Schlumberger 1999

DRILLING
Making a hole or well to
make access into
reservoir and to
produce hydrocarbon
(oil & gas) from
subsurface.
To collect the
subsurface geological
and reservoir
data/information for
further hydrocarbon
exploration as well as
development.

Christmas
Tree

Pipeline to
Flow
Process
and
Storage
Surface
Casing

Cement
Intermediate
Casing

Cement
Production
Casing
Tubing
Completion
Fluid
Packer

Cement

Oil or Gas Zone

Well
Fluids

Perforations

OIL EXTRACTING HISTORY

In the earliest day of oil
production, oil was
collected from surface
seepages.
Mine shafts were dug to
make a well (like water
well in Java) to produce
shallow oil.
In the early 19th century
peoples developed cable
tool drilling

DRILLING
TYPE OF DRILLING :
Cable Tool Drilling
Rotary Rig Drilling
TYPE OF RIG :
Onshore drilling rigs
Semi-submersible rigs
Jack-up units
TYPE OF WELL DRILLING :
Conventional Drilling
Directional Drilling
Slant Drilling

CABLE TOOL
DERRICK

JACK UP UNIT
A jack-up unit is a barge with legs that can be
lowered or raised. The barge is towed to the
drilling location with its legs in the raised
position. Once in position, the legs are lowered.
When they reach the sea-bed, the barge's body
is hoisted above the water, creating a stable
drilling platform. The length of the legs
determines the depth of water in which a jackup barge can be used. They can generally be
used in up to 100 meters of water. Jack-up
barges are widely employed in the relatively
shallow waters of the North Sea's Southern
basin.

SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE RIG
A semi-submersible drilling rig is normally a selfpropelled working platform supported by vertical
columns on submerged pontoons. By varying the
amount of ballast water in the pontoons, the unit
can be raised or lowered in the water.
A semi-submersible vessel is normally held in
position by up to eight very large anchors, or by
dynamic positioning: computer controlled
directional propellers to keep the vessel stationary
relative to the sea-bed, compensating for wind,
wave or current.
Semi-submersibles can drill in water depths to 300
meters or more all year round.

SETTING UP THE RIG

Depending upon the remoteness of the

drill site and its access, equipment may be
transported to the site by truck,
helicopter or barge.
Some rigs are built on ships or barges for
work on inland water where there is no
foundation to support a rig (as in marshes
or lakes).
Once the equipment is at the site, the rig
is set up. Here are the major systems of
a land oil rig:
Power System
Mechanical System
Rotating Equipment
Casing
Circulation System
Derrick
Blowout Preventer

RIG EQUIPMENT

POWER AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Mechanical system - driven

by electric motors
hoisting system - used for
lifting heavy loads; consists of
a mechanical winch
(drawworks) with a large
steel cable spool, a block-andtackle pulley and a receiving
storage reel for the cable
turntable - part of the drilling
apparatus

Power System
large diesel engines - burn
diesel-fuel oil to provide the
main source of power
electrical generators powered by the diesel engines
to provide electrical power

RIG EQUIPMENT

THE DERRICK

Derrick - support structure: holds

the drilling apparatus
tall enough to allow new
sections of drill pipe to be
added to the drilling apparatus
as drilling progresses
Blowout preventers and Rams high-pressure valves (located
below the rotary table or on the
sea floor)
seal the high-pressure drill
lines and relieve pressure
when necessary to prevent a
blowout (uncontrolled gush of
gas or oil to the surface, often
associated with fire)
Can shut off either the annular
space (between pipe and well)
or the complete hole.

RIG EQUIPMENT

ROTATING EQUIPMENT

Rotating equipment - used for rotary

drilling
swivel - large handle that holds the weight of
the drill string; allows the string to rotate and
makes a pressure-tight seal on the hole
kelly - four- or six-sided pipe that transfers
rotary motion to the turntable and drill string
turntable or rotary table - drives the rotating
motion using power from electric motors
drill string - consists of drill pipe
(connected sections of about 30 ft / 10 m)
and drill collars (larger diameter, heavier
pipe that fits around the drill pipe and places
weight on the drill bit)

Drill bit(s) - end of the drill that actually cuts

up the rock; comes in many shapes and
materials (tungsten carbide steel, diamond)
that are specialized for various drilling tasks
and rock formations
Casing - large-diameter concrete pipe that
lines the drill hole, prevents the hole from
collapsing, and allows drilling mud to
circulate

RIG EQUIPMENT

THE MUD CIRCULATION PROCESS

There's more to drilling than simply
rotating the bit.
Fluid is circulated while the drilling
proceeds.
Powerful pumps move the fluid down
the pipe, through the bit and back to
the surface, carrying the cuttings and
other debris with it.
Thus, on a rotary rig (unlike the cable
tool), drilling can be continuous as
stopping to bail the cuttings is no
longer required.
The drilling mud also stabilizes the
walls of the hole.

RIG EQUIPMENT

CIRCULATION SYSTEM

Circulation system - pumps drilling

mud under pressure through the kelly,
rotary table, drill pipes and drill collars
pump - sucks mud from the mud pits
and pumps it to the drilling apparatus
pipes and hoses - connects pump to
drilling apparatus
mud-return line - returns mud from hole
shale shaker - shaker/sieve that
separates rock cuttings from the mud
shale slide - conveys cuttings to the
reserve pit
reserve pit - collects rock cuttings
separated from the mud
mud pits - where drilling mud is mixed
and recycled
mud-mixing hopper - where new mud is
mixed and then sent to the mud pits

RIG EQUIPMENT

THE
DRILLSTRING

CONTROLLING
THE WEIGHT ON THE BIT

The weight is held partly by

the hook etc. If not, the drill
bit wouldnt turn! Collars are
added to the drill string to
add more weight
Hence the driller can control
the weight on the bit by
adding/ removing collars or
by raising/lowering the
swivel tackle.

TYPE OF BIT - Which bit?

Largest bit is used first, decreasing with depth

For each formation & depth have a particular set of
jet sizes, gallons per minte, pump strokes per minte,
minimum annular velocity (speed mud returns at to
keep the hole clean), bit hydraulic horsepower.
Hence the hydraulic and bit programs work in
tandem to most efficiently drill the well giving best
cost per foot, drilling time, minimum down time.

CONTINUING THE DRILLING PROCESS

Drilling continues in stages:
Drill
run and cement new casings, then drill again.

When the rock cuttings from the mud reveal the oil sand
from the reservoir rock, the final depth may have been
reached.
At this point, the drilling apparatus is removed from the
hole and perform several tests to confirm this finding:
Well logging - lowering electrical and gas sensors into the hole
to take measurements of the rock formations
Drill-stem testing - lowering a device into the hole to measure
the pressures, which will reveal whether reservoir rock has been
reached
Core samples - taking samples of rock to look for characteristics
of reservoir rock

DRILLING PROBLEMS

Other Drilling Problems

WELL COMPLETION TYPE

PRODUCING
SAND

1. Openhole Completion
PRODUCTION
STRING

Openhole completion
merupakan penyelesaian
sumur dimana casing
dipasang hanya sampai di
atas zona produktif
(interest zone). Jadi sumur
diproduksi dengan kondisi
terbuka di sepanjang zona
produksi.

CASING

CEMENT

PACKER

PRODUCING
LAYER

CASING SHOE

2. Liner Completion
Ada dua model penyelesaian sumur
menggunakan Liner Completion :

2. Perforated Liner Completion

Metode penyelesaian sumur dengan
melakukan pemasangan liner dan
disemen pada zona produktif yang
kemudian dilaksanakan pelobangan
(perforated) pada zona-zona yang
paling produktif

CASING
CEMENT
PACKER
PRODUCING LAYER

1. Screen Liner Completion

Casing diset sampai di atas zona
produksi yang kemudian
digabungkan dengan kombinasi liner
dan screen yang tidak disemen di
seluruh permukaan zona produksi

PRODUCTI
ON STRING

LINER HANGER
CASING SHOE
OIL SAND

SLOTTED LINER
LINER SHOE

3. Perforated Casing Completion

CASING
CEMENT

PACKER
PRODUCING LAYER

Perforated casing
completion adalah
penyelesaian sumur
dengan menutup semua
zona produktif dengan
menggunakan casing
dan disemen kemudian
dilakukan perforasi
(pelubangan) pada
daerah-daerah produksi
di lubang sumur

PRODUCTION
STRING

OIL SAND
PERFORATION

CASING SHOE

PRODUCING WELL
COMPLETION
THE MAST (CHRITMAST-TREE)
Setelah pemboran dinyatakan
berhasil dan mendapatkan minyak
atau gas, maka di kepala sumur
dipasang chritmas tree yang
didefinisikan sebagai rangkaian
dari valve dan fitting yang
digunakan untuk control produksi
dan disambungkan dengan bagian
atas tubing head. Pertama kali
christmas tree digunakan untuk
tekanan aliran rendah dan
menengah dari suatu sumur,
dimana rangkaian dari tees,
elbows, nipples, valve yang dibeli
secara terpisah dan dirangkaikan
jadi satu di lokasi.