Introduction:

Lipids are naturally occurring substances insoluble in water but are soluble in
nonpolar solvents such as : chloroform, ether, hot alcohol, and benzene. They are
categorized into simple lipids, complex lipids, and precursor, and , derived lipids. Simple
lipids refer to those that are consisted of alcohol and fatty acids bonded with ester linkage.
Under this category are fats and oil consisted of glycerol and fatty acids and waxes that are
consisted of monohydric alcohol with higher molecular weights and fatty acids. The fatty
acids can be either unsaturated, contain carbon to carbon double or saturated, all carbon
atoms are bonded with single bonds. The relative unsaturation of fatty acid can be
determined through iodine test whereby iodine molecules add to the carbon to carbon
double. The degree of saturation is implied by the rate of and degree of coloration of iodine
solution. Presence of glycerol can also be detected in fats and oils through acrolein test,
noticeable with its pungent odor. Complex lipids are also ester of fatty acids with alcohols
plus other groups such as: phosphate in phospholipids, carbohydrates in glycolipids, and
nitrogenous compounds. This category also includes lipoprotein, and proteolipids. The
presence of phosphate can be tested through phosphomolybdate formation , characterized
by its yellow color and insolubility in water. Derived lipids are divided into eicosanoids,
derived from arachidonic acid ( an essential fatty acids ) and steroids, complex compounds
that contain the cyclopentanoperhydrophenantherene nucleus. Eicosanoids include
prostaglandin, leukotrienes , prostacyclin, and thromboxanes while cholesterol and bile
acids are closely related to steroids. Cholesterol gives characteristics colored condensation
products with acetic anhydride and concentrate sulfuric acid the basis of Leiberman
Burchard text. Bile sales act as emulsifying agent due the presence of both polar and
nonpolar group in their structure.
Objectives:
This experiment aims to become familiar with the basic chemical reactions of lipids
with their results and to perform basics chemical reactions of lipids.
Significance of the study:
The importance of this experiment was to recognized the different test of lipids
according to their basis of reactions includes their color, odor, and the time elapsed when
certain reagent was added in the solution and which test sample for the test of lipids.

Scope and Limitations:

On January 7, 2014, 7:00-10:00AM at Misamis University, Science Building room

205 the experiment about lipids . This limits only to become familiar with the basic
chemical reactions of lipids and to perform basic chemical reactions of lipids.

II. Materials and Method:

A. Acrolein Test
In acrolien test, 4 test tubes, droppers, test tube holder and 4 reagents and sample
were used such as: 2.0 g KHSO4, 0.5 ml glycerol, 20.0 ml coconut oil, pinch of palmitic oil
acids, and 20.0 ml olive oil. First, prepare 4 clean and dry test tubes. Second, put a pinch of
KHSO4 into 4 test tube. Third, in the 1st test tube add 2 drops of glycerol; 2nd test tube
add 2 drops of coconut oil; 3rd test tube add a pinch of palmitic acids; 4th test tube add 2
drops of olive oil. And lastly heat each test gently and vigorously and note the color of each
sample.
B. Test for Unsaturation:
In test for unsaturation, 3 test tube, watch and 5 reagents and samples were used
such as : 6.0 ml chloroform, 20.0 ml coconut oil, 2.0 ml olive oil, 5.0 ml cottonseed oil and
1.0 ml Hanus iodine solution. Fist, prepare 3 clean and dry test tubes. Second, add 2.0 ml of
chloroform into 3 test tubes. Third, into the 1st test tube add 4 drops of coconut oil; 2nd
test tube add 2 drops of coconut oil; 3rd test tube add 4 drops of cottonseed oil. Fourth, into
the 3rd test tube add 4 drops of Hanus iodine solution. And lastly, record the time in
seconds for the color disappear.
C. Saponification
In saponification, test tube, 200 ml beaker, platform balance watch glass, stirring
rod, water bath, tripod and reagents and samples were used such as: 10 grams of coconut
oil, 20.0 ml 10% NaOH solution. First, prepare a clean and dry 200 ml beaker and weigh it.
Second, in the beaker, weigh 10 grams of coconut oil. Third, add 20.0 ml of NaOH solution
and cover with watch glass. Fourth, in a boiling water, heat the mixture with constant
stirring in one direction until saponofication is completed. And lastly, test for complete
saponification: warm 5 ml in a test tube; get the sample from the mixture and draw 1 or 2
drops to the warm water in the test tube; if the sample mixes thoroughly with the warm
water ,then saponification is complete; stop heating then observe, reserve the mixture in the
succeeding procedure; if the drawn mixture separates from the water, then saponification is
not yet complete and continue heating the mixture for complete saponification.
D. Comparison of Soap and Detergent

In comparison of soap and detergent, 4 test tube, 1.0g detergent , 500 ml of water,
1.0 ml of soap solution, 5% CaCl2solution, 5% MgCl2 solution, distilled water, water bath,
stopper, cottonseed oil, were used. First, prepare a detergent solution by dissolving 1.0g
detergent in 50.0 ml water. Second, prepare 2 test tubes. Third, put 1.0 ml of soap solution
to one test tube, then 1.0 ml of detergent to the other. Fourth, add one to two drops of
phenolphthalein to each test tubes, observe and record the results. Fifth, prepare 2 test
tubes. Sixth, in the first test tube, put 10.0 ml soap solution and 2.0 ml of 5% CaCl 2
solution, in the second test tube, put 10.0 ml detergent solution and 2.0 ml of 5% MgCl 2
solution and record the observation in the table. Seventh, prepare two tests and put 10.0 ml
distilled water to each and warm in the water bath. Eight, add 1.0 ml cottonseed oil into
each test tube and put stopper and shake. And lastly, add 1.0 ml of soap solution to the first
test tube ,and 1.0 ml detergent solution to the other .