number of consecutive integers
around 0, and arg z is in the principal argument range}

Calculus
Differentiation

Basic
1. First principle: lim

x 0

y
f ( x + x) f ( x)
= lim
x

x
x

d
dv
du
(uv) = u + v
dx
dx
dx
du
dv
v
u
d u
dx
dx
Quotient Rule:
=
dx v
v2
Implicit: Differentiate each term w.r.t. to the variable.
dy
the subject of the formula.
Make
dx
dy dy dx
Chain Rule / Rate of change:
=
x
dt dx dt
dy
dy d
Parametric:
=
dx dx
d

2. Product Rule:

3.
4.

5.

6.

Trigonometrical Functions
d
(sin f ( x)) = f ' ( x) cos f ( x)
dx
d
2.
(cos f ( x)) = f ' ( x) sin f ( x)
dx

1.

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

d
(tan f ( x)) = f ' ( x) sec 2 f ( x)
dx
d
(cosec f ( x) ) = f ' ( x) cosec f ( x) tan f ( x)
dx
d
(sec f ( x) ) = f ' ( x) sec f ( x) tan f ( x)
dx
d
(cot f ( x) ) = f ' ( x) cosec 2 f ( x)
dx
d
f ' ( x)
sin -1 f ( x) =
, - 1 f(x) 1
dx
1 [ f ( x)] 2

d
f ' ( x)
cos -1 f ( x) =
, - 1 f(x) 1
dx
[ f ( x)]2
d
f ' ( x)
9.
tan -1 f ( x) =
, f(x )
dx
1 + [ f ( x)]2

8.

d
1
10.
cos ec 1 x =
*
dx
x x2 1
d
1
sec 1 x =
*
11.
dx
x x2 1
d
1
12.
cot 1 x = 2
, x *
dx
x +1

d
f ' ( x)
ln f ( x) =
dx
f ( x)
d f ( x)
3.
a
= f ' ( x) ln a (a f ( x ) )
dx
d
1
4.
log a x =
dx
x ln a

2.

Applications of Differentiation

1. Rate of change: use chain rule

2. Tangents and Normals
1
Gradient of normal =
gradient of tangent
3. Maxima and minima problems
Increasing function gradient > 0
Decreasing function gradient < 0
d2y
Test for maximum point,
> 0 or
dx 2
x
aa
a+
dy
>0
0
<0
dx
Profile

Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

1.

d f ( x)
e
= f ' ( x )e f ( x )
dx

Concave
upwards

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

Small Angle Approximations

2

d y
<0
dx 2
a
a+

>0

Test for minimum point,

x
dy
dx
Profile

sin x x
cos x 1

<0

tan x x
Use trigonometry formula or binomial expansion if required.
Concave
downwards

Tests for values the function does not exist, between turning
values.
Maclaurins Series

Direct Integration

Basic
1 (ax + b) n +1
+ C, n 1
a (n + 1)
1
1
2.
dx = ln ax + b + C
(ax + b)
a
f '( x)
3.
dx = ln f ( x) + C
f ( x)
1.

Refer to formula booklet for the formulas.

1 2
x
2

n
(ax + b) dx =

[f ( x)]n +1
+ C, n 1
4. f '( x)[f ( x)] dx =
n +1
5. f(x) ef(x) dx = ef(x) + C
6. ln x dx = x ln x+ x + C
n

Trigonometrical Functions
7. f(x) sin f(x) dx= - cos f(x) + C
8. f(x) cos f(x) dx = sin f(x) + C

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

9. f (x) sec2 f(x) dx = tan f(x) + C

10. f (x) cosec2 f(x) dx = - cot f(x) + C
11. f (x) sec f(x) tan f(x) dx = sec f(x) + C
12. f (x) cosec f(x) cot f(x) dx = - cosec f(x) + C
13. f (x) sec f(x) dx = ln | sec f(x) + tan f(x) |+ C
14. f (x) cosec f(x) dx = - ln |cosec f(x) + cot f(x) | + C
15. f (x) tan f(x) dx = ln | sec f(x) | + C
16. f (x) cot f(x) dx = ln | sin f(x) | + C
Tricks for sinm ax _____ cosn bx

Or m or n is even, use double angle formula for cos.

Or m or n is odd, spilt powers to 1 and even, then
use sin2 x + cos2 x = 1.

__ m + n is odd, spilt the odd powers, then use sin2
x + cos2 x = 1.

__ m and n are even, use double angle formula for
sin and cos,

__ m and n are odd, use sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 and
[f ( x)]n +1
n
x
x
x
f
'(
)[f
(
)]
d
=
+ C, n 1

n +1
For sin m cos n d ,

f ' ( x)
1 f ( x) a
+ C , | f ( x) |< a , a +
dx =
ln
2
2
2a f ( x) + a
a

[ f ( x)]

Rational Functions
If the denominator, g(x) (a quadratic function),

can be factorised, express the whole function in partial
fractions

cannot be factorised, complete the square. If the whole
function is proper, extract g(x) in the numerator before
splitting the numerator and use Fraction Function formulae.
Alternative methods of integration

By substitution,
Find dx in terms of u and du. Substitute. Change back to x.
Limits are also changed in the process. Show working.

cos m cos n d or sin m sin n d ,

By parts, u =

use factor formula.

f ( x)
dx = sin
+ C , | f ( x) |< a
a
a 2 [ f ( x)] 2
f ' ( x)

f ' ( x)
1
f ( x)
dx = tan 1
+C,
2
a
+ [ f ( x)]
a
f ' ( x)
1 a + f ( x)
a 2 [ f ( x)]2 dx = 2a ln a f ( x) + C , | f ( x) |< a

dv
=
dx

use liate

du
=
v=
dx
u dv = uv v du

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

Note:

dv
is easily integrated.
dx
du
dv
v
is simpler to integrate than u .
dx
dx

Application to Areas and Volumes

For two curves, take the upper curve lower curve

Ensure the region is enclosed by all the curves or lines.
Take modulus when required.
Transformations of the graphs may be needed to find areas
or volumes.
For volumes, you have to integrate wrt the axis that is
revolved.

-1

A curve is defined as y = f(x) ;

x = f (y)
and parametrically, x = g(t) and y = h(t).
The upper limits are b and d and lower limits are a and c.
Areas under
x-axis, Ax
y-axis, Ay
b

f ( x) dx

tb

ta

dx
dt or
dt

[f

c
d

( y )] 2 dy or

x 2 dx
c

dx
ta dt dt or
tb
2 dx
dt
t [i (t )]
a
dt
tb

y2

dy
tc dt dt or
td
2 dy
dt
t [ h(t )]
c
dt

td

x2

where ta = g(a), tb = g(b), tc = h(c), td = h(d).

Differential Equations

Methods
1. Direct

Formula

y-axis, Vy

[ f ( x)]2 dx or y 2 dx

Note

x-axis, Vx

tb

ta

h(t )

dx
dt
dt

td

tc

f 1 ( y ) dy

td
dy
dy
dt or g (t ) dt
tc
dt
dt

Volume rotated 1 revolution about the

ngwha/prer-u/maths/h2/summary/pure maths

dy
= f (x) y = f ( x) dx
dx
d2y
b.
= f ( x) y = [ f ( x) dx] dx
dx 2
2. Separable variables
dy
= f ( x) g ( y )
dx
1 dy
= f ( x)
g ( y ) dx
1
g ( y ) dy = f ( x) dx

a.

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9740 Mathematics Pure Section

3. Use substitution
a. Differentiate the substitution wrt the
independent variable of the DE.
b. Replace all by the substitute
Applications
a. Form the DE (most important step)
b. Solve for general solution
c. Find the constants
d. Answer the questions
Use any integration method to solve, not limited to
fundamental integrands.

2 tan A
1 tan 2 A
d) Sum-to-product Identities or factor formulae
1
1
i) sin P + sin Q = 2 sin ( P + Q) cos ( P Q)
2
2
1
1
ii) sin P sin Q = 2 cos ( P + Q) sin ( P Q)
2
2
1
1
iii) cos P + cos Q = 2 cos ( P + Q) cos ( P Q)
2
2
1
1
iv) cos P cos Q = 2 sin ( P + Q) sin ( P Q)
2
2

iii) tan 2A =

Extra
Trigonometry (useful in integration, complex numbers)
a) Pythagorean Identities
i) sin2 + cos2 = 1
ii) sec2 = 1 + tan2
iii) cot2 = 1 + cos2
b) Addition Formulae
i) sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B
ii) cos (A B) = cos A cos B m sin A sin B
tan A tan B
iii) tan (A B) =
1 m tan A tan B
c) Double Angle Formulae
i) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
ii) cos 2A = cos2 A sin2 A = 2 cos2 A = 1 2 sin2 A

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