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Quick Quizzes
1.
(b). The glass surrounding the mercury expands before the mercury does, causing the
level of the mercury to drop slightly. The mercury rises after it begins to get warmer and
approach the temperature of the hot water, because its coefficient of expansion is greater
than that for glass.
2.
3.
(c). A cavity in a material expands in exactly the same way as if the cavity were filled with
material. Thus, both spheres will expand by the same amount.
4.
(a) On a cold day, the trapped air in the bubbles would be reduced in pressure, according
to the ideal gas law. Thus, the volume of the bubbles may be smaller than on a hot day,
and the material would not be as effective in cushioning the package contents.
5.
(a). It expands. Imagine the balloon rising into air at uniform temperature. The air cannot
be uniform in pressure because the lower layers support the weight of all the air above
them. The rubber in a typical balloon stretches or contracts until interior and exterior
pressures are nearly equal. So as the balloon rises, it expands; this can be considered as
constant temperature expansion with V increasing as P decreases by the same factor in
PV = nRT . If the rubber wall is strong enough, the buoyant force will eventually match
the total weight of the balloon and helium so the balloon will stop rising. It is more likely
that the rubber will stretch and rupture, releasing the helium, which in turn will escape
from the Earths atmosphere.
6.
321
C H A P T E R
1 0
Problem Solutions
10.1
(a)
9
9
TF = TC + 32 = ( 273.15 ) + 32 = -460F
5
5
(b) TC =
10.2
(c)
9
9
9
TF = TC + 32 = (TK 273.15 ) + 32 = ( 173.15 ) + 32 = 280F
5
5
5
TC =
5
5
(TF 32 ) = (136 32) = 57.8C
9
9
and
10.3
5
5
(TF 32 ) = ( 98.6 32) = 37.0C
9
9
TC =
5
5
(TF 32 ) = ( 127 32) = 88.3C
9
9
10.4
TC =
and
10.5
5
5
(TF 32 ) = (134 32) = 56.7C
9
9
TC =
5
( 79.8 32 ) = 62.1C
9
5
5
(TF 32 ) = ( 40 32) = 40C
9
9
Since Celsius and Fahrenheit degrees of temperature change are different sizes, this is
the only temperature with the same numeric value on both scales.
322
C H A P T E R
10.6
1 0
Since we have a linear graph, we know that the pressure is related to the temperature as
P = A + BTC , where A and B are constants. To find A and B, we use the given data:
and
(1)
(2)
Therefore,
1.27 atm
= 273C
4.65 103 atm C
10.7
9
Apply TF = TC + 32 to two different Celsius temperatures, TC1 and TC2 ,
5
to obtain
9
TF1 = TC1 + 32 ,
5
(1)
and
9
TF2 = TC2 + 32 .
5
(2)
TF2 TF1 =
TF = ( 9 5 ) TC
323
9
(TC2 TC1 ) ,
5
C H A P T E R
10.8
1 0
9
( 450 ) = 810F
5
(b) Since the only difference in the Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales is the location
of their zero points, differences in temperature have the same numeric values on the
two scales. Thus, T = 450C = 450 K .
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
(a) As the temperature drops by 20C, the length of the pendulum changes by
L = Li ( T )
1
= 19 106 (C ) (1.3 m )( 20C ) = 4.9 104 m = 0.49 mm
324
C H A P T E R
10.13
or
10.14
1 0
L f Li
Li
2.21 cm 2.20 cm
= 35.0C ,
130 10-6 (C )1 ( 2.20 cm )
Tf = 55.0C
1 m3
V = (100 cm3 ) 6
= 1.00 104 m 3
3
10
cm
10.15
V
1.00 104 m 3
=
= 1.39C
( 3 )Vi 3 24 106 (C )1 (1.00 m3 )
(L )
f
brass
This gives
( )
= Lf
T =
al
Lal Lbrass
.
brass Lbrass al Lal
19 10
-6
( C )
10.01 10.00
= 199C ,
(10.00 ) 24 10-6 (C )1 (10.01)
325
C H A P T E R
1 0
19 10
-6
( C )
10.02 10.00
= 396C ,
(10.00 ) 24 10-6 (C )1 (10.02 )
and
Tf = Ti + T = 376C which is below absolute zero and unattainable
10.16
V = Ai + 2 Ai ( T )
Li + Li ( T ) = Ai Li + 3 Ai Li ( T ) + 2 2 Ai Li ( T )
=3
Both diameters are linear dimensions and their new values are given by
L = Li + Li ( T )
1
326
C H A P T E R
10.18
1 0
Let L be the final length of the aluminum column. This will also be the final length of the
quantity of tape now stretching from one end of the column to the other. In order to
determine what the scale reading now is, we need to find the initial length this quantity
of tape had at 21.2C (when the scale markings were presumably painted on the tape).
Thus, we let this initial length of tape be Lit and require that
L = Lit 1 + steel ( T ) = ( Li )column 1 + al ( T ) , which gives
Lit =
or
10.19
Lit =
( Li )column 1 + al ( T )
1 + steel ( T )
1 + 11 106 (C )
)(29.4C 21.2C)
= 18.702 m
The initial length of the band is Li = 2 ri = 2 ( 5.0 103 m ) = 3.1 102 m . The amount
this length would contract, if allowed to do so, as the band cools to 37C is
1
L = Li T = 17.3 106 (C ) ( 3.1 102 m ) (80 C 37 C ) = 2 .3 105 m
Since the band is not allowed to contract, it will develop a tensile stress given by
2.3 105 m
L
10
8
Stress = Y
= 1.3 10 Pa ,
= (18 10 Pa )
2
Li
3.1 10 m
and the tension in the band will be
327
C H A P T E R
10.21
1 0
The initial volume of the gasoline is Vi = 45 L . As the temperature rises to 35C, this
volume will expand by
1
V = Vi ( T ) = 9.6 104 (C ) ( 45 L )( 35C 10C ) = 1.1 liters .
10.22
10.23
(0.29 gal )
Vf
1 + ( T )
1000 gal
1
1+ 9.6 10-4 (C ) ( 20C )
= 1020 gal
1
MR2 . As the temperature rises, the radius of
2
the disk (a linear dimension) increases by
R = R f R0 = R0 ( T ) ,
so the final radius is R f = R0 1 + ( T ) . The change in the moment of inertia is
I =
1
1
2
2
M R2f R02 = MR02 1 + ( T ) 1 = I0 2 ( T ) + 2 ( T )
2
2
The term involving 2 is negligible in comparison to the first order term, so the change
in moment of inertia is I = 2 I0 ( T ) .
10.24
C H A P T E R
10.25
1 0
1
L f = (1.600 cm ) 1 + 11 106 (C ) (190C 30.0C ) = 1.603 cm .
10.26
(a) The cavity in the cylinder expands by the same amount the aluminum which was
removed to form the cavity would have expanded. Thus, the overflow is
) ( T ) = (
i
3 al )Vit ( T )
or
1
1
Voverflow = 9.0 104 (C ) 3( 24 106 ) (C ) ( 2000 cm3 ) (60.0C )
= 99.4 cm3
(b) At 80.0C, the total volume of the turpentine is
Vft = Vit + Vt = Vi 1 + t ( T )
1
= ( 2000 cm 3 ) 1 + 9.0 104 (C ) ( 60.0C ) = 2.11 103 cm 3
99.4 cm 3
= 4.71 102
2.11 103 cm3
When the system is cooled to the original temperature, this fraction of the depth of
the cavity will be empty, or
h = hi ( fraction lost ) = ( 20.0 cm )( 4.71 102 ) = 0.943 cm
10.27
J 1 N m 103 L
1 atm
R = 8.315
3
5
2
mol K 1 J 1 m 1.013 10 N m
= 8.208 102
L atm
mol K
329
C H A P T E R
10.28
(a)
n=
1 0
PV
RT
= 3.0 mol
=
(8.31 J mol K )( 293 K )
(b) N = n NA = ( 3.0 mol )( 6.02 1023 molecules mol ) = 1.8 1024 molecules
10.29
(a)
n=
5
6
3
PV (1.013 10 Pa atm )(1.0 10 m )
=
= 4.2 105 mol ,
RT
8.31
J
mol
K
293
K
)
(
)(
Thus, N = n NA
molecules
19
= ( 4.2 10-5 mol ) 6.02 1023
= 2.5 10 molecules
mol
n2 P2V2 RT2 P2
=
= , or
n1 P1V1 RT1 P1
P
1.0 1011 Pa
21
-5
n2 = 2 n1 =
( 4.2 10 mol ) = 4.1 10 mol
5
P
1.013
10
Pa
10.30
4 3
r .
3
12.5 m3
V2
=
= 884 balloons .
Vb ( 4 3 )(0.150 m )3
330
C H A P T E R
10.31
1 0
10.32
10.33
= 4.5 10
V2 P1 T2 1.0 atm 200 K
13
13
V
Thus, r1 = 1 r2 = ( 4.5 102 ) ( 20 m ) = 7.1 m
V2
10.34
At pressure P1 = 1 atm = 1.013 105 Pa , the air in the bell occupies a volume
V1 = ( r 2 )h1 = (1.50 m ) ( 4.00 m ) = 28.3 m3
2
( 28.3 m ) = 1.16 m
6
P2 T1
2.31 10 Pa 298 K
331
C H A P T E R
1 0
V2
1.16 m3
=
= 0.164 m ,
r 2 (1.50 m )2
so the height the water will rise inside the bell as it sinks to the bottom is
h = h1 h2 = 4.00 m 0.164 m= 3.84 m
10.35
2
atm
10.36
Since the sample contains three times Avogadros number of molecules, there must be 3
moles of gas present. The ideal gas law then gives
P=
The force this gas will exert on one face of the cubical container is
10.37
10.38
3
21
23 J
1.38 10
( 300 K ) = 6.21 10 J
2
K
(a) One mole of any gas contains Avogadros number of molecules and the total
random kinetic energy of these molecules at T = 300 K is
3
J
3
3
3
KE = NA kBT = RT = 8.31
( 300 K ) = 3.74 10 J mol
2
mol K
2
2
332
C H A P T E R
1 0
10.39
One mole of any substance contains Avogadros number of molecules and has a mass
equal to the molar mass, M. Thus, the mass of a single molecule is m = M NA .
For helium, M = 4.00 g mol = 4.00 103 kg mol , and the mass of a helium molecule is
m=
Since a helium molecule contains a single helium atom, the mass of a helium atom is
matom = 6.64 1027 kg
10.40
1
3
From KEmolecule = mv 2 = kBT ,
2
2
the rms speed of a molecule is v = v 2 =
At T = 240 K ,
vH2 =
3k B T
m
molar mass M
=
NA
NA
333
= 1.73 km s
C H A P T E R
vCO2 =
at T = 240 K ,
vescape
1 0
= 0.369 km s
10.3 km s
= 1.71 km s , we should expect that
6
6
hydrogen will escape but carbon dioxide will not . Indeed, it is found that carbon
dioxide is the predominant component in the atmosphere of Venus and hydrogen is
present only in combination with other elements.
10.41
(a) Since each gas is at temperature T = 423 K , the average kinetic energy of a molecule
in either gas is
3
KEmolecule = kBT =
2
3
21
23 J
1.38 10
( 423 K ) = 8.76 10 J
2
K
For helium, m =
and
v=
2 KEmolecule
m
2 ( 8.76 1021 J )
6.64 1027 kg
= 1.62 km s
and
v=
2 ( 8.76 1021 J )
6.63 1026 kg
= 514 m s
334
C H A P T E R
10.42
1 0
Consider a time interval of 1.0 min = 60 s, during which 150 bullets bounce off
Supermans chest. From the impulse-momentum theorem, the magnitude of the average
force exerted on Superman is
F=
From the impulse-momentum theorem, the average force exerted on the wall is
F=
( 5.0 10 )( 4.68 10
23
F=
Impulse N p molecule N m v f vi
=
=
, or
t
t
t
26
kg ) ( 300 m s ) ( 300 m s )
= 14 N
1.0 s
P=
10.45
F
14 N 104 cm2
4
2
=
= 1.8 10 N m = 18 kPa .
A 8.0 cm2 1 m 2
Lx = Lxi ( T )
1
= 17 106 (C ) ( 28.0 cm )( 28.5C ) = 1.36 102 cm = 0.136 mm
335
C H A P T E R
1 0
L = L2x + L2y =
10.46
Ly
Lx
1 0.649 mm
= tan
= 78.2 ,
0.136 mm
at
= tan 1
or
(a)
1
L = Li ( T ) = 9.0 106 (C ) ( 20 cm )(75 C ) = 1.4 102 cm
1
(b) D = Di ( T ) = 9.0 106 (C ) (1.0 cm )(75 C ) = 6.8 104 cm
Di2
2
3
(c) The initial volume is Vi =
Li = (1.0 cm ) ( 20 cm ) = 16 cm .
4
4
V = Vi ( T )
1
= 3 Vi ( T ) = 3 9.0 106 (C ) (16 cm 3 ) (75 C ) = 3.2 102 cm 3
10.47
6.50 g
= 0.148 mol . Thus, at the given
44.0 g mol
temperature and pressure, the volume will be
V=
336
C H A P T E R
10.48
1 0
When air trapped in the tube is compressed, at constant temperature, into a cylindrical
volume 0.40-m long, the ideal gas law gives its pressure as
V
L
1.5 m
5
5
P2 = 1 P1 = 1 P1 =
(1.013 10 Pa ) = 3.8 10 Pa
0.40 m
V2
L2
This is also the water pressure at the bottom of the lake. Thus, P = Patm + gh gives the
depth of the lake as
h=
10.49
P2 Patm
( 3.8 1.013) 105 Pa
=
= 28 m
g
(103 kg m3 )( 9.80 m s2 )
22.9 kg
m
=
= 520 mol .
M 44.0 10-3 kg mol
The recycling process will generate 520 moles of methane to be stored. In a volume of
V = 150 L = 0.150 m 3 and at temperature T = 45.0C = 228 K , the pressure of the stored
methane is
P=
10.50
When gas the supports the piston in equilibrium, the gauge pressure of the gas is
2
F mg ( 5.0 kg ) ( 9.80 m s )
Pgauge = =
=
= 9.8 102 Pa , and the absolute pressure is
A A
0.050 m 2
P = Patm + Pgauge = (1.013 105 + 9.8 102 ) Pa .
The ideal gas law gives the volume as V = nRT P , so the height of the cylindrical space
is
h=
337
C H A P T E R
10.51
1 0
(a) The volume of the liquid expands by Vliquid = V0 ( T ) and the volume of the glass
flask expands by Vflask = ( 3 )V0 ( T ) . The amount of liquid that must overflow
into the capillary is Voverflow = Vliquid Vflask = V0 ( 3 )( T ) . The distance the
liquid will rise into the capillary is then
h =
Voverflow
A
V
= 0 ( 3 )( T )
A
1
) = 9.6 10
almost 20 times the expansion of the flask , making it a rather good approximation to
neglect the expansion of the flask.
10.52
(d
cylinder
) 1 +
i
al
( T ) ( dpiston )i 1 + steel ( T ) .
1 0.99
0.99 ( 24 ) 11 10
( C )
10.53
The expansion in a 1.1-m length of steel tape as the temperature rises from 20C to 25C
is
1
L = Li ( T ) = 11 106 (C ) (1.1 m )( 5.0C ) = 6.1 105 m=0.061 mm
Thus, at 25C, the child fails to reach the 1.1-m mark by 0.061 mm, or the new tape
reading is shorter by 0.061 mm .
338
C H A P T E R
10.54
1 0
3.20 atm
P
T2 = 2 T1 =
( 300 K ) = 343 K
P1
2.80 atm
(b) When the quantity of gas varies, while volume and temperature are constant, the
n
P
ideal gas law gives 3 = 3 . Thus, when air is released to lower the absolute
n2 P2
pressure back to 2.80 atm, we have
n3 2.80 atm
=
= 0.875
n2 3.20 atm
At the end, we have 87.5% of the original mass of air remaining, or
12.5% of the original mass was released .
10.55
Li = 125 m
L = Li ( T )
1
= 12 106 (C ) (125 m )( 20.0C ) = 0.0300 m
y = L2f L2i =
Lf
339
C H A P T E R
10.56
1 0
For the difference in lengths, D = Lsteel Lcopper , to remain constant, the expansions of the
two rods must always be equal, or
steel
copper
Lsteel =
Lsteel , or
1 steel
copper
Lsteel
5.00 cm
= 14.2 cm
11
117
10.57
m 9.00 g
=
= 0.500 mol , so the ideal gas law
M 18.0 g
gives
P=
10.58
P V T
P2V2 P1V1
, or 2 2 = 2 .
=
T2
T1
P1 V1 T1
F
kh
=1 atm +
, V2 = V1 + A h, and T2 = 250 C = 523 K
A
A
k h
A h 523 K
Thus, 1 +
1 +
=
,
A (1 atm )
V1 293 K
( 2.00 103 N m ) h
(0.0100 m2 ) h = 523 .
1
+
or 1 +
340
C H A P T E R
1 0
(b) P2 = 1 atm +
kh
A
= 1.013 105 Pa +
10.59
( 2.00 10
N m )(0.169 m )
0.0100 m
= 1.35 105 Pa
We assume the temperature of the air in the lungs is constant at body temperature
P
throughout. Then, the ideal gas law gives V2 = 1 V1 , where
P2
P1 = 0.95 (1 atm ) , V1 = 0.820 L, and P2 = 0.95 ( Patm + gh ) .
P2 = 0.95 1.013 105 Pa + (103 kg m 3 )( 9.80 m s2 ) (10.0 m ) = 0.95 (1.99 105 Pa )
0.95 (1.013 105 Pa )
(0.820 L ) = 0.417 L
Thus, V2 =
5
0.95 (1.99 10 Pa )
10.60
n2 f + n1 f = n2i + n1i .
Pf V
RT2 f
(1)
PV
, so equation (1) becomes
RT
1
1
PV
PV
1
1
i
+
+
+ i , or Pf
= Pi
T1 f T2 f
RT1i RT2i
T1i T2i
Thus,
T + T2i
Pf = Pi 1i
T1i T2i
T1 f T2 f
T1 f + T2 f
341
C H A P T E R
10.61
1 0
L2
L1
( 2 1 ) L0 ( T )
, or =
( 2 1 ) L0 ( T )
r
342
C H A P T E R
1 0
As the moment of inertia of the balance wheel increases, the angular acceleration the
spring can give the wheel will decrease. Thus, the wheel will not oscillate as rapidly as it
should, causing the watch to run slow.
4.
This is very good advice. As the engine heats, pressure builds up in the radiator causing
most of the water in the system to remain liquid even at temperatures above the normal
boiling point of water. Opening the radiator cap while the engine is still hot would result
in an explosive release of this pressure and very rapid boiling of the water. This will cause
steam and superheated water to spew from the radiator, and can result in serious burns to
the person opening the cap.
6.
The temperature of the bearing can be increased until its diameter becomes large enough
to slip over the axle.
8.
The lower temperature will make the power line decrease in length. This increases the
tension in the line to the point that it is near breaking.
10.
At high temperature and pressure, the steam inside exerts large forces on the pot and
cover. Strong latches hold them together, but they would explode apart if you tried to
open the hot cooker.
12.
The measurements are too short. At 22C the tape would read the width of the object
accurately, but an increase in temperature causes the divisions ruled on the tape to be
farther apart than they should be. This too long ruler will, then, measure objects to be
shorter than they really are.
14.
The existence of an atmosphere on a planet is due to the gravitational force holding the
gas of the atmosphere to the planet. On a small planet, the gravitational force is very
small, and the escape speed is correspondingly small. If a small planet starts its existence
with atmosphere, the molecules of the gas will have a distribution of speeds, according to
kinetic theory. Some of these molecules will have speeds higher than the escape speed of
the planet and will leave the atmosphere. As the remaining atmosphere is warmed by
radiation from the Sun, more molecules will attain speeds high enough to escape. As a
result, the atmosphere bleeds off into space.
343
C H A P T E R
1 0
57.8C, -88.3C
4.
56.7C, -62.1C
6.
(a)
273 C
(b)
8.
(a)
810F
(b)
450 K
(b)
fast
10.
3.27 cm
12.
(a)
14.
1.39C
18.
18.702 m
20.
22.
1020 gallons
24.
(a)
2.5 106 Pa
26.
(a)
99.4 cm 3
(b)
0.943 cm
28.
(a)
3.0 mol
(b)
30.
884 balloons
32.
4.8 g
34.
3.84 m
36.
36.5 kN
38.
(a)
3.74 kJ mol
(b)
1.93 km s
40.
(a)
vH2 = 1.73 km s
(b)
vCO2 = 0.369 km s
L f = 1.3 m 0.49 mm
42.
5.1 1021 J
44.
18 kPa
46.
(a)
1.4 102 cm
(b)
6.8 104 cm
344
(c)
3.2 102 cm 3
C H A P T E R
48.
28 m
50.
2.4 m
52.
8.0 102 C
54.
(a)
56.
58.
(a)
60.
1.15 atm
343 K
16.9 cm
1 0
(b)
(b)
1.35 105 Pa
345
346