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Structures Congress 2015
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The study of Calugaru and Panagiotou (2014) showed that base isolation for a
20-story building, at a near-fault site, eliminates structural damage and reduces
significantly shear forces. However, to eliminate structural damage, the amount of
longitudinal reinforcement of the core-wall had to be twice that of the conventional
building. To further increase displacement capacity, and reduce the size of the wall
and amount of reinforcement in the superstructure, Calugaru (2013) developed a
structural system termed dual-isolation here with two seismic isolation planes: (a)
one at the base of the building, below ground, using isolation devices; and (b) a
second at the ground level where a post-tensioned RC core-wall is designed to uplift.
Compared to a design that uses only base isolation, the rocking plane is used to
increase the level of lateral displacement at the onset of structural damage in the core
wall.
The behavior of tall RC wall buildings using only rocking walls without
(Nielson 2009), or with unbonded steel and post-tensioning tendons (Wiebe and
Christopoulos 2009) has also been studied. The latter study proposed a design
including multiple rocking planes along the height of a planar wall to reduce the
contribution of second and higher modes of response.
This paper studies the three-dimensional (3D) seismic response of two
damage-resistant 20-story tall RC core-wall buildings and compares their response to
that of a third conventional building of similar geometry designed to develop flexural
plastic hinging in the core wall. The 3D nonlinear response history analysis uses the
two horizontal components of strong near-fault ground motions. The buildings are
modeled using the beam-truss modeling scheme, recently developed by the authors,
that explicitly accounts for flexure-shear interaction in RC walls and slabs (Lu and
Panagiotou 2014a, Lu et al. 2014).
DESCRIPTION OF THE THREE BUILDINGS
Figure 1(a) shows the main layout features of the fixed-based (FB) and dual-isolation
(DI) buildings. The rocking-wall (RW) building, not shown in this figure, has
identical layout above ground to that of the DI building. A 9.1 m long core wall
coupled through the floor slabs with columns in the perimeter comprises the structural
system above ground in all three buildings. Below ground, a grid of RC walls is used
to distribute forces to the foundation of the FB and RW buildings and to the base
isolation plane of the DI building. The weight of the superstructure (above ground) is
W = 167 MN for all buildings. The weight of the floors below ground of the DI
building is 40 MN. Concrete with expected unconfined compressive strength fc = 48
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Structures Congress 2015
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MPa and steel with expected yield strength equal to 483 MPa are used. The columns
have dimension 1
1
and longitudinal steel ratio
= 1.0%. The slab
reinforcement consists of 16-mm-diameter bars every 0.3 m in the two horizontal
directions, both top and bottom. The slab also includes post-tensioned high-strength
steel strands: 186 mm2 every 0.3 m (corresponding to post-tension steel ratio of 0.3%
in each of the two directions) with initial post-tension stress equal to 1.38 GPa. The
following subsections describe distinct characteristics of the three buildings.
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section of the core wall at ground level is confined with fcc = 96.5 MPa with the same
transverse reinforcement and external BRDs. Headed longitudinal rebars with
2% were used in the wall directly above the rocking plane. To enhance
(compared to the DI building) the compression damage resistance of the corners,
4%
twice as many headed rebars are used in the corners of the wall, resulting in
locally in each corner of the core wall. High-strength low relaxation unbonded posttensioned strands, with a post-tensioned steel ratio equal to 0.5% and initial posttension stress 0.9 GPa was used.
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Structures Congress 2015
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COMPUTATIONAL MODELING
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For the RW building model, the stories below ground are fixed at their base.
For the DI building model, the isolation layer is modeled at the base of the stories
below ground. The isolation bearings are modeled using zero-length springs with
bilinear material properties. The dampers are modeled using a zero-length spring with
linear viscous material.
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the two horizontal components of each motion, which are that applied in the north
and east directions of Figure 1(c), are shown separately. The response spectra of the
ground motions is compared to the Design Earthquake (DE) and Maximum
Considered Earthquake (MCE) design spectra according to ASCE 7-10 for a site in
Pacifica (Bay Area), California at 0.5 km from the San Andreas Fault. Ground motion
record SCS was recorded 5.4 km from the fault plane and include pulses of dominant
periods equal to 1.2 and 2.4 s based on wavelet analysis (Lu and Panagiotou 2014b).
Ground motion record TCU052 was recorded 0.7 km from the fault plane; it includes
distinct and strong pulses of dominant periods, based on wavelet analysis (Lu and
Panagiotou 2014b), equal to 2 and 7.4 s.
Spectral Acceleration
Sa (g)
Spectral Displacement
Sd (m)
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
period (s)
0
0
4
period (s)
Figure 3. Linear response spectra for ground motion records SCS and TCU052
(5% damping ratio).
RESULTS OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Fixed-base (FB) building
The initial period of the first mode of the FB building was 1.5 s in the horizontal
directions. The FB building model reached a maximum roof drift ratio of 1.8% in the
N-E direction for ground motion record SCS. The peak shear force at the base of the
core wall at the ground level was 0.17W and 0.16W in the N and E directions,
respectively. During SCS, spalling of the unconfined diagonals was computed at a
drift ratio of 0.97% and the maximum diagonal compression strain was 0.3% which
occurred at the N-E corner at the instance of max roof drift. The peak tension strain of
the longitudinal reinforcement (averaged over 1.7 m element height) reached 1.4%.
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Spaalling of con
ncrete in verttical directioon was compputed for all elements in the corners
of the
t core walll over the heeight of the first
f
story.
Fiigure 4: Ressponse histoory and straain contour of the fixed-base buildiing model
subjectted to groun
nd motion reecord TCU0052.
Figure 4(a) and (b)) show the response histories of rooof drift ratiio (r) and
t core walll at the ground level (Vb,,w), respectivvely, for ground motion
sheear force of the
recoord TCU052
2. The respoonses in the N-S and E--W horizontaal directionss are shown
inddependently. During TC
CU052, the bottom
b
storiies of the coore wall aboove ground
devveloped high
hly inelastic deformationns (both in teension and compression)
c
) and major
dam
mage in com
mpression booth in the diaagonal as well as in thee vertical dirrection. The
peaak tension sttrain of the longitudinall reinforcem
ment (averaged over 1.7 m element
heigght) reached
d 2.7%. The peak Vb,w inn the north direction
d
waas 0.13W corrresponding
in an
a average shear
s
stress of the W annd E segmennts of the coore equal to 0.09fc. Lu
andd Panagiotou (2014c) presents a video show
wing the reesponse, inccluding the
dispplaced shapee and strain contour,
c
of the
t FB buildding model suubjected to TCU052.
T
First spalling (0.2%
% strain in coompression) of the concrrete diagonaals occurs at
3.8 s with r = 1.7% in thhe S-E direction near the S-E corneer of the core wall. The
c
(0.44% compressive strain) occurs at 7.335 s with r = 2.3% in
firsst diagonal crushing
the S-E directio
on the maxximum drift in this direcction; first diiagonal crushhing occurs
in the second floor of thhe east segm
ment of thee core walll at a regioon with no
connfinement reeinforcementt. At the poiint of first crrushing, the diagonal haas a normal
tenssion strain equal
e
to 0.88%. At that instant, the average com
mpressive strain in the
verrtical directio
on of the S-E
E corner vertical elemennt at the basee of the core wall above
groound is 0.7%
%.
4 plots thhe deformed shape of thhe bottom 5 stories of thhe core wall
Figure 4(c)
aboove ground at
a the instannt of t = 10.66 s where r = 3% in thhe N-W direection. This
figuure also sho
ows the straain contour at that instaant. At this instant, thee maximum
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Structures Congress 2015
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com
mpression sttrain in thee diagonals is 1.5%. Diagonal
D
cruushing is observed
o
to
proopagate both
h horizontallly over halff of the waall length annd verticallyy over four
storries in the unconfinedd region of the wall [see Figurre 4(c)]. The vertical
com
mpression iss resisted by
b the N-W
W corner verrtical element only whhich has an
aveerage strain (over
(
1.7 m) of 1.2%.
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Roccking-wall (RW)
(
buildin
ng
Figgure 5(a) to (c)
( plots the following reesponse histtories of the RW buildinng subjected
to the
t SCS gro
ound motionn: the roof drrift ratio r (composed of the deforrmations of
the rocking plaane and superstructure), the
t roof drifft ratio r,w due to deformations of
the superstructu
ure above thhe rocking plane,
p
and thhe shear forrce of the roocking core
walll at the grou
und level Vb,w
.
The
peak
k
roof
drift ratio in anyy direction was
w 2.6% in
b
the S-W directiion and the peak deform
mation of thee superstructture was equual to 1.1%
rooof drift ratio. The peak upplift at the rocking planee was equal to 0.22 m, occurring
o
at
the N-E cornerr of the core wall duringg the instant of peak rooof drift. The peak shear
forcce at the basse of the corre wall at thee ground levvel was 0.344W and 0.25W in the N
andd E directio
ons, respecttively, and strong highher mode oscillations
o
(period of
appproximately 0.6 s) are obbserved in thhe shear forcee response history
h
[Figuure 5(c)].
Figure 5: Response
R
hisstory and sttrain contou
ur of the roccking-wall building
b
model su
ubjected to ground
g
mottion record SCS.
The peaak compresssion strain of any cornner element (averaged over
o
1.7 m
elem
ment height)) was 0.7%; this occurs at t = 5.4 s, where the core
c
wall pivvots around
the N-E cornerr with total roof drift raatio of 2.3%
%. Figure 5(dd) shows the deformed
shaape of the bottom
b
five stories abovve ground of
o the core wall at t = 5.5 s. The
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Structures Congress 2015
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maxximum uplifft of the coree wall at this instance iss 0.21 m at the
t S-W cornner. Lu and
Pannagiotou (20
014d) presennts a video of
o the respoonse, including the displlaced shape
andd strain conto
our, of the RW
R building model subjeected to the ground
g
motiion SCS.
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F
Figure
6: Response
R
history and strrain contour of the duaal-isolation building
b
model subjjected to ground motioon record TC
CU052.
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Structures Congress 2015
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Figure 6(d) depicts the deformed shape of the bottom five stories above
ground of the core wall, the stories below ground and the isolation system at t = 4 s
when the peak uplift (45 mm of the N-W corner) of the wall occurred. Lu and
Panagiotou (2014e) shows a video of the response, including the displaced shape and
strain contour, of the DI building model subjected to TCU052.
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Structures Congress 2015
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REFERENCES
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Sami Bangash on 07/27/15. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
Calugaru, V. (2013). Earthquake resilient tall reinforced concrete buildings at nearfault sites using base isolation and rocking core walls. Ph.D. thesis,
Department of Civil Engineering, University of California at Berkeley,
Berkeley CA.
Calugaru, V. and Panagiotou, M. (2014). Seismic responses of 20-story baseisolated and fixed-base RC structural wall buildings at a near-fault site.
Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics. 43(6), pp. 927-948.
CIMNE International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (2014). GiD Pre
and
Post
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version
11
[Software].
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http://http://www.gidhome.com/
List of tallest buildings in Christchurch. Wikipedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Christchurch.
Accessed May 2014.
Lu, Y. and Panagiotou, M. (2014a). Threedimensional nonlinear cyclic beamtruss
model for reinforced concrete nonplanar walls. ASCE Journal of Structural
Engineering. 140(3), 04013071, 11 pp.
Lu, Y. and Panagiotou, M. (2014b). Characterization and representation of near
fault ground motions using cumulative pulse extraction with wavelet analysis.
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 104 (1), pp. 410-426.
Lu, Y. and Panagiotou, M. (2014c). Seismic response of 20-story RC core-wall
building: TCU052 record from M7.6 Chichi Earthquake. Retrieved from
<http://youtu.be/r14GDOB9tgY> on January 6, 2014.
Lu, Y. and Panagiotou, M. (2014d). 20 story building with rocking core wall Sylmar Converter Station motion from M6.7 Northridge Earthquake.
Retrieved from <http://youtu.be/DmEwyWwcRP4> on January 6, 2014.
Lu, Y. and Panagiotou, M. (2014e). Seismic response of 20-story base-isolated
building with rocking wall: TCU052 record from M7.6 Chichi Earthquake.
Retrieved from <http://youtu.be/FBj-mNos8gU> on January 6, 2014.
Lu, Y., Panagiotou M., and Koutromanos, I. (2014). Three-dimensional beam-truss
model for reinforced concrete walls and slabs subjected to cyclic static or
dynamic loading. Report PEER 2014/18, Pacific Earthquake Engineering
Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
McKenna, F. (2014). Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation
(OpenSees)
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2.4.4
MP
[Software].
Available
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http://opensees.berkeley.edu/
Nielsen, G. M. (2009). Performance of rocking core walls in tall buildings subjected
to severe seismic demands. Masters Thesis. Department of Civil Engineering,
University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA.
Wiebe, L. and Christopoulos, C. Mitigation of higher model effects in base-rocking
systems by using multiple rocking sections. Journal of Earthquake
Engineering. 13(1), pp. 83-108.
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Structures Congress 2015