Bassey Project

INVESTIGATION OF CORROSION INHIBITON EFFECT OF MINT
LEAVES AND GUAVA LEAVES EXTRACTS IN ACIDIC MEDIA
BY
BASSEY OKON SAMUEL
U09ME1059
A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, AHMADU BELLO
UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
ENGINEERING (B.Eng) IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
SUPERVISOR
ENGR. BASHIR DANASABE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
SEPTEMBER, 2014
CERTIFICATION
This project entitled investigation of corrosion inhibition effect of mint leaves and guava leaves extract has
been read and approved by the undersigned as meeting the requirement for the award of Degree in
Mechanical Engineering, from the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
___________________________
___________________
Engr. Bashir Danasabe
Date
Project supervisor
___________________________
_______________
Dr. D.M. Dauda
Date
Head of Department
ii
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project has been written by me and that the research work is the result
of careful observation of the rate of corrosion of mild steel immersed in different media. To the
best of my knowledge, this research work has not been presented anywhere for the award of
degree prior to this project.
BASSEY OKON SAMUEL
DATE:.
SIGNATURE:.
iii
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated grandly to God Almighty: The Magnificent and Merciful. Also to the
loving thought of my family Mr. Bassey Bassey (Father), Mrs. Grace Bassey (Mother), Nko
Bassey, Okon Bassey and Samuel Samuel Okon and my most beloved Ikwuba Regina.
iv
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, praises, glory and honor be to Almighty God for His mercies, Love and Favor
in making this achievement a reality.
I would like to acknowledge the intellectual resourcefulness of my supervisor, Engr. Bashir
Danasabe for his excellent supervision of this project. I sincerely appreciate all his advice and
useful suggestions. I also thank him for reading through the project and making the necessary
corrections. May God Almighty reward you abundantly.
Respect and due honor goes to my loving parents, Mr. Samuel Bassey and Mrs. Grace Bassey, for
encouragement, patience, moral and financial support throughout my period of education. God
bless you.
I specially thank and appreciate my sister and brothers, Nko Bassey, Okon Bassey and Samuel
Samuel Okon for their immense encouragement, patient, love, care, financial and moral supports.
God Almighty bless you.
My special thanks goes to my most beloved Ikwuba Regina for her intense love, encouragement
and moral support through my studies.
ABSTRACT
This project investigate the corrosion inhibitive effect of plant solution extract of mint leaves
(Mentha) and guava leaves (Psidium guajava) on the corrosion of mild steel test specimen
immersed in 2M hydrochloric acid (HCL) and 2M sulphuric acid (H2SO4). The influence of the
active media encountered in service on mild steel over a period of 8 days (192 hours) in the
laboratory by the use of weight loss method. Corrosion rate (calculated) in millimeter per year
(MPY) was carried out.
The results shows that the solution extract of mint leaves could effectively serve as effective
inhibitor both in 2M HCL and 2M H2SO4. While the extract of guava leaves acts effectively only
in H2SO4 and deficiently in HCL. Generally, mint leaves has the highest inhibitor efficiency in
comparison with guava leaves.
vi
NOMENCLATURE
S = Sulphur
H = Hydrogen
O = Oxygen
CL = Chlorine
HCL = Hydrochloric Acid
H2SO4 = Sulphuric Acid
Fe = Iron
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Some problems encountered and remedies using inhibitor30
Table 4.1: Pure H2SO4 without inhibitor..51
Table 4.2: Pure 2M HCL without inhibitor..51
Table 4.3: 10% guava Extract + 2M H2SO4.51
Table 4.4: 20% Guava Extract + 2M H2SO452
Table 4.5: 30% Guava Extract + 2M H2SO452
Table 4.6: 40% Guava Extract + H2SO4...52
Table 4.7: 10% Guava Extract + 2M HCL..52
Table 4.8: 20% Guava Extract +2M HCL53
Table 4.9: 30% Guava Extract + 2M HCL53
Table 4.10: 40% Guava Extract + 2M HCL..53
Table 4.11: 10% Mint Extract + 2M H2SO4..53
Table 4.12: 20% Mint Extract + 2M H2SO4..54
Table 4.13: 30% Mint Extract + 2M H2SO4.54
Table 4.14: 40% Mint Extract + 2M H2SO4.54
Table 4.15: 10% Mint Extract + 2M HCL54
Table 4.19: 0.1M C5H2COONa Extract + 2M H2SO4...55
Table 4.20: 0.2M C5H2COONa Extract + 2M H2SO4...56
Table 4.21: 0.3M C5H2COONa Extract + 2M H2SO4..56
Table 4.22: 0.5M C5H2COONa Extract + 2M H2SO4..56
Table 4.23: 0.1M C5H2COONa Mint Extract + 2M HCL56
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Table 5.2: Result of chemical analysis of pant samples...70
Table 5.3: Mild steel in various % of mint leaves extract + 2m HCL..71
Table 5.4: Mild steel in various % of mint extract + 2m H2SO4..71
Table 5.5: Mild steel in various % of guava extract + 2M HCL..72
Table 5.6: Mild steel in various % of guava extract + 2M H2SO4...72
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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 2.1: Different types of pitting corrosion..12
Fig 2.2: Corrosion of a basic alloy metal13
Fig 2.3: Intergranular corrosion..15
Fig 2.4: Erosion corrosion type mechanism...16
Fig 2.5: Stress corrosion cracking.18
Fig 2.6: Fretting corrosion.20
Figure 3.1: Soxhlet extraction process setup.42
Fig 3.2: Experimental setup of mild steel samples in their containers..49
Figure 4.1: Graph of corrosion rate against time for Guava extract in 2M H2SO458
Figure 4.2: Graph of corrosion rate against time for Guava in 2M HCL..58
Figure 4.3: Graph of corrosion rate against time for mint extract in 2M H2SO4...59
Figure 4.4: Graph of corrosion rate against time for Mint extract in 2M HCL.59
Figure 4.5: Graph of corrosion rate against time for the standard inhibitor C5H2COONa in 2M
H2SO4.60
HCL60
Figure 4.7: Graph of inhibitor efficiency against time for Guava leave extract in 2M H2SO4.61
Figure 4.8: Graph of inhibitor efficiency against time for guava leaves extract in 2M HCL61
Figure 4.9: Graph of inhibitor efficiency against time for Mint leaves extract in 2M H2SO4..62
Figure 4.10: Graph of inhibitor efficiency against time for mint leaves extract in 2M HCL62
Figure 4.11: Graph of inhibitor efficiency against time for the standard inhibitor C 2H5COONa in
2M H2SO4..63
Figure 4.12: Graph of inhibitor efficiency against time for the standard inhibitor C2H5COONa in
2M
HCL63
TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATIONii
DECLARATION.iii
DEDICATION.iv
AKNOWLEDGEMENT..v
ABSTRACT..vi
NOMENCLATUREvii
LIST OF TABLESviii
LIST OF FIGURESx
CHAPTER ONE.1
INTRODUCTION.1
1.0
BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1
EFFECT OF CORROSION ................................................................................................................. 2
1.2
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING CORROSION..................................................................................... 3
1.3
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER TWO6
LITERATURE REVIEW6
2.0
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.1
FORMS OF CORROSION................................................................................................................. 6
2.1.1.
UNIFORM CORROSION.......................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2.
GALVANIC CORROSION ......................................................................................................... 9
2.1.3.
PITTING CORROSION ........................................................................................................... 10
2.1.4.
CREVICE CORROSION .......................................................................................................... 12
2.1.5.
INTERGRANULAR CORROSION ............................................................................................ 13
2.1.6.
EROSION CORROSION ......................................................................................................... 15
2.1.7.
STRESS CORROSION ............................................................................................................ 16
2.1.8.
SELECTIVE CORROSION ....................................................................................................... 18
2.1.9.
FRETTING CORROSION ........................................................................................................ 19
2.2.
MECHANISM OF CORROSION ..................................................................................................... 20
2.3.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF CORROSION ........................................................................ 24
2.4.
CORROSION CONTROL ................................................................................................................ 25
2.4.1.
Material selection ............................................................................................................... 25

xi
2.4.2.
Corrosion control by design ................................................................................................ 25
2.4.3.
Coating ................................................................................................................................ 25
2.4.4.
Cathodic protection ............................................................................................................ 25
2.4.5.
Anodic protection ............................................................................................................... 26
2.4.6.
Alteration of the soil ........................................................................................................... 26
2.4.7.
Inhibitors (retarding catalyst) ............................................................................................. 26
2.4.8.
Organic and inorganic coatings ........................................................................................... 26
2.5.
CORROSION INHIBITOR ............................................................................................................... 27
2.5.1.
Classification of corrosion inhibitors................................................................................... 27
2.5.2.
Anodic inhibitors ................................................................................................................. 28
2.5.3.
Cathodic inhibitors .............................................................................................................. 28
2.5.4.
Adsorption inhibitors .......................................................................................................... 29
2.5.5.
Mixed inhibitors .................................................................................................................. 29
2.6.
THE MECHANISM OF CORROSION INHIBITORS .......................................................................... 30
2.7.
PAST WORKS ON CORROSION OF MILD STEEL ........................................................................... 31
2.7.1.
Yahaya Akabi Jimoh (2000). ................................................................................................ 31
2.7.2.
Akpouwa Esosuorakpon (2000): ......................................................................................... 31
2.7.3.
C.A. Loto: ............................................................................................................................. 32
2.7.4.
Olokpo Godwin Eche (2001): .............................................................................................. 32
2.7.5.
Awulu Samuel Akogwu (2002): ........................................................................................... 32
2.8.
PRESENT WORK ON THE CORROSION OF MILD STEEL................................................................ 32
2.8.1.
Mint leaves .......................................................................................................................... 33
2.8.2.
Guava leaves ....................................................................................................................... 33
2.9.
TANNINS ...................................................................................................................................... 34
2.10.
CORROSION TESTING .............................................................................................................. 35
2.10.1.
The importance of corrosion testing .................................................................................. 35
2.10.2.
Methods of testing corrosion ............................................................................................. 36
2.10.3.
Spool piece (coupon) (weight loss) test .............................................................................. 36
2.11.
RATE OF CORROSION .............................................................................................................. 36
2.12.
INHIBITOR EFFICIENCY ............................................................................................................ 37
CHAPTER 3.39
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................. 39
3.0
IDENTIFICATION AND PREPARATION OF PLANT SAMPLES ......................................................... 39

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3.0.1 Preliminary treatment of plant sample before analysis ............................................................ 39

3.0.2. Analysis of the samples ............................................................................................................. 40
3.0.3. Chemical analysis of samples extracts ...................................................................................... 42
3.0.4. Determination of moisture content.......................................................................................... 42
3.0.5. Determination of total soluble.................................................................................................. 43
3.0.6. Determination of total solids .................................................................................................... 43
3.0.7. Determination of non-tannin content ...................................................................................... 44
3.0.8. Determination of tannin content .............................................................................................. 45
3.0.9. Determination of total salt ....................................................................................................... 45
3.0.10. Determination of total acid..................................................................................................... 45
3.0.11. Determination of pH ............................................................................................................... 46
3.1. MATERIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES ................................................................................ 46
3.1.1
Material specification: ........................................................................................................ 46
3.1.2
Preparation of mild steel samples ...................................................................................... 46
3.1.3
Apparatus reagents and samples ........................................................................................ 46
3.2. PREPARATION OF SOLUTION OF CORROSIVE MEDIA ...................................................................... 47

3.3. CORROSION TEST EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE .............................................................................. 49
3.4. POST IMMERSION ............................................................................................................................ 50
CHAPTER FOUR51
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION...................................................................................................................... 51
4.0
RESULTS....................................................................................................................................... 51
4.1. DISCUSSION OF RESULT ................................................................................................................... 64

CHAPTER FIVE68
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 68
5.0
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 68
5.1. RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................................ 69

APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................................................. 70
5.2. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 73
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND
A metal is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and
has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are generally malleable that is, they can
be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking as well as
fusible (able to be fused or melted) and ductile (able to be drawn out into a thin wire). Steel is an
alloy of iron and carbon that is widely used in construction and other applications because of its
hardness and tensile strength. Some metals and metal alloys possess high structural strength per
unit mass, making them useful materials for carrying large loads or resisting impact damage. Metal
alloys can be engineered to have high resistance to shear, torque and deformation. However the
same metal can also be vulnerable to fatigue damage through repeated use or from sudden stress
failure when a load capacity is exceeded or also from corrosion. Mild steel also known as plaincarbon steel, is the most common form of steel because its price is relatively low while it provides
material properties that are acceptable for many applications, more so than iron. Low-carbon steel
contains approximately 0.050.320% carbon making it malleable and ductile. Mild steel has a
relatively low tensile strength, but it is cheap and malleable; surface hardness can be increased
through carburizing. It is often used when large quantities of steel are needed, for example as
structural steel (Wikipedia, 2014).
Corrosion is the gradual destruction of materials (usually metals) by chemical reaction with its
environment. This type of damage typically produces oxide(s) or salt(s) of the original metal.
Corrosion can also occur in materials other than metals, such as ceramics or polymers, although in
1
this context, the term degradation is more common. Corrosion degrades the useful properties of
materials and structures including strength, appearance and permeability to liquids and gases.
1.1 EFFECT OF CORROSION

Studies in a number of countries have attempted to determine the national cost of corrosion.
Several studies over the past 30 years have shown that the annual direct cost of corrosion to an
industrial economy is approximately 3.1% of the country's Gross National Product (GNP) (Shaw,
2006).
Recent years have seen an increasing use of metal prosthetic devices in the body, such as pins,
plates, hip joints, pacemakers, and other implants. New alloys and better techniques of
implantation have been developed, but corrosion continues to create problems. Examples include
failures through broken connections in pacemakers, inflammation caused by corrosion products in
the tissue around implants, and fracture of weight-bearing prosthetic devices. An example of the
latter is the use of metallic hip joints, which can alleviate some of the problems of arthritic hips.
The situation has improved in recent years, so that hip joints which were was at first limited to
persons over 60 are now being used in younger persons, because they will last longer(Corrosiondoctors.org, 2014).
An even more significant problem is corrosion of structures, which can result in severe injuries or
even loss of life. Safety is compromised by corrosion contributing to failures of bridges, aircraft,
automobiles, gas pipelines etc., the whole complex of metal structures and devices that make up
the modern world (Hutsoniap, 2014).
The economic consequences of corrosion affect technology. A great deal of the development of
new technology is held back by corrosion problems because materials are required to withstand,
in many cases simultaneously, higher temperatures, higher pressures, and more highly corrosive
environments. Corrosion problems that are less difficult to solve affect solar energy systems, which
require alloys to withstand hot circulating heat transfer fluids for long periods of time, and
geothermal systems, which require materials to withstand highly concentrated solutions of
corrosive salts at high temperatures and pressures. Another example, the drilling for oil in the sea
and on land, involves overcoming such corrosion problems as sulfide stress corrosion,
microbiological corrosion, and the vast array of difficulties involved in working in the highly
corrosive marine environment. In many of these instances, corrosion is a limiting factor preventing
the development of economically or even technologically workable systems.
International concern was aroused by the disclosure of the serious deterioration of the artistically
and culturally significant gilded bronze statues in Venice, Italy. Corrosive processes will accelerate
the deterioration of precious artifacts such as those in Venice by the highly polluted environments
that now are prevalent in most of the countries of the world. Likewise, inside the world's museums
conservators and restorers labor to protect cultural treasures against the ravages of corrosion or to
remove its traces from artistically or culturally important artifacts(corriosion-doctors.org).
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING CORROSION

The importance of corrosion studies is two folds. The first is economic, including the reduction of
material losses resulting from the wasting away or sudden failure of piping, tanks, metal
components of machines, ships, hulls, marine, structures...etc. The second is conservation, applied
primarily to metal resources, the worlds supply of which is limited, and the wastage of which
includes corresponding losses of energy and water resources accompanying the production and
fabrication of metal structures. In a modern business environment, successful enterprises cannot tolerate
major corrosion failures, especially those involving personal injuries, fatalities, unscheduled shutdowns and
environmental contamination. For this reason, considerable efforts are generally expended in corrosion
control at the design stage and in the operational phase. Corrosion can lead to failures in plant infrastructure
and machines which are usually costly to repair, costly in terms of lost or contaminated product, in terms
of environmental damage, and possibly costly in terms of human safety. Decisions regarding the future
integrity of a structure or its components depend upon an accurate assessment of the conditions affecting
its corrosion and rate of deterioration. With this information an informed decision can be made as to the
type, cost and urgency of possible remedial measures. Required levels of maintenance can vary greatly
depending on the severity of the operating environments. While some of the infrastructure equipment might
only require regular repainting and occasional inspection of electrical and plumbing lines, some chemical
processing plants, power generation plants, aircraft and marine equipment, are operated with extensive
maintenance schedules (Roberg, 2007).
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this work is to investigate the inhibitory effectiveness of some plant extracts in the corrosion of
mild steel. This shall be investigated through experimental analysis using plants extract at different
concentrations in some acidic media. The plant extract are: guava leaves extract and mint leaves extract.
The specific objectives are:
To get extracts from guava leaves and mint leaves.
To vary the time of exposure of the specimen in the corrosive environment.
To access the effect of concentrations of the inhibitor on the corrosion of steel.
To compare the results of these extracts with that of a standard inhibitor.
1.4. STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Corrosion has been a phenomenon affecting the economy of any industrialized nation involving
in material losses resulting from the wasting away or sudden failure of piping, tanks, metal
components of machines, ships, hulls, marines, structures, etc. Also, in respect to conservation,
applies primarily to metal resources, the worlds supply of which is limited, and the wastage of
which includes corresponding losses of energy and water resources accompanying the
production and fabrication of metal structures.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Corrosion may be defined as a destructive phenomenon, chemical or electrochemical, which can
attack any metal or alloy through reaction by the surrounding environment and in extreme cases
may cause structural failure. Corrosion can be also defined as the deterioration of material by
reaction to its environment. The corrosion occurs because of the natural tendency for most metals
to return to their natural state; e.g., iron in the presence of moist air will revert to its natural state,
iron oxide. Metals can be corroded by the direct reaction of the metal to a chemical; e.g., zinc will
react with dilute sulfuric acid, and magnesium will react with alcohols. Traditionally, corrosion is
classified into eight categories based on the morphology of the attack, as well as the type of
environment to which the material is exposed. Uniform or general corrosion is the most prevalent
type of corrosion and examples of this type of corrosion abound; including rusting of steel bridges,
rusting of underground pipelines, tarnishing of silver, and patina formation on copper roofs and
bronze statues. Anyone who has left a piece of unprotected steel outside is familiar with uniform
corrosion. Fortunately, uniform corrosion is predictable and is usually controlled by various
methods such as painting the surface or applying a layer of a sacrificial metal like zinc to steel
(Shaw 2006).
2.1 FORMS OF CORROSION

Even though the fundamental mechanism of corrosion involves creation or existence of corrosion
cells, there are several types or forms of corrosions that can occur. It should how ever be borne in
mind that for corrosion to occur, there is no need for discrete (physically independent) anodes and
cathodes. Innumerable micro level anodic and cathodic areas can be generated at the same (single)
6
surface on which anodic (corrosion) and cathodic (reduction) reactions occur. Each form of
corrosion has a specific arrangement of anodes and cathodes and specific patterns and locations
depending on the type can exist. The most important types are (Natarajan 2013):
2.1.1. UNIFORM CORROSION
Uniform corrosion is characterized by corrosive attack proceeding evenly over the entire surface
area, or a large fraction of the total area. General thinning takes place until failure. On the basis of
tonnage wasted, this is the most important form of corrosion.
However, uniform corrosion is relatively easily measured and predicted, making disastrous failures
relatively rare. In many cases, it is objectionable only from an appearance standpoint. As corrosion
occurs uniformly over the entire surface of the metal component, it can be practically controlled
by cathodic protection, use of coatings or paints, or simply by specifying a corrosion allowance.
In other cases uniform corrosion adds color and appeal to a surface. Two classics in this respect
are the patina created by naturally tarnishing copper roofs and the rust hues produced on
weathering steels (NACE 2014).
The breakdown of protective coating systems on structures often leads to this form of corrosion.
Dulling of a bright or polished surface, etching by acid cleaners, or oxidation (discoloration) of
steel are examples of surface corrosion. Corrosion resistant alloys and stainless steels can become
tarnished or oxidized in corrosive environments. Surface corrosion can indicate a breakdown in
the protective coating system, however, and should be examined closely for more advanced attack.
If surface corrosion is permitted to continue, the surface may become rough and surface corrosion
can lead to more serious types of corrosion. It is a uniform and general attack, in which the entire metal
surface area exposed to the corrosive environment is converted to its oxide form, it is the uniform thinning
7
of a metal without any localized attack, corrosion does not penetrate very deep inside, and the most familiar
example is the rusting of steel in air. Uniform corrosion is assumed to be the most common form of
corrosion and particularly responsible for most the material loss. Traditionally, however, it is not recognized
as dangerous form of corrosion, because (Bardal, 2004):
1. Prediction of thickness reduction rate can by means of simple test corresponding corrosion
allowance can be added taking into account strength requiring and lifetime.
2. Available protection methods are usually so efficient that the corrosion rate is reduced to an
acceptable level. Actual methods are applications of coating, cathodic protection or possibly change
of environment or material.
Aqueous corrosion of iron (Fe) in H2SO4 and HCL solutions are examples of uniform attack since Fe can
be dissolved (oxidized) at a uniform rate according to the following anodic and cathodic reactions,
respectively.
2+ + 2
2 + + 2 2
+ 2 + +2 + 2
Atmospheric corrosion of steel is also a common example of uniform corrosion, which is

manifested as a brown color corrosion layer on the exposed steel surface. This layer is a ferric
hydroxide compound known as rust. The formation of brown rust is as follows:
( +2 + 2 )( 2)
2 + 22 + 4 4
2 + 2 + 22 2 +2 + 4 2()2
1
2()2 + 2 + 2 2()3 2 3 . 32
2
( 2) =
2()2 = ( )
2()3 = ( +3 )
2 3 . 32 =
=
2.1.2. GALVANIC CORROSION
Galvanic corrosion occurs when two different metals have physical or electrical contact with each
other and are immersed in a common electrolyte, or when the same metal is exposed to electrolyte
with different concentrations. A potential difference usually exists between two dissimilar metals
when they are immersed in a corrosive or conductive solution. If these metals are placed in contact
(or otherwise electrically connected), this potential difference produces electron flow between
them. Corrosion of the less corrosion-resistant metal is usually increased and attack of the more
resistant material is decreased, as compared with the behavior of these metals when they are not
in contact. The less resistant metal becomes anodic and the more resistant metal cathodic. Usually
the- cathode or cathodic metal corrodes very little or not at all in this type of couple. In a galvanic
couple, the more active metal (the anode) corrodes at an accelerated rate and the more noble metal
(the cathode) corrodes at a retarded rate. When immersed separately, each metal corrodes at its
own rate. For example, zinc is often used as a sacrificial anode for steel structures. Because of the
electric currents and dissimilar metals involved, this form of corrosion is called galvanic, or twometal, corrosion. Galvanic corrosion is of major interest to the marine industry and also anywhere
water (containing salts) contacts pipes or metal structures (wikipedia).
9
Factors such as relative size of anode, types of metal, and operating conditions (temperature,
humidity, salinity, etc.) affect galvanic corrosion. The surface area ratio of the anode and cathode
directly affects the corrosion rates of the materials. Galvanic corrosion is often prevented by the
use of sacrificial anodes (Wikipedia).
2.1.3. PITTING CORROSION
Certain conditions, such as low concentrations of oxygen or high concentrations of species such
as chloride which complete as anions, can interfere with a given alloy's ability to re-form a
passivating film. In the worst case, almost all of the surface will remain protected, but tiny local
fluctuations will degrade the oxide film in a few critical points. Corrosion at these points will be
greatly amplified, and can cause corrosion pits of several types, depending upon conditions. Pitting
is a form of extremely localized attack that results in holes in the metal. These holes may be small
or large in diameter, but in most cases they are relatively small. Pits are sometimes isolated or so
close together that they look like a rough surface. Generally a pit may be described as a cavity or
hole with the surface diameter about the same as or less than the depth. While the corrosion pits
only nucleate under fairly extreme circumstances, they can continue to grow even when conditions
return to normal, since the interior of a pit is naturally deprived of oxygen and locally the pH
decreases to very low values and the corrosion rate increases due to an autocatalytic process. In
extreme cases, the sharp tips of extremely long and narrow corrosion pits can cause stress
concentration to the point that otherwise tough alloys can shatter; a thin film pierced by an invisibly
small hole can hide a thumb sized pit from view. These problems are especially dangerous because
they are difficult to detect before a part or structure fails. Pitting remains among the most common
10
and damaging forms of corrosion in passivated alloys, but it can be prevented by control of the
alloy's environment (Wikipedia).
Pitting results when a small hole, or cavity, forms in the metal, usually as a result of de-passivation
of a small area. This area becomes anodic, while part of the remaining metal becomes cathodic,
producing a localized galvanic reaction. The deterioration of this small area penetrates the metal
and can lead to failure. This form of corrosion is often difficult to detect due to the fact that it is
usually relatively small and may be covered and hidden by corrosion-produced compounds. Pitting
is one of the most destructive and insidious forms of corrosion. It causes equipment to fail because
of perforation with only a small percent weight loss of the entire structure. It is often difficult to
detect pits because of their small size and because the pits are often covered with corrosion
products. In addition, it is difficult to measure quantitatively and compare the extent of pitting
because of the varying depths and numbers of pits that may occur under identical conditions.
Pitting is also difficult to predict by laboratory tests. Sometimes the pits require a long time-several
months or a year-to show up in actual service. Pitting is particularly vicious because it is a localized
and intense form of corrosion, and failures often occur with extreme suddenness. It is shown in fig
2.1:
11
Fig 2.1: Different types of pitting corrosion (corrosionclinic.com)

2.1.4. CREVICE CORROSION
Crevice corrosion is a localized form of corrosion occurring in confined spaces (crevices), to which
the access of the working fluid from the environment is limited. Formation of a differential aeration
cell leads to corrosion inside the crevices. Examples of crevices are gaps and contact areas between
parts, under gaskets or seals, inside cracks and seams, spaces filled with deposits and under sludge
piles.
Crevice corrosion is influenced by the crevice type (metal-metal, metal-nonmetal), crevice

geometry (size, surface finish), and metallurgical and environmental factors. The susceptibility to
crevice corrosion can be evaluated with ASTM standard procedures. A critical crevice corrosion
temperature is commonly used to rank a material's resistance to crevice corrosion. Intense localized
corrosion frequently occurs within crevices and other shielded areas on metal surfaces exposed to
corrosives. This type of attack is usually associated with small volumes of stagnant solution caused
by holes, gasket surfaces, lap joints, surface deposits, and crevices under bolt and rivet heads. As
12
a result, this form of corrosion is called crevice corrosion or, sometimes, deposit or gasket
corrosion, as in figure 2.2 below:
Fig 2.2: Corrosion of a basic alloy metal (corrosionprotectiontech.blogspot.com, 2013)

2.1.5. INTERGRANULAR CORROSION
Grain boundary effects are of little or no consequence in most applications or uses of metals. If a
metal corrodes, uniform attack results since grain boundaries are usually only slightly more
reactive than the matrix. However, under certain conditions, grain interfaces are very reactive and
intergranular corrosion results. Localized attack at and adjacent to grain boundaries, with relatively
little corrosion of the grains, is intergranular corrosion. The alloy disintegrates (grains fall out)
and/or loses its strength.(Wikipedia, 2014)
Intergranular corrosion can be caused by impurities at the grain boundaries, enrichment of one of
the alloying elements, or depletion of one of these elements in the grain-boundary areas. Small
amounts of iron in aluminum, wherein the solubility of iron is low, have been shown to segregate
in the grain boundaries and cause intergranular corrosion. It has been shown that based on surface
tension considerations the zinc content of a brass is higher at the grain boundaries. Depletion of
13
chromium in the grain-boundary regions results in intergranular corrosion of stainless steels. This
form of corrosion is usually associated with chemical segregation effects (impurities have a
tendency to be enriched at grain boundaries) or specific phases precipitated on the grain
boundaries. Such precipitation can produce zones of reduced corrosion resistance in the immediate
vicinity (nace.org).
The attack is usually related to the segregation of specific elements or the formation of a compound
in the boundary. Corrosion then occurs by preferential attack on the grain-boundary phase, or in a
zone adjacent to it that has lost an element necessary for adequate corrosion resistance - thus
making the grain boundary zone anodic relative to the remainder of the surface. The attack usually
progresses along a narrow path along the grain boundary and, in a severe case of grain-boundary
corrosion, entire grains may be dislodged due to complete deterioration of their boundaries. In any
case the mechanical properties of the structure will be seriously affected.
A classic example is the sensitization of stainless steels or weld decay. Chromium-rich grain
boundary precipitates lead to a local depletion of Cr immediately adjacent to these precipitates,
leaving these areas vulnerable to corrosive attack in certain electrolytes. Reheating a welded
component during multi-pass welding is a common cause of this problem. In austenitic stainless
steels, titanium or niobium can react with carbon to form carbides in the heat affected zone (HAZ)
causing a specific type of intergranular corrosion known as knife-line attack. These carbides build
up next to the weld bead where they cannot diffuse due to rapid cooling of the weld metal. The
problem of knife-line attack can be corrected by reheating the welded metal to allow diffusion to
occur.
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Many aluminum base alloys are susceptible to intergranular corrosion on account of either phases
anodic to aluminum being present along grain boundaries or due to depleted zones of copper
adjacent to grain boundaries in copper-containing alloys. Alloys that have been extruded or
otherwise worked heavily, with a microstructure of elongated, flattened grains, are particularly
prone to this damage. This could be shown in figure 2.3 below:
Fig 2.3: Intergranular corrosion (nace.org)

2.1.6. EROSION CORROSION
Erosion corrosion is the acceleration or increase in rate of deterioration or attack on a metal because
of relative movement between a corrosive fluid and the metal surface. Generally, this movement
is quite rapid, and mechanical wear effects or abrasion are involved. Metal is removed from the
surface as dissolved ions, or it forms solid corrosion products which are mechanically swept from
the metal surface. Sometimes, movement of the environment decreases corrosion, particularly
when localized attack occurs under stagnant conditions, but this is not erosion corrosion because
deterioration is not increased (Fontana and Greene, 1967).
15
Erosion corrosion is characterized in appearance by grooves, gullies, waves, rounded holes, and
valleys and usually exhibits a directional pattern. In many cases, failures because of erosion
corrosion occur in a relatively short time, and they are unexpected largely because evaluation
corrosion tests were run under static conditions or because the erosion effects were not considered
Fig 2.4: Erosion corrosion type mechanism (corrosionist.com)
2.1.7. STRESS CORROSION
Stress-corrosion cracking refers to cracking caused by the simultaneous presence of tensile stress
and a specific corrosive medium. Many investigators have classified all cracking failures occurring
in corrosive mediums as stress-corrosion cracking, including failures due to hydrogen
embrittlement. However, these two types of cracking failures respond differently to environmental
variables. To illustrate, cathodic protection is an effective method for preventing stress-corrosion
cracking whereas it rapidly accelerates hydrogen-embrittlement effects. Hence, the importance of
considering stress-corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement as separate phenomena is
obvious. For this reason, the two cracking phenomena are discussed separately in this chapter.
16
During stress-corrosion cracking, the metal or alloy is virtually unattacked over most of its surface,
while fine cracks progress through it. This cracking phenomenon has serious consequences since
it can occur at stresses within the range of typical design stress. Exposure to boiling MgCl 2 at
310F (154C) is shown to reduce the strength capability to approximately that available at
1200F.
The two classic cases of stress-corrosion cracking are "season cracking" of brass, and the "caustic
embrittlement" of steel. Both of these obsolete terms describe the environmental conditions present
which led to stress-corrosion cracking. Season cracking refers to the stress-corrosion cracking
failure of brass cartridge cases. During periods of heavy rainfall, especially in the tropics, cracks
were observed in the brass cartridge cases at the point where the case was crimped to the bullet. It
was later found that the important environmental component in season cracking was ammonia
resulting from the decomposition of organic matter (Fontana and Greene, 1967).
Many explosions of riveted boilers occurred in early steam-driven locomotives. Examination of

these failures showed cracks or brittle failures at the rivet holes. These areas were cold-worked
during riveting operations, and analysis of the whitish deposits found in these areas showed
caustic, or sodium hydroxide, to be the major component. Hence, brittle fracture in the presence
of caustic resulted in the term caustic embrittlement. While stress alone will react in ways well
known in mechanical metallurgy (i.e., creep, fatigue, tensile failure) and corrosion alone will react
to produce characteristic dissolution reactions; the simultaneous action of both sometimes
produces the disastrous results.
17
Fig 2.5: Stress corrosion cracking (Hira, 2014)

2.1.8. SELECTIVE CORROSION
Selective leaching is the removal of one element from a solid alloy by corrosion processes. The
most common example is the selective removal of zinc in brass alloys (dezincification). Similar
processes occur in other alloy systems in which aluminum; iron, cobalt, chromium, and other
elements are removed. Selective leaching is the general term to describe these processes, and its
use precludes the creation of terms such as dealuminumification, decobaltification, etc. Parting is
a metallurgical term that is sometimes applied, but selective leaching is preferred. Selective
corrosion is observed in alloys in which one part or impurity is clearly less noble than the other
parts of the material. The corrosion mechanism implies that the less noble element is removed
from the material. A porous material with very low strength and ductility is the result.
Selective corrosion is rare in stainless steels but may occur if there is a large difference in the
corrosion resistance between, for example, the ferrite phase and austenite phase in the important
alloy elements responsible for the corrosion resistance. A balanced material remains corrosion
resistant.
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Problems with selective corrosion in duplex stainless steels only occur when recommended safe
service limits have been exceeded and where the corrosion rates typically are more than 0.3
mm/year (Sandvick, 2014).
Some facts in brief about selective corrosion
Selective corrosion is observed in alloys in which one part or impurity is clearly less noble
than the other parts of the material
Selective corrosion problems with duplex steels occur only when safe service limits have
been exceeded
2.1.9. FRETTING CORROSION
Fretting corrosion refers to corrosion damage at the asperities of contact surfaces. This damage is
induced under load and in the presence of repeated relative surface motion, as induced for example
by vibration. Pits or grooves and oxide debris characterize this damage, typically found in
machinery, bolted assemblies and ball or roller bearings. Contact surfaces exposed to vibration
during transportation are exposed to the risk of fretting corrosion.
Damage can occur at the interface of two highly loaded surfaces which are not designed to move
against each other. The most common type of fretting is caused by vibration. The protective film
on the metal surfaces is removed by the rubbing action and exposes fresh, active metal to the
corrosive action of the atmosphere. This is vividly explained in figure 2.6 below:
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Fig 2.6: Fretting corrosion (Brushwellman, 2014)
2.2. MECHANISM OF CORROSION

Modern corrosion science has its roots in electrochemistry and metallurgy. Electrochemistry
contributes an understanding of the mechanism that is basic to the corrosion of all metallic objects.
Metallurgy provides a knowledge of the characteristics of metals and their alloys as well as the
methods of combining the various metals and working them into the desired shapes. The type of
corrosion mechanism and its rate of attack depend on the exact nature of the environment (air, soil,
water, seawater ...) in which the corrosion takes place. In today's industrial setting, the waste
products of various chemical and manufacturing processes find their ways into the air and
waterways. Many of these substances, often present only in minute amounts, act as either catalysts
or inhibitors of the corrosion process. The corrosion engineer then needs to be on the alert for the
effects of these contaminants (corrosion-doctors.org).
Many of the coatings used to prevent or slow corrosion can have specific vulnerabilities that need
to be understood. The first step in preventing material corrosion is understanding its specific
mechanism. The second and often more difficult step is designing a type of prevention. Some
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metals produce corrosion products that are insoluble, about the same size molecularly as the parent
metal, and that crystallize in the same type of lattice structure. These are often able to become
attached to the metal surface and form a protective coat against further corrosion. The patina that
forms on copper is an example of this type of coating.
The existence of anodic and cathodic sites on the surface of a piece of metal implies that
differences in electrical potential are found on the surface. These potential differences have a
number of causes. One important mechanism is oxygen concentration cell corrosion, in which the
oxygen concentration in the electrolyte varies from place to place. An underground pipe that passes
from clay to gravel will have a high oxygen concentration in the gravel region and almost no
oxygen in the impermeable clay. The part of the pipe in contact with the clay becomes anodic and
suffers damage.
A similar situation is found where a pipe passes under a road. The section under the road (which
is the more difficult to get at for repair) is oxygen deprived and will suffer the greatest damage.
The cure for this is cathodic protection, which involves the use of a sacrificial anode such as zinc
or aluminum. In this situation, the metal to be protected is connected electrically to a piece of scrap
metal that will take its place as the anode. The anode is destroyed by the corrosion reaction, leaving
the cathode intact. This technique is still used extensively to protect underground gas and water
pipelines.
Concentration cells may also be formed where there are differences in metal ion concentration. A
copper pipe in contact with copper ion solutions of different concentrations will corrode at the part
in contact with the more dilute solution. This is an obvious problem when copper pipes are used
to carry flowing water. Parts of the copper surface in contact with the more quickly moving fluid
21
will be more negative and therefore anodic. This phenomenon plays an important part in the
erosion corrosion of copper and its alloys.
Although most metals are crystalline in form, they generally are not continuous single crystals, but
rather are collections of small grains or domains of localized order. Metal objects are formed from
melts in which microcrystals form as the liquid cools and solidifies. In the final state, these
microcrystals have different orientations with respect to one another. The edges of the domains
form grain boundaries, which are an example of planar defects in metals. These defects are usually
sites of chemical reactivity. The boundaries become anodic, while the grains themselves are the
cathodes. The boundaries are also weaknesses, the places where stress cracking begins.
Perhaps the best known of all corrosion types is galvanic corrosion, which occurs at the contact
point of two metals or alloys with different electrode potentials. An example of this might be brass
detail in contact with copper hot-water pipes. The brass becomes anodic and suffers the loss of its
zinc atoms. Brass in contact with galvanized steel is protected, while the zinc coating on the steel
is first dissolved, leaving the steel open to attack for the same reason. An obvious area of concern
is the use of one type of metal as bolts, screws, and welds to fuse together pieces of another metal.
The combination to be desired is the large anode-small cathode combination. Bolts, screws, and
so on should be made of the metal less likely to be oxidized so that the bolt or weld is cathodically
protected.
Similar electrical potentials may also be developed between two areas of a component made of a
single metal as a result of small differences in composition or structure or of differences in the
conditions to which the metal surface is exposed. That part of a metal component which becomes
the corroding area is called the "anode"; that which acts as the other plate of the battery is called
22
the "cathode" and does not corrode, but is an essential part of the system. In the corrosion systems
commonly involved in buildings there may often be only a single metal involved, with water
containing some salts in solution as the electrolyte. Corrosion may even take place with pure water,
provided that oxygen is present. In such cases oxygen combines with the hydrogen generated at
the cathode, removing it and permitting the reaction to go on.
Other agents, notably certain bacteria in the soil which remove hydrogen, can also act as
depolarizing agents and thus promote the corrosion reaction. Steel, because of its low cost together
with its many desirable properties, is the most common metal used in buildings. It can often be
protected adequately by the application of suitable coatings. For certain purposes other metals
more resistant to corrosion may be a better choice, depending on initial cost and expected service
life. Metal components used in buildings can be grouped for purposes of discussing corrosion into
four general categories: 1) those used on the exterior as cladding, roofing and flashings, 2) those
incorporated in the construction as structural and reinforcing steel, masonry ties and damp courses,
3) those used in the services to a building as piping, storage tanks for hot water, drains and heating
ducts, 4) those buried in the ground (corrosion-doctors.org).
Of great importance is the conductivity of the corroding solution. When large areas of the surface
are in contact with a water solution of high conductivity, such as seawater, the attack on the anodic
metal may spread far from its contact point with the cathodic metal. This is a less severe situation
than that which occurs in soft water or under atmospheric conditions in which the attack is
localized in the vicinity of the contact. In the absence of dissolved oxygen or hydrogen ions to
maintain the cathode process, galvanic corrosion does not occur. It is possible to combine different
metals such as copper and steel in closed hot-water systems with little corrosion.
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Other preventive measures involve the use of protective coatings and modification of the
environment. Some trace impurities can significantly reduce the rate of corrosion and can be added
in low concentration to the surrounding medium. Paint is the most common coating used to slow
the rate of atmospheric corrosion. Many other materials, such as plastics, ceramics, rubbers, and
even electroplated metals, can be used as protective coatings. The corrosion resistance of a metal
can be greatly increased by the proper choice of alloys. For example, aluminum added to brass
will increase its corrosion resistance (corrosion-doctors.org).
2.3. FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF CORROSION

Many factors affect the rate of metal corrosion in aqueous solutions, oxidizing agents, films,
temperature, velocity and heterogeneity both in the solution and in the metal.
In any one case, it is usually found that some factors exert a greater influence than others. Any one
or any combination of several, therefore, may control the corrosion reaction in a specific case. The
factor that influence the rate of corrosion in an environment are (NSCEP, 2001):
a. Acidity
b. Oxidizing agents
c. Film
d. Temperature
e. Velocity
f. Hydrogen embrittlement
g. Heterogeneity
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2.4. CORROSION CONTROL

The corrosion of metals and alloys can be reduced or prevented through the judicious application
of principles and knowledge established by many diversified research activities. Some of the
common methods of corrosion control are (Eche, 2000):
2.4.1. Material selection
This is the use of the material that are corrosion resistant for a particular environment. E.g. for
reducing conditions, nickel and copper alloys are used while for oxidizing conditions, chromium
alloys are used.
2.4.2. Corrosion control by design
Such as making allowance for the penetration action corrosion, welding rathon rivet, used of
galvanically similar metal for the whole structure. etc.
2.4.3.
Coating
It could be metallic, inorganic. They separate metals form the corrosion environment, example of
metallic, inorganic and organic coatings are zinc on steel, glass lining steel vessels, paints on metal
respectively.
2.4.4. Cathodic protection
By this protection, electrons are supplied to the metal structure to be protected. Cathodic protection
could be by power supply and sacrificial anode method. Practical applications of sacrificial anode
method are in ship hulls and pipeline protection.
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2.4.5. Anodic protection

It is based on the protective passive films on the metal and alloy surfaces by extremely impressed
anodic current.
2.4.6. Alteration of the soil
A soil high in organic acid can be made less corrosive by surrounding the metal structure with
limestone chips. A layer of chalk (CaCO3) surrounding buried pipes has been used in soil formation
hobble to produce microbiological corrosion.
2.4.7. Inhibitors (retarding catalyst)
Inhibitors are chemical substances which when added in small concentrations to an environment
decreases corrosion rate.
2.4.8. Organic and inorganic coatings
Paint coatings of thickness normal to the atmospheric protection fails within months when exposed
to the soil. On the other hand, thickly applied coatings of coal tar, with reinforcing pigments or
inorganic fibres to reduce cold flow, are found to be practical. They provide effective protection
at reasonable cost, and are the coatings mostly used in practice.
This project is on the use of natural materials such as plants leaves as a natural inhibitor of
corrosion of mild steel in different medium such as sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. Hence,
inhibitor will be studied critically to observe how they control corrosion. Starting with past
contribution on the general corrosion and oxidation of metals, tracing the historical background of
26
experiments on the corrosion inhibitor and finally brief history of the plants considered for the
purpose of this project.
2.5. CORROSION INHIBITOR

In its simplest form, a corrosion inhibitor is a chemical substance that when added in small
concentration to an environment, effectively reduces the corrosion rate of a metal exposed to the
environment, effectively reduces the corrosion rate of a metal exposed to the environment. A more
scientific exacting definition is really not possible in the general sense where mechanistic and or
chemical consideration serve to subdivide corrosion inhibitors into specific types or classes.
Most inhibitors functions as chemically or physically absorbed films which either after the
electrochemical characteristics of the metal or served as the mechanical barrier to the normal
corrosion processes.
In other cases the chemistry of the environment may be modified to render it less corrosive e.g. by
chemically scavenging dissolved oxygen, chemically neutralizing dissolved acid gases, adjusting
pH to promote stable (inherent) passivation (Monika, 2008).
2.5.1. Classification of corrosion inhibitors
Corrosion inhibitors classification is subjective because it depends on the method employed. They
could be employed in terms mechanism environment to which they are added, metal to be protected
or inhibition chemistry and non are mutually exclusive.
Some of the common ones are classified as Anodic, Cathodic, Passivating, Oxidizing, Film
forming, Organic, Vapor-phase, Mixed, Safe or Dangerous inhibitors, etc.
27
Inhibitors are said to be dangerous because of the need to be present above critical concentration
if the promotion of pitting corrosion is to be avoided, i.e. to ensure all the active anodic areas are
inhibited. An inhibitor can be referred to as safe because it does not directly interfere with the
anodic reaction but reduces the net current flowing in the overall reaction as a consequence of
inhibiting the cathodic reaction. For the purpose of this project, inhibitors shall be classified as
Anodic, Cathodic, Absorption and Mixed.
2.5.2. Anodic inhibitors
Anodic inhibitors are the one that cause the formation or maintenance of a passive film on the steel
surface and this film, essentially prevent the anodic dissolution of the metal. They are also called
passivating inhibitors and passivity is accompanied by a high corrosion potential.
Anodic inhibitors are further classified as oxidizing (chromate, nitrite) and non-oxidizing
(phosphate, molybdate and benzoate).
Anodic inhibitors are said to be dangerous because too little increases corrosion rate while too
much reduces corrosion rate.
2.5.3. Cathodic inhibitors
In aerated near-neutral solutions, the rate of corrosion is controlled by the rate of oxygen reduction.
Cathodic inhibitors reduces the rate of this by forming thick (compared to passive films) films on
the metals surface which reduce oxygen transport to the surface, reducing the corrosion rate.
Otherwise the cathodic reaction would occur on the surface of the film.
The possible processes giving rise to insoluble product on the metal surface are:
a. Reaction of solution species with ferrous ions
28
b. Reaction of solution species with hydrozide to precipitate a solid.

c. Reaction of the solution species at the active metal surface followed by precipitation.
d. Decomposition of solution species followed by precipitation.
An example of cathodic inhibitors is alydeydes. Cathodic inhibitors are said to be safe since too
little can eliminate all the cathode site so that the active cathode area and corrosion rate is reduced.
Conversely, too much accelerates corrosion rates.
2.5.4. Adsorption inhibitors
Long organic molecules with side chain which are adsorbed and desorbed from the metal surface.
The molecule limit the diffusion of oxygen to the surface or trap the metal ions on the surface
stabilize the double layer and reduced the rate of dissolution. An example of adsorption inhibitor
is organic amines. Arsenic acts in a similar way and has been tend to be quite effective in
preventing corrosion by sulphuric acid. A frequent characteristic of adsorption inhibitor is that
they are complex compound containing nitrogen or sulphur.
2.5.5. Mixed inhibitors
They are mixture of inhibitor that can give corrosion rate lower than could be obtained with either
component, example of such formulation could be zinc with phosphate, chromate and mixture of
sodium benzoate and sodium nitrite.
29
Table 2.1: Some problems encountered and remedies using inhibitor (Eche, 2000)
Problems
Remedy
a) Corrosion
action
by
chemical Inhibitor:
i)
Cucodiamine acetate film
former.
ii)
Quartenized imidiazoline
b) Corrosion by bacterial Bacteride:
action
i)
Phenylmer mercuric acetate
Two kind of bacteria
ii)
Chlorinate phenol
1) Sulphate reducing
iii)
Arseno benzene
2) Sulphide-producing
iv)
Sodium hypochloride
c) Oxygen
Oxygen scavengers:
Sodium hyposulphide Na2SO3
Degration:
Increasing pH with lime (may prove
dangerous, however, because of increased
problems in scale control
2.6. THE MECHANISM OF CORROSION INHIBITORS

The type of chemical used for inhibition are predominantly fatty nitrogen compounds or organic
amines. They have quick filming and resistance to wash off or have long film persistency.
Since corrosion is electrochemical in nature, this means that they exist a simultaneous anodic and
cathodic current of equal magnitude across the interface of the metal.
The four district and basic process involved in corrosion due to the electrochemical nature of the
corrosion process are:
a. The transport of reactants to the electrode surface
b. The chemical reactions to form intermediate for the electron transfer step
c. The electronic charge transfer process
d. The transport of product from the electrode surface
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Corrosion inhibition attempts to interfere with any of these reactions (either individually or
jointly). Inhibitors reduces corrosion rate wither by reducing the rate, determining step in the
corrosion process or by causing the introduction of a new rate determining step.
Inhibitors performance and selection will be affected by the nature of the metal and that of its
surface nature and composition of the environment, temperature, fluid dynamics and inhibition
concentration.
In addition, the inhibitors must meet certain requirement for each specific requirement for each
specific application such as stability against temperature, time and exposure to the corrosion
environment. It must function at low concentrations and be easy to apply. It must be compatible
with system in which it is used and not cause system upsets and it manufacturing process must be
capable of control and reproducibility.
2.7. PAST WORKS ON CORROSION OF MILD STEEL

2.7.1. Yahaya Akabi Jimoh (2000).
He investigated the effect of corrosion in pipelines materials. His works shows that mild steel resist
most corrosive environment than cast iron, although mild steel and cast iron were found to have
close rate of corrosion in sulphuric acid as well as hydrochloric acid and seawater, but in marine
soil, mild steel has higher corrosion resistance than cast iron. His work also shows that a passive
layer formation was responsible for the decrease in the corrosion rates of both mild steel and cast
iron with increase in exposure to time.
2.7.2. Akpouwa Esosuorakpon (2000):
He investigated the inhibition of corrosion on a low carbon steel in hydrochloric acid by a mixture
of potassium chromate and some local oils. His work shows high stress corrosion cracking by
31
combining the K2CrO4 and oil mixtures. Groundnut oil give the highest inhibitive effect while the
shear butter oil was least. The synergetic inhibition was due to reduced cathodic and anodic
reaction (local corrosion hence reducing stress propagation).
2.7.3. C.A. Loto:
He investigated the effect of vemoia Amolgdalina (Bitter Leaf) solution extract on the corrosion inhibition
of mild steel in 0.5M sulphuric acids. In his work, he stated specifically that in some cases the inhibitive
effects of some plants solution extract have been attributed to the presence of tannin in their chemical
constituents. The results he obtained showed that the solution extract of the leaves could serve as effective
inhibitor only in the 0.5M hydrochloric acid at 280C which also has a higher inhibitor efficiency.
2.7.4. Olokpo Godwin Eche (2001):

He investigated the corrosion inhibitive effectiveness of solution extracts of locust bean husk,
Acacia Nilotica pods, neem leaves, Mahogany leaves on the corrosion of mild steel in 0.5M
sulphuric acid. His work showed that locust bean husk have the highest inhibition efficiency
followed by Acacia Nilotica pods solution extract.
2.7.5. Awulu Samuel Akogwu (2002):
His research work was set to investigate the effectiveness of plants solution extract as inhibitors
of corrosion of mild steel. The solution extracts were gotten from cashew leaves, mango leaves
and paw-paw leaves.
2.8. PRESENT WORK ON THE CORROSION OF MILD STEEL

This research work is set to investigate the effectiveness of plants solution extract as inhibitors of
corrosion of mild steel. The solution extracts were gotten from mint leaves and guava leaves.
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2.8.1. Mint leaves
Mentha (also known as mint, from Greek mntha Linear B mi-ta is a genus of plants in the family
Lamiaceae (mint family). Mints are aromatic, almost exclusively perennial, rarely annual, herbs.
They have wide-spreading underground and over ground stolons and erect, square, branched stems.
The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, from oblong to lanceolate, often downy, and with a
serrated margin. Leaf colors range from dark green and gray-green to purple, blue, and sometimes
pale yellow. The flowers are white to purple and produced in false whorls called verticillasters.
The corolla is two-lipped with four subequal lobes, the upper lobe usually the largest. The fruit is
a nutlet, containing one to four seeds.
While the species that make up the Mentha genus are widely distributed and can be found in many
environments, most grow best in wet environments and moist soils. Mints will grow 10120 cm
tall and can spread over an indeterminate area. Due to their tendency to spread unchecked, some
mints are considered invasive. Mint grows all year round. It finds application in food safety,
culinary, traditional medicine and cosmetics, insecticides, room scent and aromatherapy
(Wikipedia, 2014).
2.8.2. Guava leaves
Guavas are common tropical fruits cultivated and enjoyed in many tropical and subtropical
regions. Psidium guajava (common guava, lemon guava) is a small tree in the Myrtle family
(Myrtaceae), native to Mexico, Central America, and northern South America and Africa.
Although related species may also be called guavas, they actually belong to other genera, such as
33
the "strawberry guava" Acca sellowiana. Guavas are rich in dietary fiber and vitamin C, with
moderate levels of folic acid. It finds applications in the food industry, medicine, culinary, etc.
The following analysis will be performed on the plant samples to ascertain their effectiveness as
corrosion inhibitors (Eche, 2000).
a) Determination of moisture content

b) Determination of total soluble
c) Determination of total solids
d) Determination of non-tannin content
e) Determination of tannin content
f) Determination of total acid
g) Determination of pH
2.9. TANNINS
The term tannins was first applied in 1796 to denote substance present in plant extract, which were
able to combine with protein of animals hides, prevent their putrefaction and convert them into
leather. They are complex chemical structures and consists of polyphenol. They precipitate protein,
gelatin and alkaloids from solutions and form dark blue or greenish black compounds with Ferric
chloride. The alkaloids precipitated byt the presence of tannins are basic in reaction due to the
presence of nitrogen in the molecule they form salts with acids (S.K. Sim 1970). There are two
groups of tannins:
1) Hydrolysable tannins
2) Condensed tannins
34
Hydrolysable tannins:
Members of this class contain gallic acids and are liable to hydrolysis by enzymes like tannase.
When hydrolysable tannin is esterified with gallic acid, they form ellagic tannins (Eche, 2000).
Condensed tannins:
They include all true tannins. Their molecules are resistant to breakage than hydrolysable tannins.
They cannot be easily oxidized and therefore better as corrosion inhibitor.
2.10. CORROSION TESTING

Testing of corrosion is an important activity to ensure the safety of materials used for engineering
applications. Material suppliers use it for quality assurance.
2.10.1. The importance of corrosion testing
The importance of corrosion testing is to:

Study the means of preventing corrosion
Select the most suitable material for a particular environment and estimate its lifespan.
Determine the cause of plant equipment failures
Determine the effects on materials by contamination from corrosion products
Serve as a quality control test in alloy or coating production
Serve as a control test in developing a corrosion resisting metal or alloy
Study the fundamental mechanism of corrosion
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2.10.2. Methods of testing corrosion
The following methods are used for testing of corrosion:

Visual observation
Electrical resistance method
Optical method
Potential monitoring
Spool piece (weight loss) test
2.10.3. Spool piece (coupon) (weight loss) test
The method is the easiest way of testing corrosion since it does not require any complicated
electrical instrument and is much widely used. A spool piece is carefully weighed after degreasing
and cleaning and inserted into the plant. After being exposed for some time, it is retrieved and
examined for the type and extent of attack. The corrosion rate can be estimated after another round
of cleaning and descaling by measuring weight loss and dividing by measuring weight losss and
dividing by the time of exposure (Eche, 2000).
2.11. RATE OF CORROSION

The life of a given component can be predicted by the penetration of corrosion into it. The rate of
corrosion of the samples immersed in the various environments was carried out using the relation
(Callister 1997):
87.6
(/). (1)
Where:
36
CPR = corrosion penetration rate (mm/year)
W = weight loss (g)

L = density of the mild steel (g/cm3)
A = Area of exposure (cm2)
The density L = 7.85g/cm3
The area = 2 + 2( 2 )
= (2 2.4 1.5) + 2(2 2.42 )
= 22.6195 + 72.3823
= 95.0018cm2
t = time of observation (hrs)
2.12. INHIBITOR EFFICIENCY

Inhibitor efficiency is defined as the percentage of the ratio of the difference between the weight
loss in acidic medium and the weight loss in the presence of an inhibitor to the weight loss in acidic
medium (Callister 1997).
The efficiency of the inhibitors is given by
= (1 ) 100%............................. (2)
37
Where:
K = inhibitor efficiency
W = weight loss in the presence of inhibitor
W0 = weight loss in the absence of inhibitor
38
CHAPTER 3
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
3.0 IDENTIFICATION AND PREPARATION OF PLANT SAMPLES
The two plant samples used for this project were air dried and taken to the herbarium of the
department of biological sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Zaria for identification.
They were confirmed as: leaves of Psidium guajava (guava) and Mentha (Mint).
3.0.1 Preliminary treatment of plant sample before analysis
The plant samples used in the experiment were obtained from different environment and treated
as follows:
Guava leaves
The sample were collected from the main campus of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. They
were obtained from fresh but matured guava tree, there after they were air dried and pounded
into powder form using pestle and mortar. The powdered sample was then sieved to get fine
powder.
Mint leaves
The samples were obtained from Samaru village in Zaria Kaduna state Nigeria. And the same
process of the guava leaves were carried out on it.
39
3.0.2. Analysis of the samples
The powdered samples obtained were taken to the Nigerian Institute of Leather and Chemical
Technology (NILEST). They were first extracted using the Soxhlet extraction method and then the
following analysis was done:
Moisture content
Total soluble
Total solids
Tannins content
Non tannins content
Total acids
Total salts
pH value
Procedure
In the extraction of tannins infusion, distilled water and alcohol can be used. Tannins is as soluble
in distilled water as in alcohol. The only reason why alcohol is used sometimes is because of
preservation. The two methods of extraction are explained below:
Protract extraction:
This method is used for the tannins infusion used for analysis. In this method, distilled water is
used in place of alcohol. The extract must be used within three days after extraction to prevent
mucus growth. The apparatus consist of a water bath, a beaker, a round bottom flask of capacity
1litre and a glass siphon with a valve. 20g of the powder samples are weighed into a beaker and
40
soaked with distilled water over night to initiate solubility. The leaching are first done at room
temperature till a volume of about 200cm3 was reached, the valve is then closed and the solution
in the beaker is heated to a temperature of about 600C after which the leaching is continued till a
volume of about 750cm3 reached. The valve is thereafter closed and the soaked sample heated to
a temperature of about 1000C after which the leaching is continued till the volume of 1000cm3 is
reached. The leaching is done at different temperatures to allow for complete solubility.
Soxhlet extraction
It consist of a Soxhlet extractor and reflux condenser. The raw materials were placed in a thimble
made of a filter paper and inserted into the wide central tube of the extractor. Solvent (ethanol)
was placed in the flask and boiled, its vapor passing up the large right hand tube into the central
space above the sample and hence to the condenser. The condensate then drops back onto the raw
materials through which it percolates leaching solutes in the process. The suction effect of the
siphoning assist permeation of solvent through the raw materials. A limited amount of hot solvent
was thus made to percolate repeatedly through the raw materials, the solute from which was
transferred to the flask. The solution extract used for the corrosion inhibition was extracted using
this method.
Figure 3.1. Shows the set up for the Soxhlet extraction process
41
Figure 3.1: Soxhlet extraction process setup.
3.0.3. Chemical analysis of samples extracts
Quantitative analysis was used for the determination of chemical components present in the
samples used for this experiment. The results are as shown in appendix A.
Procedure
1 litre of tannin infusion was leached from 20g of the powdered sample. The procedures for the
analysis are as follows:
3.0.4. Determination of moisture content
Procedure
42
2g each pounded powdered sample was dried in an electric oven at 1000C for 1 hour and then
cooled in the desiccator before reweighing. The process was continued until a constant weight was
recorded. (Eche, 2000).
Calculations
( ) 100%

3.0.5. Determination of total soluble

The leached tannin was filtered with filter paper and the first 50ml discarded. The filtration was
continued out of which 50ml was measured into an evaporating dish, heated on the water bath to
dryness. The residue was dried in the oven at 1000C and then taken to the desiccator before
reweighing.
The process was continued to a constant weight.
Calculations
=
20 100%
20
3.0.6. Determination of total solids

50ml of the leached tannin infusion was measured in a previously weighed evaporating dish over
water bath and evaporated to dryness. The residue was further dried in an oven at 1000C for 1 hour
after which cooled in the desiccator before reweighing. The process was continued to a constant
weight.
43
Calculations
= 1
+ = 2
= 2 1

=
,
=
100%
..
(3)
3.0.7. Determination of non-tannin content

Procedure
6.25g of hide powder is to be weighed to a shake bottle containing 100ml of distilled water. It was
then be shaken vigorously by hand and then transferred to a mechanical shaker. The shaking was
be done for about 2 hours and 3mls of chrome alums added. It was then shaken again for 1 hour
and allowed to stand overnight. The solution was shaken for 15 minutes after which it was washed
with distilled water. The cake was poured into a conical flask containing 100mls of unfiltered
tannin infusion plus (26.25 weight of washed chrome hide powder) distilled water. It was then
shaken and filtered using filter paper with 1g of kaolin added for quicker filtration. It was then
filtered until a clear filtrate is obtained. 50ml of the clear filtrate was evaporated in an evaporating
dish of a known weight and dried in an oven at 1000C to constant weight.
Calculations
=
, = 20
, = 20
=
1.2 100%
44
3.0.8. Determination of tannin content

The tannins content was determined by subtracting the non-tannins from the total soluble. Thus,
=
3.0.9. Determination of total salt

50ml of the filtered tannin infusion was evaporated on the water bath, made ash and then boiled in
400ml of distilled water for about one hour on a water bath. 10mls of BaCl2 solution was added
and then heated again on a water bath. Then transferred to the oven and heated at 1000C to a
constant weight (Eche, 2000).
Calculation
1000 100
166.5
Where 1000 = 1 litre of distilled water decarbonized and collected.

3.0.10. Determination of total acid
100ml of the filtered tannin solution was distilled with 100ml carbonized distilled water and then
filtered with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to a pH of 6.8, at the acid in this solution might have
dissociated. The volume of the sodium hydroxide used was recorded and the acid calculated using
the formula below (Eche, 2000).
Calculation
100
20
45
3.0.11. Determination of pH
The tannin infusion of individual extracts was used. The pH was determined by the readily
available method or instrument in the ND chemistry Laboratory of NILEST where all the
experiment and analysis was carried out.
Procedure
The tannins infusions of individual extracts were used. The pH was determined with the crimson
pH meter by means of the glass electrode. The pH meter was standardized to give accurate readings
using buffer solutions of 4.0 and 7.0pH.
3.1. MATERIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

3.1.1 Material specification:
The mild steel used for this work was pure of carbon content 0.284% gotten from Star steel
Kaduna.
3.1.2 Preparation of mild steel samples
The mild steel coupons were gotten at a standard diameter of 1 inch (25mm), but was machined to
24mm in diameter by turning operation in preparation, using the lathe machine, because of its high
degree of surface finish which enhance greater corrosion rate by even distribution on the tested
material. Though due to imperfection, the samples varied by considerable tolerances in length.
3.1.3 Apparatus reagents and samples
The material/apparatus used for these experiment are listed below as:
Ariel detergent solution
Mild steel coupons of 1.5cm in length and 2.4cm in diameter
46
Corrosive media (2M HCL and 2M H2SO4)

Organic inhibitor (Sodium Benzoate)
Distilled water
Measuring cylinders
Conical flasks
Plastic film containers that the mild steel was place during the tested period
Plant samples (mints leaves extract and guava leaves extract)
3.2. PREPARATION OF SOLUTION OF CORROSIVE MEDIA

The corrosive media, HCL and H2SO4 were prepared using the relationship below to get the
required volume of acids.
a) HCL: Anala R concentrated HCL acid has a density of 1.18g/cm3 and contains 36% of acid
863 1 1
1 2
86 2
= 433 2 (1 )
1
The two liters used were obtained by diluting 86cm3 of conc. HCL in a 2 liters round bottom flask.
The acid was titrated against distilled water in the flask.
b) H2SO4: Anala R concentrated acid has a density of 1.84g/cm3and contains at least 97%
acid. To get 2M H2SO4, 27.5cm3 of conc. Acid was titrated slowly against 500cm3of
47
distilled water in a 1 liter round bottom flask and then made up to 1liter (LM). The total
volume of the sulphuric acid used for the two liters was 55cm3 of conc. Acid.
3.2 Standard inhibitor
The standard inhibitor used for this work was Sodium Benzoate. It is an organic inhibitor and does
not promote localized corrosion when used below its critical concentration. Four different
concentrations of sodium benzoate were used: 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.3M and 0.5M of sodium benzoate.
Preparation
It was prepared according to standard.

11.52 803 1
a) 0.5M C5H2COONa
11.52 0.5 803 2
11.52g were added to 160cm3 of distilled water to get 0.5M of sodium benzoate solution.
b) 0.1M C5H2COONa
11.52 0.1 803 0.1 5 2
1.152 803 0.1 5 2
2.304g of C5H2COONa powder was added to 160cm3 of distilled water to get 0.1M C5H2COONa
c) 0.2M C5H2COONa
11.52 0.2 803 2 5 2
2.304 803 0.2 5 2
4.608 1603 0.2 5 2
48
d) 0.3M C5H5COONa
11.52 0.3 803 0.3 5 2
3.54 803 0.3 5 2
6.912 1603 0.3 5 2
3.3. CORROSION TEST EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
To ascertain the effectiveness of the samples as inhibitors, test were being carried out. The test
were carried out in two stages.
Solution extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction using ethanol while the concentrate is the dry
powder sample in part per million (ppm).
In the first stage, a control experiment was carried out with 2 samples of the mild steel in 2M
sulphuric acid and 2M HCL individually without adding any inhibitors and left for 8 days with
close observation of 48, 96, 144 and 192 hours respectively.
The figure below shows the experimental setup:
Slolution
media
Metal
Container
Fig 3.2: Experimental setup of mild steel samples in their containers.
49
The second stage was carried out with the corrosive media mixed with the various inhibitors to
determine their effectiveness. The two acids were used with the extracts and concentration and
also the standard inhibitor.
3.4. POST IMMERSION

This is the final stage in corrosion testing that uses the weight loss. The mild steel specimens were
removed, cleaned, observed and reweighed to determine the weight loss. The pH of the various
media was also taken. The mild steel specimens were cleaned by washing them in a solution of
detergent in distilled water using a piece of cotton wool to remove the corrosion product. They are
then dried to remove the water droplets using alcohol and the weight
Of the specimen taken using the digital weighing balance.
50
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.0 RESULTS
Below is the tabulated results of mild steel samples as observed in the different media for 8 days
(192 hours).
Table 4.1: Corrosion rate of mild steel in 2M H2SO4 without inhibitor
Time (hrs.)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate (mm/yr.)
48
Initial
Weight(g)
58.2396
57.2975
0.9421
2.31
96
57.2975
56.2680
1.0295
1.26
144
56.2680
55.2334
1.0346
0.84
192
55.2334
54.2033
1.0301
0.63
Table 4.2: Corrosion rate of mild steel 2M HCL without inhibitor

Time (hrs.)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate (mm/yr.)
48
Initial
Weight(g)
58.2016
57.8431
0.3585
0.88
96
57.8431
57.4695
0.3736
0.46
144
57.4695
57.0917
0.3778
0.31
192
57.0917
56.7156
0.3761
0.23
Table 4.3: Corrosion rate of mild steel in 10% guava Extract + 2M H2SO4
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
55.7845
55.2902
0.4943
1.21
47.53
96
55.2902
54.7609
0.5293
0.65
48.59
144
54.7609
54.2091
0.5518
0.45
46.67
192
54.2091
53.6532
0.5559
0.34
46.03
51
Table 4.4: Corrosion rate of mild steel in 20% Guava Extract + 2M H2SO4
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
57.3219
56.8369
0.4850
1.19
48.52
96
56.8369
56.3101
0.5268
0.65
48.83
144
56.3101
55.7687
0.5414
0.44
47.67
192
55.7687
55.2286
0.5401
0.33
47.57
Table 4.5: Corrosion rate of mild steel in 30% Guava Extract + 2M H2SO4
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
55.3729
54.8539
0.5190
1.27
44.91
96
54.8539
54.3303
0.5236
0.64
49.14
144
54.3303
53.7997
0.5306
0.43
48.72
192
53.2652
53.2652
0.5345
0.33
48.11
Table 4.6: Corrosion rate of mild steel in 40% Guava Extract + H2SO4
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
56.9851
56.3341
0.6510
1.60
30.9
96
56.3341
55.5566
0.7775
0.95
24.48
144
55.5566
54.7278
0.8288
0.68
19.89
192
54.7278
53.9020
0.8258
0.51
19.83
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
-40.94
-47.00
-48.94
-49.38
Table 4.7: Corrosion rate of mild steel in 10% Guava Extract + 2M HCL
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
48
96
144
192
55.6738
55.1685
54.6193
54.0566
55.1685
54.6193
54.0566
53.4948
0.5053
0.5492
0.5627
0.5618
1.24
0.67
0.46
0.34
52
Table 4.8: Corrosion rate of mild steel in 20% Guava Extract +2M HCL
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
54.1131
53.6607
0.4524
1.11
-26.19
96
53.6607
53.1567
0.5040
0.62
-34.90
144
53.1567
52.6386
0.5181
0.42
-37.14
192
52.6386
52.1216
0.517
0.32
-37.46
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
55.8796
55.5946
0.2850
0.70
20.50
96
55.5946
55.0567
0.5379
0.66
-43.98
144
55.0567
54.5041
0.5526
0.45
-46.27
192
54.5041
53.9398
0.5643
0.35
-50.04
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
57.6574
57.2085
0.4489
1.10
-25.22
96
57.2085
56.7127
0.4958
0.57
-32.71
144
56.7127
56.1864
0.5263
0.43
-39.31
192
56.1864
55.6632
0.5232
0.32
-39.11
Table 4.11: Corrosion rate of mild steel in 10% Mint Extract + 2M H2SO4
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
58.1189
57.9396
0.1793
0.44
80.97
96
57.9396
57.7569
0.1827
0.22
82.25
144
57.7569
57.5662
0.1907
0.16
81.57
192
57.5662
57.3728
0.1934
0.12
81.23
53
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
26.96
48
56.2845
55.5964
0.6881
1.68
96
55.5964
54.4465
1.1499
1.41
-11.7
144
54.4465
54.2800
0.1665
0.14
83.91
192
54.2800
54.1068
0.1732
0.11
83.19
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
58.0365
57.8884
0.1481
0.36
84.28
96
57.8884
57.7202
0.1682
0.21
83.66
144
57.7202
57.5408
0.1794
0.15
82.66
192
57.5408
57.3584
0.1824
0.11
82.29
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
58.3174
58.1717
0.1457
0.36
84.53
96
58.1717
58.0041
0.1676
0.21
83.72
144
58.0041
57.8177
0.1864
0.15
81.98
192
57.8177
57.6257
0.1920
0.12
81.36
Table 4.15: Corrosion rate of mild steel in 10% Mint Extract + 2M HCL
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
57.4018
57.2162
0.1856
0.45
48.23
96
144
57.2162
57.0255
57.0255
56.8248
0.1907
0.23
48.96
0.2007
0.16
46.88
192
56.8248
56.6226
0.2022
0.12
46.24
54
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
0.1307
48
55.6390
55.5083
0.1603
96
55.5083
55.3480
0.1755
144
55.3480
55.1725
0.1863
192
55.1725
54.9862
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
0.32
63.54
0.20
57.09
0.14
53.55
0.11
50.47
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
58.2357
58.1351
0.1006
0.25
71.94
96
58.1351
58.0014
0.1337
0.16
35.79
144
58.0014
57.8452
0.1562
0.13
58.66
192
57.8452
57.6870
0.1582
0.10
57.94
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
59.4537
59.3111
0.1426
0.35
60.22
96
59.3111
59.1507
0.1604
0.20
42.93
144
59.1507
58.9473
0.2034
0.17
46.16
192
58.9473
58.7380
0.2093
0.13
44.35
Table 4.19: Corrosion rate of mild steel in 0.1M C5H2COONa Extract + 2M H2SO4
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
54.8313
54.4598
0.3715
0.91
60.57
96
54.4598
54.0674
0.3924
0.48
61.88
144
54.0674
53.6543
0.4131
0.34
60.07
192
53.6543
53.2322
0.4221
0.26
59.02
55
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
56.0619
55.7949
0.2670
0.65
71.66
96
55.7949
55.5026
0.2923
0.36
71.61
144
55.5026
55.1999
0.3027
0.25
70.74
192
55.1999
54.8934
0.3065
0.19
70.25
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
54.3322
53.8630
0.4692
1.15
50.20
96
53.8630
53.3369
0.5261
0.64
48.9
144
53.3369
52.7848
0.5521
0.45
46.64
192
52.7848
52.2285
0.5563
0.34
46.00
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
55.7863
55.3079
0.4784
1.17
49.22
96
55.3079
54.8054
0.5025
0.62
51.19
144
54.8054
54.2907
0.5147
0.42
50.25
192
54.2907
53.7758
0.5149
0.31
50.01
Table 4.23: Corrosion rate of mild steel in 0.1M C5H2COONa Mint Extract + 2M HCL
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
58.2670
58.0723
0.1947
0.48
45.69
96
144
58.0723
57.8725
57.8725
57.6658
0.1998
0.25
46.52
0.2067
0.17
45.29
192
57.6658
57.4543
0.2115
0.13
43.77
56
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
54.2172
54.0607
0.1565
0.38
56.35
96
54.0607
53.9008
0.1599
0.20
57.20
144
53.9008
53.7377
0.1631
0.13
56.83
192
53.7377
53.5713
0.1664
0.10
55.76
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
57.8974
57.6952
0.2022
0.50
43.60
96
57.6952
57.4888
0.2064
0.25
44.75
144
57.4888
57.2787
0.2101
0.17
44.39
192
57.2787
57.0631
0.2156
0.13
42.67
Time (hrs.)
Initial
Weight(g)
Final weight(g)
Weight Loss(g)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/yr.)
Inhibitor
efficiency
(%)
48
56.7711
56.6390
0.1321
0.32
63.15
96
56.6390
56.5039
0.1351
0.17
63.84
144
56.5039
56.3635
0.1404
0.12
62.84
192
56.3635
56.2179
0.1456
0.09
61.29
57
Graphs of time against corrosion rates were plotted as indicated in the figures below:
10% guava Extract + 2M H2SO4
CORROSION RATE (MM/YR)
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
48
96
144
192
TIME (HRS)
Figure 4.1: Graph of corrosion rate against time for Guava leaf extract in 2M H2SO4
10% Guava Extract + 2M HCL
CORROSION RATE (MM/YEAR)
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
48
96
144
192
TIME (HRS)
Figure 4.2: Graph of corrosion rate against time for Guava leaf extract in 2M HCL
58
10% Mint Extract + 2M H2SO4
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
48
96
144
192
TIME (HRS)
CORROSION RATE (MM/YEAR)
Figure 4.3: Graph of corrosion rate against time for mint leaves extract in 2M H2SO4
10% Mint Extract + 2M HCL
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
48
96
144
192
TIME (HRS )
Figure 4.4: Graph of corrosion rate against time for Mint leaves extract in 2M HCL
59
0.1M C5H2COONa Extract + 2M H2SO4


1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
48
96
144
192
TIME (HRS)
H2SO4
0.1M C5H2COONa Mint Extract + 2M HCL


0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
48
96
144
192
TIME (HRS)
HCL
60
INHIBITOR EFFICIENCY (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
48
96
144
192
TIME (HRS)
Figure 4.7: Graph of inhibitor efficiency against time for Guava leave extract in 2M H2SO4
30
20
10
0
-10
48
96
144
192
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
TIME (HRS)
Figure 4.8: Graph of inhibitor efficiency against time for guava leaves extract in 2M HCL
61
100
80
60
40
20
0
48
96
-20
144
192
TIME (HRS)
Figure 4.9: Graph of inhibitor efficiency against time for Mint leaves extract in 2M H2SO4
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
48
96
144
192
TIME (HRS)
Figure 4.10: Graph of inhibitor efficiency against time for mint leaves extract in 2M HCL
62


80
60
40
20
0
48
96
144
192
TIME (HRS)
2M H2SO4

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
48
96
144
192
TIME (HRS)
2M HCL
63
4.1. DISCUSSION OF RESULT

From the graphical illustration of the results obtained, the extracts of the both leaves were seen to
be good inhibitors as they were mostly seen to be having a dropping slope at mostly all percentages
of composition with the various acidic media. Having a comparison of each leaf extract with the
standard inhibitor performance,
In figure 4.1 which is the Graph of corrosion rate against time for Guava leaf extract in 2M H2SO4
, we observe that guava leaf extract performed as a good inhibitor with an efficient drop in
corrosion rate or weight loss. Just that it had a high initial corrosion rate of above 1.6 mm/yr.
before inhibition started taking place as compared to that of the standard inhibitor, i.e.
C2H5COONa in the same acidic media of sulphuric acid as illustrated in figure 4.5 in which there
was corrosion rate of less than 1.2 mm/yr. upon inhibition, and it was highest at the 40%
composition. And it was also observed that at composition of 10%, 20%, and 30%, the corrosion
rate was almost the same with an initial corrosion rate (that is upon introduction of the metal into
the media, after 48hrs. observation) of 1.2mm/yr. Efficiently, in the sulphuric acid media, guava
leaf extract inhibited corrosion of the mild steel in the sulphuric acid media from a corrosion rate
of 1.4mm/yr. to 0.4mm/yr. after an observation period of 192 hrs. And we could make a prediction
of inhibition to a very much lower corrosion rate at a higher exposure time. Guava leaves extract
were found out to be good corrosion inhibitors of mild steel at all percentage composition of the
leaf extract with sulphuric acid as the corrosive media.
In figure 4.2 which is the Graph of corrosion rate against time for Guava leaf extract in 2M HCL,
we could observe that the initial corrosion rate of average 1.2mm/yr. (i.e. observing after 48 hrs.)
was much lower than that observed in the sulphuric acid media of 1.6 mm/yr. and also comparing
the performance of the guava leaf extract in hydrochloric acid with that of the standard inhibitor
64
shown in figure 4.6, having an average initial corrosion rate of 0.45mm/yr. we could still refer to
it as having a good inhibitive capability. Efficiently, we could see that the corrosion rate of the
mild steel in the media dropped to 0.4, just as in the case of the sulphuric acid, as we could predict
possibly more drop in the corrosion rate at higher time of exposure. In general, it was observed
that guava leaves extract performed well as a corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in the presence of
HCL as the corrosive media even at different percentages of composition.
In figure 4.3, which shows the Graph of corrosion rate against time for mint leaves extract in 2M
H2SO4 we could see that mint leaves extract performed excellently well as an inhibitor of mild
steel corrosion in the presence of sulphuric acid as the corrosive media as it had an efficiently
dropping slope with a very good initial corrosion rate of 0.4mm/yr. It could even be observed,
upon comparison with the effectiveness of the standard inhibitor in the same corrosive media as in
figure 4.5, having an average initial corrosion rate of 1.2mm/yr. that the mint leaf performed very
well. On observation of its slope, we could see that at almost all period of observation that the
corrosion rate was highly varied as compared to that of the guava leaf extract and the standard
inhibitor in still the same corrosive media, having a widely varied corrosion rate at different point
of observation though each had a high corrosion rate at the initial. Also, it was observed that at all
percentage of composition, the results were almost replicable and the same except at the
composition of 20% where the behavior of the graph in respect to its deviation from others, shows
the likelihood of experimental error in the terms of measurement and transfer of the extract and
acid during experimentation, or possibly errors arising due to observational procedures. And since
we could still observe a slope, we could possibly predict a lower corrosion rate at more time of
exposure. In general, from the observation made from this graph, we could see that mint performed
well as an inhibitor of mild steel corrosion in the presence of sulphuric acid as a corrosive media.
65
Also, in figure 4.4 which shows the Graph of corrosion rate against time for Mint leaves extract
in 2M HCL, it could be observed that just as in the case of sulphuric acid as a corrosive media,
mint leaves extract performed very well as an inhibitor of mild steel corrosion in the presence of
hydrochloric acid.. With an average initial corrosion rate of 0.35mm/yr. as compared with that of
the standard inhibitor of 0.45mm/yr. still in the same corrosive media as shown in figure 4.6, we
could say that the leaf extract performed even better than the standard inhibitor as an inhibitor of
mils steel corrosion in the presence of hydrochloric acid as the corrosive media. With all
percentage composition showing very good corrosion inhibition with the slope highly negative,
even having an average corrosion rate of 1.0mm/yr. at an observation period of 192 hrs. We could
possibly predict a higher drop in corrosion rate at a higher exposure times. With all compositions
showing clearly replicable characteristics, the leaf extract proved to be a very good inhibitor at all
percentage of composition.
Figure 4.7 shows the Graph of inhibitor efficiency against time for Guava leave extract in 2M
H2SO4. All percentages of the composition of the leaves with the corrosive media shows to be
satisfactory with an average of 47% efficiency and much lower at the 40% composition as
compared to that of the standard inhibitor in still the same corrosive environment having an
average compositional efficiency of 60% as seen in figure 4.11.
Also, in figure 4.8, which shows the Graph of inhibitor efficiency against time for guava leaves
extract in 2M HCL, we see that the efficiencies were poor. The guava leaves extract in the presence
of HCL could be corrosion anti-inhibitive as clearly shown in the graph, as the efficiencies of the
inhibitor were even going negative.
Figure 4.9, which shows Graph of inhibitor efficiency against time for Mint leaves extract in 2M
H2SO4 indicates an excellent inhibition more than that of the standard inhibitor in the same
66
corrosive media as clearly shown in figure 4.11. the efficiency of the mint leaves extract in
sulphuric acid was seen to be up to 80% on the average.
Also figure 4.10 shows the Graph of inhibitor efficiency against time for mint leaves extract in 2M
HCL. It shows that the inhibitor have an average compositional efficiency of 60% which can be
referred to as a good inhibition as compared with that of the standard inhibitor in still the same
corrosive media having an average compositional inhibitor efficiency of 50%. Average of all
compositional percentages performed very well except with that of 30% performing low at the 2nd
observation of 96 hrs. This clearly shows an excellent inhibitor efficiency of the mint leaves as an
inhibitor in any of the used corrosive environment as seen in the graphs and discussed above.
67
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 CONCLUSION
Based on the careful analysis of the results obtained, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1) Mint leaves and guava leaves solution extract have the tannin content of 3.68%/100g
sample and 1.25%/100g sample respectively And hydrogen content which are below the
maximum of 14%. (Jonah 1999).
2) Mint leaves extract inhibits corrosion more effectively than guava leaves extract in the
presence of hydrochloric acid with guava leaves showing a very poor inhibitive capability
in the media.
3) Mint leaves extract inhibits corrosion more efficiently than guava leaves extract in the
presence of sulphuric acid, though guava leaves proves to be very good inhibitor in this
media as compared to its poor performance in the former media.
4) The pH of the media increases and tends towards neutral as the alkaloids in the solution
reacts with the acids to form salts.
Conclusively, it can be observed as demonstrated in this project that the corrosion of metal which
is one of the major problems faced by engineering, construction industry, and the manufacturing
industry can be controlled using guava and mint plant solution extracts which can be easily
obtained.
68
5.1. RECOMMENDATION
1) It is recommended that mint leaves and guava leaves be used as corrosion inhibitors for
mild steel in corrosive environments as they have proven to be efficient, even considering
cost and availability. Mint leaves extract should be used as inhibitor mostly in environment
with hydrochloric acid and guava leaves can be used in environment of sulphuric acids.
2) The efficiency of the synergetic mixture of these materials with the standard inhibitor
should be investigated.
3) The effectiveness of the solution extracts of these two plants as corrosion inhibitors should
be investigated at temperatures above ambient condition.
4) It is recommended that these plants product be processed into powdered form, so that they
could be used whenever the need arises.
5) It is recommended that the government should encourage the use of natural inhibitors,
particularly plants extracts like that of guava and mint, which could result to high reduction
in spending on the effect of corrosion. And as to that, ensure increase in their plantation for
further use.
69
APPENDIX A
TABLE 5.2: SHOWING RESULT OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PANT SAMPLES
Mint leaves
Guava leaves
Total acids
50.00%/100g sample
41.67%/100g sample
Total salts
2.0%/g sample
2.33%/g sample
Tannin content
3.68%/100g sample
1.25%/100g sample
Non tannins
1.33%/100g sample
3.75%/100g sample
Total Soluble
80%/g sample
25%/g sample
Total solids
18.62%/g sample
75%/g sample
Moisture content
7%/g sample
7.2%/g sample
70
TABLE 5.3: MILD STEEL IN VARIOUS % OF MINT LEAVES EXTRACT + 2M HCL

Media
Time
Corrosion
Rate Inhibitor
(hrs.)
(mm/yr.)
efficiency
10% Mint extract + 2M HCL
192
1.2370
46.24
192
1.1398
50.47
192
0.9679
57.94
192
1.2805
44.35
TABLE 5.4: MILD STEEL IN VARIOUS % OF MINT EXTRACT + 2M H2SO4

Media
Time
Corrosion
(hrs.)
(mm/yr.)
efficiency
10% Mint extract + 2M H2SO4
192
1.1832
81.23
192
1.0596
83.19
192
1.1159
82.29
192
1.1746
81.36
71
Rate Inhibitor
TABLE 5.5: MILD STEEL IN VARIOUS % OF GUAVA EXTRACT + 2MHCL

Media
Time
Corrosion
Rate Inhibitor
(hrs.)
(mm/yr.)
efficiency
10% Guava extract + 2M HCL
192
3.4370
-49.38
192
3.1630
-37.46
192
3.4523
-50.04
192
3.2009
-39.11
TABLE 5.6: MILD STEEL IN VARIOUS % OF GUAVA EXTRACT + 2M H2SO4

Media
Time
Corrosion
(hrs.)
(mm/yr.)
efficiency
10% Guava extract + 2M H2SO4
192
3.4009
46.03
192
3.3043
47.57
192
3.2700
48.11
192
5.0522
19.83
72
Rate Inhibitor
5.2. REFERENCES
JONAH S.A: (1999) Technical Note, Determination of the hydrogen samples from Nigeria using
an Am-Be neutron source, CERT, Zaria.
CLUBEY B.G: (1988) Chemical inhibitors for corrosion and control. First edition, special
publication No 71, Manchester England.
LOTO, C.A: (1998) the effect of vernomia Amycplaline (Bitter Leaf) solution extract on the
corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 0.5M hydrochloric Acid and sulphuric, Nigeria. Corrosion
Journal vol. 1 No 1.
WILLIAM D. CALLISTER JR: (1997) Material science and engineering an introduction fourth
edition.
HERTS G: (1965) Official method of analysis of society of leather trade chemist. Oxford
University press, Ely House London.
OLADIPO M.O.A. and ADELEYE S.A: (1992) Method of standard addition using atomic
absorption spectrometry (ASS). Discovery and innovation Vol. 4 CERT.
FUNTUA I.I: (1999) Application of the transmission-emission method in EDXRF for the
determination of trace elements in geological and biological materials.
LES S. COBLEY: (1976) An introduction to botany of tropical crops. Second Edition.
EVANS V.R: (1960) The corrosion and oxidation of metals. First edition, Edward Arnold
publishers Ltd, London, Great Britain.
SHOTTON, E: (1974) Physical pharmaceutics. Second edition, Oxford University press, Ely
House.
73
LAWUE, F.L: (1978) Corrosion resistance metals and alloys. Second edition, Reinhold publishing
company, New York, USA.
SAPRONOVA, I: (1972) Corrosion prevents practice, M.R. Publishers, Moscow.
Wikipedia
(2014)
Carbon
steel
[Online]
Available
from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel [Accessed: 10th November 2014].

Shaw
(2006)
Effects
of
corrosion.
Retrieved
from:
www.electrochem.org/dl/interface/spr/spr06/spr06_p24-26.pdf
Corrosion-doctors (2011) Corrosion [Online] Available from: http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/

[Accessed: 10th Nov. 2014].
Hutsoniap
(2014)
Electro
chemical
corrosion.
Available
from:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/242017791/Electrochemical-Corrosion#force_seo [Accessed: 10th

November 2014]
Roberg (2007) Corrosion, why bother? Available from: corrosion-doctors.org/Why-Study/Whybother.htm[Accessed: 10th Nov. 2014]
Sandvik Materials Technology (2014) Selective corrosion [Online] Available from:

Smt.sandvik.com [Accessed: 10th Nov. 2014]
Brushwellman
technical
exchange
(2014)
corrosion.
[Online]Available
from:
http://www.becu.co.kr/Section7.html [Accessed: 10th Nov. 2014]
NSCEP (2001) Office of environmental information July 2001[Online] Available from:

http://nepis.epa.gov. [Accessed: 10th Nov. 2014]
Hira (2014) [Online] Available from: doctormetaks.com. [Accessed: 10th Nov. 2014]
74
Shaw B.A. (2006) what is corrosion? The electrochemical society [Online] Available from:
www.electrochem.org/dl/interface/spr/spr06/spr06_p24-26.pdf [Accessed: 10th Nov. 2014]
Natarajan K.A. (n.d) Advances in corrosion engineering [Online] Available from:
nptel.ac.in/courses/113108051/module1/lecture1.pdf [Accessed: 10th Nov. 2014]
Bardal E. (2004) Corrosion ad protection, pg. 92[online] Available from:
https://books.google.com.ng/books?isbn=1852337583 [Accessed: 10th Nov. 2014]
Webcorr corrosion consultancy (2014) Corrosion advisory and corrosion consulting services
Fontana and Greene (1967) [Online] Available from: corrosion-doctors.coms
75

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INVESTIGATION OF CORROSION INHIBITON EFFECT OF MINT

LEAVES AND GUAVA LEAVES EXTRACTS IN ACIDIC MEDIA

BASSEY OKON SAMUEL

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

Engr. Bashir Danasabe

Dr. D.M. Dauda

Table 4.26: 0.5M C5H2COONa Mint Extract + 2M HCL57

EFFECT OF CORROSION ................................................................................................................. 2

IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING CORROSION..................................................................................... 3

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................. 4

GALVANIC CORROSION ......................................................................................................... 9

PITTING CORROSION ........................................................................................................... 10

CREVICE CORROSION .......................................................................................................... 12

INTERGRANULAR CORROSION ............................................................................................ 13

EROSION CORROSION ......................................................................................................... 15

STRESS CORROSION ............................................................................................................ 16

SELECTIVE CORROSION ....................................................................................................... 18

FRETTING CORROSION ........................................................................................................ 19

MECHANISM OF CORROSION ..................................................................................................... 20

FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF CORROSION ........................................................................ 24

CORROSION CONTROL ................................................................................................................ 25

Material selection ............................................................................................................... 25

Corrosion control by design ................................................................................................ 25

Cathodic protection ............................................................................................................ 25

Anodic protection ............................................................................................................... 26

Alteration of the soil ........................................................................................................... 26

Inhibitors (retarding catalyst) ............................................................................................. 26

Organic and inorganic coatings ........................................................................................... 26

CORROSION INHIBITOR ............................................................................................................... 27

Classification of corrosion inhibitors................................................................................... 27

Anodic inhibitors ................................................................................................................. 28

Cathodic inhibitors .............................................................................................................. 28

Adsorption inhibitors .......................................................................................................... 29

Mixed inhibitors .................................................................................................................. 29

THE MECHANISM OF CORROSION INHIBITORS .......................................................................... 30

PAST WORKS ON CORROSION OF MILD STEEL ........................................................................... 31

Yahaya Akabi Jimoh (2000). ................................................................................................ 31

Akpouwa Esosuorakpon (2000): ......................................................................................... 31

C.A. Loto: ............................................................................................................................. 32

Olokpo Godwin Eche (2001): .............................................................................................. 32

Awulu Samuel Akogwu (2002): ........................................................................................... 32

PRESENT WORK ON THE CORROSION OF MILD STEEL................................................................ 32

Mint leaves .......................................................................................................................... 33

Guava leaves ....................................................................................................................... 33

CORROSION TESTING .............................................................................................................. 35

The importance of corrosion testing .................................................................................. 35

Methods of testing corrosion ............................................................................................. 36

Spool piece (coupon) (weight loss) test .............................................................................. 36

RATE OF CORROSION .............................................................................................................. 36

INHIBITOR EFFICIENCY ............................................................................................................ 37

IDENTIFICATION AND PREPARATION OF PLANT SAMPLES ......................................................... 39

3.0.1 Preliminary treatment of plant sample before analysis ............................................................ 39

Material specification: ........................................................................................................ 46

Preparation of mild steel samples ...................................................................................... 46

Apparatus reagents and samples ........................................................................................ 46

3.2. PREPARATION OF SOLUTION OF CORROSIVE MEDIA ...................................................................... 47

4.1. DISCUSSION OF RESULT ................................................................................................................... 64

5.1. RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................................ 69

1.1 EFFECT OF CORROSION

1.2 IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING CORROSION

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To get extracts from guava leaves and mint leaves.

To vary the time of exposure of the specimen in the corrosive environment.

To access the effect of concentrations of the inhibitor on the corrosion of steel.