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  • Afghan Opiate Trafficking Through The Southern Route - 2015

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    A significant portion of opiates originating in Afghanistan are transiting Africa before being trafficked onwards to Europe, North America and other consumer markets, UNODC noted in a new report published today. Afghanistan is the largest producer of opium in the world and the 'Balkan' route (through the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey) has traditionally been the primary route for trafficking heroin out of Afghanistan.The report, entitled 'Afghan Opiate Trafficking - the Southern Route', however, notes a changing trend: the 'southern route' - a collection of trafficking routes within which organized criminal groups smuggle heroin out of Afghanistan on southerly flows - are gaining ground in the supply of some European markets.

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    Afghan Opiate Trafficking Through the Southern Route - 2015

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    A significant portion of opiates originating in Afghanistan are transiting Africa before being trafficked onwards to Europe, North America and other consumer markets, UNODC noted in a new report published today. Afghanistan is the largest producer of opium in the world and the 'Balkan' route (through the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey) has traditionally been the primary route for trafficking heroin out of Afghanistan.The report, entitled 'Afghan Opiate Trafficking - the Southern Route', however, notes a changing trend: the 'southern route' - a collection of trafficking routes within which organized criminal groups smuggle heroin out of Afghanistan on southerly flows - are gaining ground in the supply of some European markets.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF, TXT o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    59 visualizzazioni132 pagine

    Afghan Opiate Trafficking Through The Southern Route - 2015

    Caricato da

    cavris
    A significant portion of opiates originating in Afghanistan are transiting Africa before being trafficked onwards to Europe, North America and other consumer markets, UNODC noted in a new report published today. Afghanistan is the largest producer of opium in the world and the 'Balkan' route (through the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey) has traditionally been the primary route for trafficking heroin out of Afghanistan.The report, entitled 'Afghan Opiate Trafficking - the Southern Route', however, notes a changing trend: the 'southern route' - a collection of trafficking routes within which organized criminal groups smuggle heroin out of Afghanistan on southerly flows - are gaining ground in the supply of some European markets.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    di 132

    1

    AFGHAN OPIATE TRAFFICKING


    THROUGH THE SOUTHERN ROUTE

    Acknowledgements
    The $IJKDQ2SLDWH7UDIFNLQJWKURXJKWKH6RXWKHUQ5RXWH report is an output of the Afghan Opiate Trade Project
    in the Statistics and Surveys Section, Research and Trend Analysis Branch, Division for Policy Analysis and Public
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    Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to:


    Statistics and Surveys Section
    Research and Trend Analysis Branch
    Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs
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    Table of Contents:

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    Introduction

    
    

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    2. Afghanistan
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    4. The Islamic Republic of Iran


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    5. Middle East and Gulf countries


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    6. South Asia
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    7. East and South-East Asia


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    8. Oceania
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    9. Africa
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    10. Europe
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    11. North America


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    12. Responding to the challenges of the southern route

    

    Annexes

    

    Glossary
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    UNODC (2013), World Drug Report 2013, UNODC, p.ix, Vienna: United Nations publication.
    UNODC (2010), World Drug Report 2010, p.59. Vienna: United Nations publication.

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    24

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    ZLWKRWKHUPDMRUVLWHVLQWKHZHVWHUQSURYLQFHVDVZHOODV1DQJDUKDULQWKH(DVWDQG%DGDNKVKDQLQWKHQRUWK
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    Province

    2012

    % of 2012 Total

    2013

    % of 2013 Total

    8UX]JDQ

    

    

    %DGDNKVKDQ

    

    

    

    )DUDK

    

    

    .DQGDKDU

    

    

    Nangarhar

    

    

    

    +HOPDQG

    

    

    

    

    TOTAL

    73

    100.0

    61

    100.0

    6RXUFH&13$)HEUXDU\GDWDIRUSUHYLRXV\HDUVZDVXQDYDLODEOHDWWKHWLPHRIZULWLQJ

    +HURLQVHL]XUHVKDYHXFWXDWHGLQUHFHQW\HDUVZLWKDSHDNRINJLQIROORZHGE\VHL]XUHVWRWDOOLQJ
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    PRUSKLQHLQDQGZKLFKLVODWHUDGGUHVVHGIXUWKHU7KHPDMRULW\RIWKHKHURLQDQGPRUSKLQHVHL]XUHV
    RFFXUUHGLQWKHVRXWKZHVWDQGHDVWHUQUHJLRQVRIWKHFRXQWU\7KLVLVFRQVLVWHQWZLWKOLNHO\WUDQVVKLSPHQWV
    WKURXJK3DNLVWDQDQGWKH,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQRQWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHDVZHOODVWKH%DONDQURXWHSDUWLFXODUO\
    IURPWKHZHVWHUQSURYLQFHVRI$IJKDQLVWDQ

    28

    Afghanistan, Ministry of Counter-Narcotics, Afghanistan Drug Report 2012, , p. 135.

    25

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    Opium

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    26

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    80 000
    70 000

    Amount seized (kgs)

    60 000
    50 000
    40 000
    30 000
    20 000
    10 000
    0
    Pakistan

    2004

    2005

    2006

    2007

    2008

    2009

    2010

    2011

    2012

    2013

    21,265

    22,197

    32,658

    10,989

    7,325

    1,961

    6,064

    4,296

    1,369

    3,754.2

    6,939

    10,607

    9,681

    8,977

    16,139

    8,098

    6,811

    6,997

    10,429

    1,967

    938

    5,019

    479

    7,686

    3,179

    64,028

    43,519

    23,979

    Islamic Republic
    12,878
    of Iran
    Afghanistan

    85

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    route, March 2014.
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    28

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    70 000
    60 000

    50 000

    Litres

    40 000

    30 000

    20 000

    10 000

    2004

    2005

    2006

    2007

    2008

    2009

    2010

    2011

    2012

    2013

    6RXUFH&13$

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    UNODC (2009). World Drug Report 2009, p.61. Vienna: United Nations publication.
        
       
    33
      
    34
      
    June 2012.
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    32

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    6 000
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    4 000

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    3 000

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    2 000

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    1 000
    0
    2009

    2010

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    2012

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    2014

    6RXUFH&13$ XQWLO-XQH 

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    UNODC (2011), The global Afghan opium trade: a threat assessment, p.147-152. Vienna: United Nations publication.
     
    37
    UNODC (2010). World Drug Report 2010, p.45. Vienna: United Nations publication.
    35
    36

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    2 500

    2009

    2 000

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    0

    2 000

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    8 000

    10 000

    12 000

    14 000

    Amount of heroin seized (kg)


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    UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.ix. Vienna: United Nations publication.
              
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    42
    UNODC (2010). World Drug Report 2010, p.59. Vienna: United Nations publication.
    40
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    44
    UNODC (2011), The global Afghan opium trade: a threat assessment, p.28. Vienna: United Nations publication.(estimates for 2009)
    43

    34

    14 000

    20
    18
    16
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    10
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    Amount seized (kgs)

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    10 000
    8 000
    6 000
    4 000
    2 000
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    35 000
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    30 000
    25 000
    20 000
    15 000
    10 000
    5 000
    0
    2004

    2005

    2006

    2007

    2008

    2009

    2010

    2011

    2012

    2013

    Year
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    Figure 18:0RGHVRIWUDIFNLQJLQ3XQMDE/HIWQXPEHURIFDVHV5LJKW$PRXQWRIKHURLQ

    Heroin seized in Punjab


    (% distribution of no. of seizures)

    Heroin seized in Punjab


    (% distribution of amount (kg) of seizures)
    5%
    17%

    22%

    44%

    34%

    78%

    Land

    Mail

    Air

    Sea

    Land

    Air

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    FDVHV EXWPDNHVXSRQO\SHUFHQWRIWKHTXDQWLW\VHL]HG

    42

    Figure 19: 0RGHVRIWUDIFNLQJLQ6LQGK/HIWQXPEHURIFDVHV5LJKW$PRXQWRIKHURLQ

    Heroin seized in Sindh


    (% distribution of no. of seizures)

    Heroin seized in Sindh


    (% distribution of amount (kg) of seizures)

    6%

    3%

    10%

    48%

    Air

    Land

    59%

    26%

    36%

    Sea

    48%

    Mail

    Air

    Sea

    Land

    Mail

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    RIKHURLQVHL]HGNQRZQWREHWUDQVLWLQJ3DNLVWDQ0DSLOOXVWUDWHVVRPHRIWKHNQRZQFRQQHFWLRQVDQGPRGHV
    RIWUDIFNLQJWKDWFRQQHFWWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHWRWKHUHVWRIWKHZRUOGYLD3DNLVWDQ
    Table 4: ,QWHQGHGGHVWLQDWLRQVRIVHL]HGKHURLQWKDWWUDQVLWHG3DNLVWDQ
    Destination

    Number of seizures

    Amount seized

    Percentage of total (%)


    0LGGOH(DVWDQG*XOI6WDWHV

    

    

    Africa

    (XURSH

    

    

    

    

    1RUWK$PHULFD

    Oceania

    South Asia
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    60
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    44

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    64
    UNODC (2012). World Drug Report 2012, p.89. Vienna: United Nations publication..
    65
      
    66
        
       
    
    67
         
    68
         
    69
         
    
    70
    UNODC (2009), Addiction Crime and Insurgency The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opiates, p.28
    71
    UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.8. Vienna: United Nations publication.
    63

    46

     +HURLQWUDIFNLQJ
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    Figure 21:+HURLQVHL]XUHVLQWKH,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ
    30 000

    Amount seized (kgs)

    25 000
    30 000
    15 000
    10 000
    5 000
    0
    2004

    2005

    2006

    2007

    2008

    2009

    2010

    2011

    2012

    2013

    Year
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    74
     
    
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    79
    
    
      
    
     
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    81
    UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.33. Vienna: United Nations publication.
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    48

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    49

    Table 5: 5HSRUWHGKHURLQVHL]XUHVLQ,UDQLDQSURYLQFHVUHOHYDQWWRWKHVRXWKHUQURXWH
    Province

    Number of Seizures

    $PRXQWVHL]HG NJ

    Distribution (%) of amount seized

    Bushehr

    

    

    )DUV

    

    

    +RUPR]JDQ

    

    

    

    .HUPDQ

    

    

    

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    .RKNLOX\HKDQG
    %R\HU$KPDG

    

    

    /RUHVWDQ

    

    TOTAL

    65

    6187

    100

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    500 000
    400 000
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    200 000
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    2004

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    Seizure
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    16

    1,707

    100

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    Israel

    200

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    2004

    2005

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    2007 2008

    2009

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    2012

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    100
    101

    56

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    2004

    Bahrain

    2005

    2006

    2007

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    2009

    2010

    2011

    2012

    2013

    

    

    

    

    ,VUDHO

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    -RUGDQ

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

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    759

    878

    981

    1074

    503

    455

    565

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    TOTAL

    357

    481

    375

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    2004

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    144
                       
    
    145
    UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, Annex I. Vienna: United Nations publication.
    146
    UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.27. Vienna: United Nations publication.
    147
    
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    148
    According to the 2013 Annual Report of the Indian National Narcotics Control Bureau, regardless of changes in the overall volume of heroin
    
    2010 (note that this does not necessarily correlate to the total amount in circulation).
    149
    UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.31. Vienna: United Nations publication.
    150
    UNODC (2013). World Drug Report 2013, p.31. Vienna: United Nations publication.
    151
    
    
     
    in Indian context.
    152
    India, Narcotics Control Bureau, Annual Report 2012, p.18.
    153
    
     
    production of drugs in Indian context.

    67

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    India, Narcotics Control Bureau, Annual Report 2013, p. 8.
    156
    
     
    157
    

    158
    Deepali Gaur Singh, Afghan Women in the Diaspora: Surviving Identity and Alienation, Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies,
    NTS - Asia research paper No 4.
    159
    India, Narcotics Control Bureau, Annual Report 2013, p. 10.
    160
    UNODC (2011), The global Afghan opium trade: a threat assessment, p.108-109. Vienna: United Nations publication.
    154
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    68

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    Amount seized (in kgs)

    Number of seizures

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    2010

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    Year
    Heroin cases

    Heroin seizures (kg)

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    163
    India, Narcotics Control Bureau, Annual Report 2011, p. 50.
    161
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    69

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    Other - 23

    Denmark - 2

    Canada - 27

    Indonesia - 3

    Australia - 19

    China - 13

    South Africa - 12
    United Kingdom - 18

    Spain - 14
    United States - 6
    Netherlands - 10
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    Figure 32:)RUHLJQHUVDUUHVWHGLQ,QGLDIRUGUXJUHODWHGRIIHQFHV

    Number of people arrested

    120
    100
    80
    60
    40
    20
    0

    2009
    Afghanistan

    2010
    Myanmar

    2011
    Year
    Nepal

    Nigeria

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    South Africa

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    Tanzania

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    SURGXFWLRQWUDQVLWLQJ,QGLD

    India, Narcotics Control Bureau, Annual Report 2012,, p.1


      
    offences.
    168
    India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Narcontrol: a journal of narcotics Control Bureau, March 2014, Issue 1.
    169
     
    170
    Bangladesh, Annual Drug Report 2013, p.24.
    171
    Bangladesh, Annual Drug Report 2013, p.24.
    166
    167

    71

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    Table 12: 6HOHFWHGGUXJVHL]XUHVLQ3DNLVWDQGHVWLQHGIRU6UL/DQND
    Date

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    5HPDUNV

    

    NJKDVKLVK

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    DQG0DOGLYLDQQDWLRQDOV

      
    
    173
    
    174
     
    175
      
    
    176
      
    
    177
    
    
    178
    
    Annual Report 2014..
    172

    72

    Number of people arrested

    Figure 33: )RUHLJQHUVDUUHVWHGLQ6UL/DQNDIRUGUXJUHODWHGRIIHQFHV


    18
    16
    14
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    Others

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    International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), 2014.


    International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), 2013.
    181
    
    179
    180

    73

    7. East and South-East Asia


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    184
    
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    186
    Airports Council International (2011), Cargo Volume: Loaded and unloaded freight and mail in metric tonnes.
    187
    
    188
    UNODC (2014). World Drug Report 2014, Annex 1. Vienna: United Nations publication.
    189
    UNODC (2014). World Drug Report 2014, p.28. Vienna: United Nations publication..
    190
    UNODC (2010). World Drug Report 2010, p.50. Vienna: United Nations publication.
    191
     
    
     
    IDS database, reported by WCO).
    192
    
    2014.
    193
    Council of the European Union, Report to the Mini-Dublin Group by the Australian Chair, Regional report on South East Asia and China,
    October 2013, p.34.
    182
    183

    74

    Figure 34: +HURLQVHL]XUHVLQ&KLQD


    12 000

    Amount of heroin seized (kg)

    10 000

    8 000

    6 000

    4 000

    2 000

    0
    2004

    2005

    2006

    2007

    2008
    2009
    Year

    2010

    2011

    2012

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    300

    1 200
    200

    1 000

    150

    800
    600

    1 00

    Weight (kg)

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    1 400
    250

    400
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    200
    0

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    2010
    Heroin cases

    2011
    Year

    2012

    2013

    Heroin seizures (kg)

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    7KDLODQGDQG9LHWQDP

    75

    Figure 36: +HURLQVHL]XUHVLQ(6($FRPSDUHGZLWKJOREDOWRWDO

    Amount of heroin seized (kg)

    90 000
    80 000
    70 000
    60 000
    50 000
    40 000
    30 000
    20 000
    10 000
    0
    2004

    2005

    2006

    2007

    2008
    2009
    Year

    East and South East Asia

    2010

    2011

    2012

    2013

    Global Total

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    77

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    UHJLRQRIGHSDUWXUH
    Origin/departure
    region

    No. of
    seizures

    Amount of heroin
    VHL]HG NJ

    Distribution (%)
    of no. of seizures

    Distribution (%)
    of amount of heroin seized

    

    

    

    

    South Asia other


    WKDQ3DNLVWDQ

    

    

    

    

    Africa

    

    

    

    

    0LGGOH(DVWDQG
    *XOI6WDWHV

    

    

    

    

    248

    2,439

    100%

    100%

    3DNLVWDQ

    TOTAL

    6RXUFH812'&'UXJ0RQLWRULQJ3ODWIRUP '03 DQG,QGLYLGXDO'UXJ6HL]XUHV ,'6

    Table 14: 6HL]XUHVLQYROYLQJKHURLQWUDIFNHGIURP(DVWDQG6RXWK(DVW$VLDDORQJWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHWR


    H[WHUQDOPDUNHWVE\GHVWLQDWLRQ
    No. of
    seizures

    Amount of heroin
    VHL]HG NJ

    Distribution %
    of no. of seizures

    Distribution %
    of amount of heroin seized

    South Asia

    

    

    Africa

    

    

    Oceania

    

    

    

    

    1RUWK$PHULFD

    

    

    

    

    (urope

    

    

    

    

    

    

    58

    424

    100%

    100%

    Destination

    0LGGOH(DVWDQG
    *XOI6WDWHV
    TOTAL

    6RXUFH812'&'UXJ0RQLWRULQJ3ODWIRUP '03 DQG,QGLYLGXDO'UXJ6HL]XUHV ,'6 

    
     
    
    195
    
    196
    
    2014.
    194

    78

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    DGYDQWDJHLQWHUPVRISUR[LPLW\KLVWRU\DQGHVWDEOLVKHGUHODWLRQVKLSVZLWKPDQ\KHURLQUHWDLOHUVLQ(6($EXW
    VRXWKHUQURXWHWUDIFNHUVPLJKWVWLOOEHQHWIURPLQFUHDVHGRSSRUWXQLWLHVWRGHOLYHUVXSSOLHVWKURXJKRXWWKH
    UHJLRQ7UDGHDJUHHPHQWVWKDWIDFLOLWDWHHFRQRPLFJURZWKKDYHDOVREHHQKHOSIXOWRWUDQVQDWLRQDORUJDQL]HG
    FULPH7KHUDSLGJURZWKRIDLUFRQQHFWLRQVSURYLGHVORJLVWLFDOHIFLHQF\DQGDQH[SDQGLQJPHQXRIRSWLRQVIRU
    WUDIFNHUVZLWKDFRUUHVSRQGLQJFKDOOHQJHIRUGUXJODZHQIRUFHPHQWDJHQFLHV
    Table 15: 6LJQLFDQWKHURLQVHL]XUHVUHSRUWHGE\0DOD\VLD
    Date

    Origin/ transit country

    Weight
    NJ

    Number and nationality of arrestees

    

    3DNLVWDQ

    

    Malaysia

    NJ

    ,UDQLDQQDWLRQDOV

    

    Malaysia

    NJ

    3DNLVWDQLQDWLRQDOV

    

    3DNLVWDQ

    NJ

    3DNLVWDQLQDWLRQDOV

    

    Nigeria

    NJ

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    Thailand

    NJ

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    NJ

    ,QGLDQ 0DOD\VLDQ 

    NJ

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    6RXUFH0LQLVWU\RI+RPH$IIDLUV0DOD\VLD

    
     
    198
    
     
    199
     
    
    200
    Including both domestic and international aircraft passengers of air carriers registered in the country. Data obtained from the World
      
    
    201
    
    
       
    197

    79

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    WKHVRXWKHUQURXWHIURPWKH,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQDQGHVSHFLDOO\3DNLVWDQ Malaysia has also reported an
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    Figure 37:+HURLQVHL]XUHVLQ0DOD\VLD

    Amount of heroin seized (kg)

    900
    800
    700
    600
    500
    400
    300
    200
    100
    0
    2004

    2005

    2006

    2007

    2008
    Year

    2009

    2010

    2011

    2012

    2013

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    KHURLQZHUHFRQFHDOHGLQDER[DQGZHUHSDUWRIVHDIUHLJKWWUDQVLWLQJ3DNLVWDQ/DWHULQ0D\NJRI
    KHURLQZHUHVHL]HGDW.DUDFKLVHDSRUWIROORZHGE\DVHL]XUHRINJLQ2FWREHUIURPDZDUHKRXVHLQ
    .HODQWDQSURYLQFHLQ0DOD\VLD7KHFRQVLJQPHQWKDGGHSDUWHGIURP3DNLVWDQDQGZDVLQWHQGHGIRUWKHORFDO
    0DOD\VLDQPDUNHWD3DNLVWDQLQDWLRQDOZDVDUUHVWHGDVDUHVXOWRIWKLVVHL]XUH
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    WKHDUUHVWRISHRSOHLQFOXGLQJ0RQJROLDQQDWLRQDOVDQGQDWLRQDOVIURP:HVW$IULFDQFRXQWULHV'XULQJWKH
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    $XVWUDOLDDQG&KLQD0HDQZKLOHLQ3DNLVWDQNJDQGNJRIKHURLQZHUHVHL]HGLQWZRVHSDUDWHLQVWDQFHV
    LQ-DQXDU\DQGLGHQWLHGDVFRQWDLQHUVKLSPHQWVGHVWLQHGWR0DOD\VLD,Q$SULORIWKDWVDPH\HDUDQ
    DGGLWLRQDONJRIKHURLQZHUHVHL]HGIROORZLQJDFRQWDLQHUSUROLQJDW.DUDFKLVHDSRUW)LQDOO\LQNJ
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    2014.
    203
    
    2014.
    204
       
    205
       
    206
    
    207
      
    208
       
    209
    
    2014.
    210
    
    211
                 
    
    202

    80

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    IRUKHURLQWUDIFNLQJE\PDLOZLWKDVLJQLFDQWQXPEHURIPDLOFRQVLJQPHQWVFRQWDLQLQJKHURLQEHLQJVHL]HGLQ
    &DQDGDDQGKDYLQJWUDQVLWHGWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV$XVWUDOLDDQG(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVKDYHDOVREHHQGHVWLQDWLRQV
    IRUKHURLQWUDIFNHGE\PDLOIURP0DOD\VLDZLWKFRQVLJQPHQWVRIWHQWUDQVLWLQJ*HUPDQ\DQGWKH5HSXEOLFRI
    6LQJDSRUH

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    KDVVHHQDQLQFUHDVHLQWKHSURPLQHQFHRI$IJKDQVXSSOLHVLQ&KLQHVHKHURLQPDUNHWVZLWKFRQFUHWHH[DPSOHV
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    212

    81

    8. Oceania
    $VPDOOSURSRUWLRQRIRSLDWHVWUDIFNHGDORQJWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHDUHGHVWLQHGWR2FHDQLDSULPDULO\$XVWUDOLD'DWD
    IURPWKH$XVWUDOLDQ)HGHUDO3ROLFH $)3 VXJJHVWVWKDWWKHEDODQFHDPRQJVRXUFHVRIRSLDWHVXSSO\WR$XVWUDOLD
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    WRRYHUVHDVVXSSOLHUV
    Table 16: *HRJUDSKLFDORULJLQRIKHURLQERUGHUVHL]XUHVLQ$XVWUDOLD
    Proportion of heroin originating in
    South-East Asia (%)

    Proportion of heroin originating in


    South-West Asia (%)

    8QNQRZQ
    origin (%)

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    process using acetic anhydride.
    214
    
    215
                        
    
    
    216
     
    213

    82

    Figure 38: 86SHUNJRIZKROHVDOHKHURLQLQ3DNLVWDQ  DQG$XVWUDOLD 

    Wholesale Price of heroin (US$)

    180 000
    160 000
    140 000
    120 000
    100 000
    80 000
    60 000
    40 000
    20 000
    0
    Pakistan (2011)

    Australia (2012)

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    UHSRUWHGO\ DUUHVWHG LQ 6\GQH\ IRU VPXJJOLQJ KHURLQ ZLWKLQ MXLFH ER[HV 6HL]XUHV XSVWUHDP DUH PRUH UDUH
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    $XVWUDOLDDWWKH3HVKDZDUGU\SRUW
    Table 17: 6HOHFWHG VHL]XUHV UHSRUWHG LQ 2FHDQLD LQYROYLQJ RSLDWHV WUDIILFNHG IURP 3DNLVWDQ DQG WKH
    ,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ
    Date

    Drug

    $PRXQW NJ

    Transportation

    Seized Country

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    0DULWLPH

    Australia

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    Australia

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    Australia

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    XFWXDWHGEHWZHHQDQG UHPHPEHULQJWKDWWKHSURSRUWLRQRI$IJKDQKHURLQKDVYDULHG 6LQFH
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    0RVWVHL]XUHVWRRNSODFHDWVHDSRUWVRQWKHHDVWHUQFRDVWRI$XVWUDOLDRUDWDLUSRUWV 6HH0DS $FFRUGLQJWR
    Australian agencies,GHVSLWHDUHGXFWLRQLQWKHQXPEHURIKHURLQVHL]XUHVLQUHFHQW\HDUVWKHZHLJKWRIWKH
    FRQVLJQPHQWVKDVEHHQODUJH
      
      
    219
      
    220
       
    221
    
    222
     
    217
    218

    83

    Table 18: +HURLQVHL]XUHVLQ2FHDQLD NJ


    Country

    2009

    2010

    2011

    2012

    2013

    Australia

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    194.5

    513.5

    609

    1,090

    429

    1HZ=HDODQG
    TOTAL

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    225
    
    226
    
    223
    224

    84

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    85

    9. Africa
    Africa consists of several distinct subregions based on geography and other social, ethnic, historical and cultural
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    286

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    7KHVHODUJHPDULWLPHVKLSPHQWVRIKHURLQGZDUIRWKHUKHURLQVHL]XUHVPDGHLQWKHUHJLRQ)RUH[DPSOHIURP
    WKHLQIRUPDWLRQDYDLODEOHWR812'&WKHWZRPDMRUPDULWLPHVHL]XUHVLQ%HQLQOLVWHGLQ7DEOHUHSUHVHQWPRUH
    WKDQSHUFHQWRIDOOKHURLQVHL]HGLQWKHFRXQWU\EHWZHHQDQG)RU1LJHULDWKHWZRVKLSPHQWV
    OLVWHG LQ 7DEOH  WKDW RFFXUUHG LQ 1RYHPEHU  DQG -XQH  UHSUHVHQW PRUH WKDQ  SHU FHQW RI DOO
    VHL]XUHVPDGHLQWKHFRXQWU\RYHUZLWKWKHUHPDLQGHUGHULYLQJIURPDQDGGLWLRQDOVHL]XUHV
    )RUWKHHQWLUHUHJLRQWKHVHIRXUPDULWLPHVHL]XUHVUHSUHVHQWRYHUSHUFHQWE\ZHLJKWRIDOOKHURLQVHL]HG
    RYHUWKHVDPHSHULRG
    Figure 44: +HURLQVHL]XUHVLQ%HQLQDQG1LJHULD

    Amount of heroin seized (kg)

    250
    200
    150
    100
    50
    0

    2004

    2005

    2006

    2007

    2008

    2009

    2010

    2011

    2012

    2013

    Year
    Benin

    Nigeria

    6RXUFH812'&$QQXDO5HSRUW4XHVWLRQQDLUH $54 DQG'DWDEDVHRQ(VWLPDWHVDQG/RQJWHUP7UHQG$QDO\VLV '(/7$

    6LPLODUO\LQ&WHG,YRLUHNJRIKHURLQZHUHLQWHUFHSWHGDWDVHDSRUWLQ-XQH7KHFRQVLJQPHQWZDV
    VHL]HGIURPDVHDFRQWDLQHUVKLSPHQWRIFDUSHWVZKLFKKDGWUDQVLWHGWKH8QLWHG$UDE(PLUDWHVEHIRUHDUULYLQJ
    LQ&WHG
    ,YRLUHDQGZDVGLUHFWHGWR*KDQD7KDWVDPHPRQWKEDVHGRQLQIRUPDWLRQIURP$1)3DNLVWDQ&WH
    G,YRLUH DXWKRULWLHV LQWHUFHSWHG D FRQVLJQPHQW RI HOHFWULF IDQV DQG UHFRYHUHG  NJ RI KHURLQ FRQFHDOHG
    LQZRRGHQSDOOHWVWKHIROORZLQJPRQWKDJDLQEDVHGRQLQIRUPDWLRQSURYLGHGE\$1)3DNLVWDQ&WHG,YRLUH
    DXWKRULWLHVUHFRYHUHGNJRIKHURLQDW$ELGMDQ
    Figure 45: +HURLQVHL]XUHVLQ&WHG,YRLUH
    50
    45

    Amount seized (kg)

    40
    35
    30
    25
    20
    15
    10
    5
    0

    2004

    2005

    2006

    2007

    2008

    2009

    2010

    2011

    2012

    2013

    6RXUFH812'&$QQXDO5HSRUW4XHVWLRQQDLUH $54 DQG'DWDEDVHRQ(VWLPDWHVDQG/RQJWHUP7UHQG$QDO\VLV '(/7$ ,QWHUPLQLVWHULDO&RPPLWWHH


    IRU'UXJV&RQWURO &,/$'
      
      
    291
    
    292
       
    289
    290

    101

    7KHPDMRULW\RIVHL]XUHVHIIHFWHGLQ:HVWDQG&HQWUDO$IULFDZHUHRIKHURLQVKLSPHQWVGHVWLQHGIRUWKHUHJLRQ
    RUIRUVKLSPHQWVZLWKRXWDVSHFLHGGHVWLQDWLRQ2QFHUHFHLYHGE\ORFDOWUDIFNHUVWKHVHVKLSPHQWVDUHOLNHO\
    FRPSDUWPHQWDOLVHGIRUGRPHVWLFVDOHDQGH[SRUWE\DLUODQGDQGVHDWRYDULRXVGHVWLQDWLRQV)RUH[DPSOHD
    VHL]XUHRINJRIKHURLQDWDQDLUSRUWLQ0LODQ,WDO\KDGGHSDUWHGZLWKDFRXULHUIURP0DOLDQGWUDQVLWHG
    YLD%UXVVHOV,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRQRWHWKDWZKLOH0DOLKDVQHYHUVHL]HGPRUHWKDQNJRIKHURLQDQQXDOO\
    REVHUYHUVDVVHVVWKDWLQ%DPDNRWKHFDSLWDOFRFDLQHDQGKHURLQXVHDSSHDUVWREHJURZLQJDWDQDODUPLQJUDWH
    6HL]XUHVRIKHURLQIURPDLUURXWHVLQ:HVW$IULFDSDLQWDVLPLODUSLFWXUHWRWKDWRI(DVW$IULFDZLWKWKUHHPDLQ
    W\SHVRIPRYHPHQWV)LUVWWKHUHDUHLJKWVIURP6RXWK:HVW$VLD3DNLVWDQWKH,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQDQG
    ,QGLDDVZHOODVWKH0LGGOH(DVWPRYLQJKHURLQIURPWKHSURGXFWLRQDUHDVWR:HVW$IULFDSULPDULO\1LJHULD
    DQGWRDOHVVHUH[WHQW%HQLQDQG&WHG,YRLUH6HFRQGWKHUHDUHLJKWVIURP(DVWWR:HVW$IULFDWUDQVSRUWLQJ
    KHURLQIURP7DQ]DQLDDQG.HQ\D RU(WKLRSLDDQG6XGDQ WR/DJRVDQGRWKHUXUEDQFHQWUHVVXFKDV$FFUD
    /DJRVVHHPVWREHDWUDIFNLQJKXEVLQFHLWUHFHLYHVVKLSPHQWVIURPRWKHU:HVW$IULFDQFRXQWULHVOLNH7RJR
    DQG/LEHULD7KLUGWKHUHDUHVHL]XUHVRIKHURLQGHSDUWLQJ:HVWDQG&HQWUDO$IULFDWRZDUGVRWKHUGHVWLQDWLRQV
    WKHVHYHQWXUHVUHJXODUO\FLWHWKH86$DVWKHLUGHVWLQDWLRQEXWDOVRYDULRXVFRXQWULHVLQ:HVWHUQ(XURSH
    8QLWHG.LQJGRP,WDO\ $XVWUDOLD&KLQD0DOD\VLDDQG-DSDQ
    Figure 46: 0DLQ GHVWLQDWLRQ FRXQWULHV IRU KHURLQ VHL]HG DW 00,$ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $LUSRUW /DJRV 1LJHULD 
    

    United States 18%

    Spain 10%
    Unknown 63%
    South Africa 2%

    Cameroon 7%

    6RXUFH1'/($

     
       
    048d5554ca16aeb780682f008)
    294
    UNODC Database on Estimates and Long-term Trend Analysis (DELTA), 1990-2011
    295
             
               
      
    296
      
    
     
    
     
    West Africa, October 2014.
    297
    
    298
    
     
       
    299
     
    
    
    
    
     
      
    300
    
    301
    
    302
    
    303
      
    293

    102

    ,QDGGLWLRQWRDPDMRULW\RIVHL]XUHGHVWLQDWLRQVEHLQJXQNQRZQ VHH)LJXUH WKHUHLVDQLPSRUWDQWFDYHDW


    ZKLFKVNHZVDQ\FRQFOXVLRQVRQGHVWLQDWLRQGDWDPRVWVHL]XUHVDUHHIIHFWHGDWWKHWLPHRILPSRUWUDWKHUWKDQ
    H[SRUW7KXVRXWRIWKHNJVHL]HGDW0XUWDOD0XKDPPHG,QWHUQDWLRQDO$LUSRLUW 00,$ /DJRVLQNJ
    FRQVLVWHGRILQFRPLQJKHURLQ:KLOHWKLVPD\HQWDLOWKDWPRVWRIWKHKHURLQLVGLVSDWFKHGIURP1LJHULDZLWKRXW
    being detected,LWDOVRPHDQVWKDWWKHVDPSOHVL]HIRUGHWHUPLQLQJGHVWLQDWLRQVLVVPDOO

     6XPPDU\
    7KHSURPLQHQFHRI$IULFDQVXEUHJLRQVDVSRWHQWLDOO\LPSRUWDQWPDUNHWVDQGWUDQVLW]RQHVIRUWKHWUDIFNLQJ
    RI$IJKDQKHURLQDORQJWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHLVDPDMRUQGLQJRIWKLVUHSRUW7KHFRQWLQHQWVJURZLQJHFRQRPLF
    G\QDPLVPLQWHUQDOLQWHJUDWLRQDQGH[WHUQDOWUDGLQJUHODWLRQVKLSVDUHPLUURUHGLQWKHGLYHUVLW\RIFRQQHFWLRQVWR
    $IJKDQRSLDWHWUDIFNLQJ7KHZLGHDUUD\RIFDUJRDQGDLUOLQNVWKDWKDYHRSHQHGXSWRDQGWKURXJK$IULFDRIIHU
    PDQ\RSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUWUDIFNHUV:KLOHWKHYROXPHDQGGHWDLORIGDWDUHPDLQVOLPLWHGDZRUU\LQJSLFWXUHLV
    FHUWDLQO\HPHUJLQJ7KHLQIRUPDWLRQDYDLODEOHDWSUHVHQWVXJJHVWVWKDWGLIIHUHQWUHJLRQVRI$IULFDDUHGHYHORSLQJ
    LPSRUWDQWUROHVLQIDFLOLWDWLQJWKHWUDQVLWRIVRXWKHUQURXWHKHURLQDQGQHWZRUNVIURPWKRVHUHJLRQVKDYH
    WDNHQFRQWURORIVRPHWUDIFNLQJURXWHV

     

    304

    103

    10. Europe
    (XURSHKDVEHHQDOXFUDWLYHPDUNHWIRUWUDIFNHUVRI$IJKDQKHURLQIRUPRUHWKDQ\HDUV7KHODWHVW812'&
    HVWLPDWHV ZRXOG VXJJHVW D KHURLQ PDUNHW YDOXH RI VRPH 86  ELOOLRQ SHU \HDU LQ :HVWHUQ DQG &HQWUDO
    (XURSH/DWHVWGDWDDYDLODEOHVXJJHVWWKDWWZRWKLUGVRIWKHKHURLQPDUNHWLQ:HVWDQG&HQWUDO(XURSHZRXOG
    EHDFFRXQWHGIRUE\RQO\IRXUFRXQWULHVWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRP,WDO\)UDQFHDQG*HUPDQ\LQWHUPVRIQXPEHURI
    XVHUV,QWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRPDORQHODZHQIRUFHPHQWDJHQFLHVHVWLPDWHWKDWWRQVRIKHURLQDUHLPSRUWHG
    DQQXDOO\DYDVWPDMRULW\RIZKLFKFRPHVIURP$IJKDQRSLDWHV
    Figure 47:'LVWULEXWLRQRIWKHQXPEHURIRSLDWHXVHUVLQWKHPDLQPDUNHWVRI:HVWHUQDQG&HQWUDO(XURSH
    RUODWHVW\HDUDYDLODEOH

    Rest of Western
    and Central
    Europe 31%

    United Kingdom
    (England and
    Wales) 25%

    Italy 17%
    Germany 15%
    France
    12%
    6RXUFH812'&$QQXDO5HSRUW4XHVWLRQQDLUHV $54V :RUOG'UXJ5HSRUW

    Table 26: (VWLPDWHGQXPEHURIRSLDWHXVHUVLQWKHPDLQPDUNHWVRI:HVWHUQDQG&HQWUDO(XURSHRU


    ODWHVW\HDUDYDLODEOH
    Estimated
    number of users

    From

    Seized in

    8QLWHG.LQJGRP
    (QJODQGDQG:DOHV

    

    2SLDWHV PD\LQFOXGH
    PHWKDGRQHXVHUV

    ARQ and World Drug Report 2014


    HVWLPDWHGLQEHVWHVWLPDWHV
    DYDLODEOH 

    ,WDO\

    

    Opiates

    ARQ and World Drug Report 2014


    HVWLPDWHGLQEHVWHVWLPDWHV
    DYDLODEOH

    )UDQFH

    

    ARQ and World Drug Report


    Opiates HVWLPDWHGLQEHVWHVWLPDWHV
    DYDLODEOH

    *HUPDQ\

    

    Opiates

    ARQ and World Drug Report 2014


    HVWLPDWHGLQEHVWHVWLPDWHV
    DYDLODEOH

    TOTAL

    774,810
    812'&:RUOG'UXJ5HSRUW
     HVWLPDWHV

    812'&EHVWHVWLPDWH:RUOG'UXJ
    5HSRUW DQQH[

    Country

    :HVWHUQDQG&HQWUDO
    (XURSH

    

    6RXUFH812'&$QQXDO5HSRUW4XHVWLRQQDLUHV $54V 812'&:RUOG'UXJ5HSRUW


    UNODC (2011), The global Afghan opium trade: a threat assessment, p.57. Vienna: United Nations publication.
    

    305
    306

    104

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    QHZWUDIFNLQJPRGXVRSHUDQGLLQFOXGLQJWKHXVHRIQHZUHJLRQVVXFKDVWKH0LGGOH(DVWDQG*XOIFRXQWULHV
    SDUWLFXODUO\'XEDL DQG(DVWDQG:HVW$IULFDDVWUDQVLWSRLQWV
    1RWDEOH WDUJHWV IRU WUDIFNLQJ YLD WKH VRXWKHUQ URXWH KDYH EHHQ WKH 8QLWHG .LQJGRP %HOJLXP DQG WKH
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    1HWKHUODQGVLVDOVRGHVWLQHGIRUWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRP(XURSROKDVDOVRVXJJHVWHGWKDWVRPHJURXSVZRUNLQJ
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    DORQJWKH%DONDQURXWHE\VHQGLQJGLUHFWVKLSPHQWVE\VHD
    )LJXUHVXJJHVWVWKHSRWHQWLDOQDQFLDOLQFHQWLYHVIRUWKLVNLQGRIWUDIFNLQJNJRIKHURLQFRVWVDURXQG
    86LQ3DNLVWDQEXW86LQWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRP'LVLQWHUPHGLDWLRQE\JURXSVZRUNLQJGLUHFWO\
    ZLWKVXSSOLHVIURP3DNLVWDQFXWWLQJRXWWKHIDFLOLWDWRUVLQWKH,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ7XUNH\DQGWKH%DONDQV
    PD\JHQHUDWHDGGLWLRQDOSURW7KLVPD\DOVRUHVXOWLQJUHDWHUVSHFLDOL]DWLRQRIVXSSO\URXWHVVLQFHLWZRXOG
    LPSO\ WKDW VRPH RI WKH RSLDWHV WUDQVLWLQJ WKURXJK WKH ,VODPLF 5HSXEOLF RI ,UDQ DUH LQWHQGHG VROHO\ IRU GUXJ
    PDUNHWV FORVHU WKDQ (XURSH $ORQJ WKH %DONDQ URXWH VKLSPHQWV QHHG WR FURVV EHWZHHQ YH DQG WHQ ERUGHUV
    EHIRUHUHDFKLQJWKHLUQDOGHVWLQDWLRQ2QWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHGHVSLWHOHVVGLUHFWLWLQHUDULHVVKLSPHQWVFDQEH
    ODUJHULQVL]HDQGWKHJHRJUDSKLFDOUHJLRQVRIWUDQVLWDWWLPHVKDYHDOHVVHUODZHQIRUFHPHQWFDSDFLW\
    Figure 48: 86SHUNJRIKHURLQZKROHVDOHLQ3DNLVWDQ  DQGWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRP 
    50 000

    Wholesale Price of heroin (US$)

    45 000
    40 000
    35 000
    30 000
    25 000
    20 000
    15 000
    10 000
    5 000
    0
    Pakistan (2011)

    UK (2012)

    6RXUFH812'&$QQXDO5HSRUW4XHVWLRQQDLUH $54  8QLWHG.LQJGRP 812'&$QQXDO5HSRUW4XHVWLRQQDLUH $54  3DNLVWDQ 1RWH


    JXUHVDUHURXQGHGSULFHVDUHQRWSXULW\DGMXVWHG

    UNODC (2014), The Illicit Drug Trade through South-Eastern Europe, p.14. Vienna: United Nations publication.
    
    309
    
    310
    
    
    311
    
    307
    308

    105

    7KH %ULWLVK PDUNHW KDV IRU VRPH \HDUV EHHQ VXSSOLHG E\ WKH %DONDQ URXWH YLD7XUNH\ ,Q  WKH 8QLWHG
    .LQJGRPUHSRUWHGDUHGXFWLRQLQKHURLQHQWHULQJWKHFRXQWU\YLD7XUNH\DQGDQLQFUHDVHLQKHURLQGHSDUWLQJ
    IURP3DNLVWDQDGGLQJWKDWKHURLQVHL]HGDWRUQHDU8QLWHG.LQJGRPERUGHUVKDGEHHQSUHGRPLQDQWO\WUDIFNHG
    GLUHFWO\IURP3DNLVWDQ2IFLDOUHSRUWVIURP3DNLVWDQDOVRDSSHDUWRLQGLFDWHWKDWWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRPLVD
    PDLQGHVWLQDWLRQ
    +HURLQKDVORQJEHHQWUDIFNHGE\DLUWRWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRPIURP3DNLVWDQZKHUHDVWKHODUJHYROXPHVRI
    KHURLQDUULYLQJYLDWKHPDULWLPHURXWHIURP3DNLVWDQDSSHDUVWREHDQHZSKHQRPHQRQ,QPRVWRI
    WKHFRXQWU\VKHURLQVHHPHGWRDUULYHLQFRQWDLQHUVIURP3DNLVWDQHLWKHUGLUHFWO\RUWKURXJK%HOJLXPDQGWKH
    1HWKHUODQGV)LJXUHVKRZVWKDWSHUFHQWRIVHL]XUHVRINJRUPRUHHIIHFWHGDWWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRP
    ERUGHULQLQYROYHGKHURLQWUDIFNHGIURP3DNLVWDQ,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGKRZHYHUWKDWDVRIWKH8QLWHG
    .LQJGRPDVVHVVHVWKDWZKLOHKHURLQFRQWLQXHVWREHLPSRUWHGIURP3DNLVWDQLWDSSHDUVWKDW7XUNLVKFRQWUROOHG
    WUDIFNLQJLVLQFUHDVLQJZKLFKZRXOGVXJJHVWDUHYLYDORIWKHXVHRIWKH%DONDQURXWH
    Figure 49: 'HSDUWXUHFRXQWU\IRU8QLWHG.LQJGRPERUGHUVHL]XUHV NJRUPRUH
    2011

    2012

    Unknows 7%

    Czech republic 5%
    Netherlands 2%

    Belgium 4%

    Belgium 9%

    Netherlands 27%
    Pakistan 61%

    Pakistan 84%

    Kosovo
    (territory) 1%
    6RXUFH,OOLFLWGUXJWUHQGVWKURXJK6RXWK(DVWHUQ(XURSH812'&0DUFK%DVHGRQVHL]XUHVRINJ

    2WKHUFRXQWULHVWKDWZRXOGWUDGLWLRQDOO\UHSRUWEHLQJVXSSOLHGIURPWKH%DONDQURXWHKDYHUHFHQWO\UHSRUWHG
    VXSSOLHVIURPWKHVRXWKHUQURXWH6SDLQWUDGLWLRQDOO\FLWHGWKH%DONDQURXWHDVEHLQJGRPLQDQWXSWR
    7KLVDSSHDUHGWRFKDQJHDVRIZKHQIRUWKHUVWWLPHWKHPDLQGHSDUWXUH WUDQVLW FRXQWULHVIRUKHURLQ
    PHQWLRQHGLQRIFLDO6SDQLVKUHSRUWVZHUH3DNLVWDQ%HOJLXPDQGSHUKDSVXQH[SHFWHGO\8JDQGD,Q

    312
                         
    
    
    
    313
    
    314
    
    315
    
    316
    
    
     
    
    
    317
    
    318
    
    
     
        
    319
    

    106

    3DNLVWDQFRQWLQXHVWREHDPDMRUFRXQWU\RIGHSDUWXUH WUDQVLW IRUKHURLQIRXQGLQ6SDLQZKLOH)UDQFHUHSRUWV


    LW DV D GHSDUWXUH WUDQVLW  FRXQWU\ LQ  6LPLODUO\ UHSRUWLQJ IURP SUHYLRXV \HDUV VDZ WKH %DONDQ URXWH
    FRPSOHWHO\ GRPLQDWLQJ KHURLQ VWDWLVWLFV LQ ,WDO\ +RZHYHU WKH  $QQXDO 5HSRUW E\ WKH ,WDOLDQ QDWLRQDO
    DQWLGUXJVHUYLFHWKH'LUH]LRQH&HQWUDOHSHUL6HUYL]L$QWLGURJD '&6$ DVVHVVHVWKHJURZLQJQXPEHURIKHURLQ
    VHL]XUHVOLQNHGWRWKH(DVW$IULFDUHJLRQDVFRQUPLQJWKHUHOHYDQFHRIWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHIRUWKHFRXQWU\WKH
    FRQVROLGDWLRQRIWKHVRFDOOHG$IULFDQURXWHKHURLQOHDYLQJSURGXFLQJDUHDVPDLQO\IURPDLUSRUWVDQGSRUWV
    HVSHFLDOO\WKHRQHLQ.DUDFKL LQ3DNLVWDQUHDFKHV:HVWHUQPDUNHWVWKURXJKWKH(DVWHUQSDUWRIWKH$IULFDQ
    FRQWLQHQW :HVW$IULFD PD\ DOVR EH XVHG DV D WUDQVLW DUHD EXW OHVV SURPLQHQWO\ 2QH QRWHZRUWK\ VHL]XUH
    PDGHLQLQYROYHGWKHLQWHUFHSWLRQRINJRIKHURLQWUDYHOOLQJIURP0DOLDQGWUDQVLWLQJ%HOJLXPEHIRUH
    UHDFKLQJ,WDO\
    )LJXUH  LOOXVWUDWHV WKLV QHZ VRXWKHUQ URXWH FRQQHFWLRQ IRU ,WDO\ ZLWK DSSUR[LPDWHO\ DV PDQ\ LQWHUGLFWLRQV
    RIKHURLQFRPLQJWKURXJK(DVW$IULFDDVFRPLQJWKURXJK6RXWK(DVWHUQ(XURSH7KLVLVDOOWKHPRUHVWULNLQJ
    JLYHQWKHSUR[LPLW\RI,WDO\WRWKH%DONDQURXWHLQ6RXWK(DVWHUQ(XURSH7KH8QLWHG.LQJGRPDOVRUHSRUWHG
    LQFUHDVLQJWUDIFNLQJIURP(DVW$IULFDLQGXEELQJLWDNH\QH[XVSRLQWIRUKHURLQGHSDUWHGIURP WUDQVLWLQJ
    LQ 3DNLVWDQ7KLVLVVXSSRUWHGE\GDWDIURP:&2ZKLFKUHFRUGHGFDVHVZRUOGZLGH WRWDOOLQJNJ LQ
    ZKLFK7DQ]DQLDZDVDGHSDUWXUH WUDQVLW FRXQWU\
    812'&LVQRWDZDUHRISURSRUWLRQDOO\VLJQLFDQWDPRXQWVRIKHURLQEHLQJWUDIFNHGIURP$IULFDWR:HVWDQG
    &HQWUDO(XURSHDQPDMRUPDUNHWVRI)UDQFH*HUPDQ\RUWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRPEXWLQDOOFDVHVZKHUH$IULFDLV
    FRQFHUQHGWKHUHJLRQRI(DVW$IULFDIHDWXUHVSURPLQHQWO\)RUH[DPSOHEDVHGRQWKHGDWDRQGUXJVHL]XUHVLQ
    3DULV&KDUOHV'H*DXOOH$LUSRUWEHWZHHQDQGRQO\NJRIKHURLQRULJLQDWLQJLQ&DPHURRQ%HQLQ
    DQG1LJHULDZHUHVHL]HGDWWKHDLUSRUWFRPSDUHGZLWKPRUHWKDQNJIURP(DVW$IULFD'DWDIURP%HOJLXP
    VHHPVWRVKRZWKHVDPH(DVW$IULFDQSURPLQHQFH
    Figure 50: +HURLQWUDQVLWLQJIURP$IULFDDQGLQWHUFHSWHGDW&KDUOHV'H*DXOOH$LUSRUW
    Benin 6%
    Cameroon 4%
    Nigeria 9%

    Kenya 43%

    Tanzania 38%

    6RXUFH'DWDSURYLGHGE\&KDUOHV'H*DXOOH$LUSRUW3DULV)UDQFH812'&5HJLRQDO2IFHIRU:HVW$IULFD

    
     
    322
    UNODC (2014), The Illicit Drug Trade through South-Eastern Europe, Vienna: United Nations publication.
    323
    DCSA, Annual Report 2012.
    324
                  
       
    048d5554ca16aeb780682f008)
    325
    
     
    via large goods vehicles and Ro-Ro ferries.
    326
     
    326
    
    320
    321

    107

    Table 27: +HURLQVHL]XUHV NJ LQ%HOJLDQDLUSRUWVLGHQWLHGDVGHSDUWLQJIURP$IULFD


    Year

    4W\ NJ

    Departure

    Transit

    Destination

    Arrests

    Route

    

    

    Uganda

    %HOJLXP

    Spain

    &DPHURRQQDWLRQDO

    (QWHEEH%UXVVHOV

    

    

    7DQ]DQLD

    (WKLRSLD

    %HOJLXP

    (VWRQLDQQDWLRQDO

    .LOLPDQMDUR$GGLV$EHED
    %UXVVHOV

    

    

    Benin

    QD

    %HOJLXP

    Nigerian national

    &RWRXQRX%UXVVHOV

    

    

    .HQ\D

    %HOJLXP

    Slovenia

    7DQ]DQLDQQDWLRQDO

    1DLUREL%UXVVHOV
    /MXEOMDQD

    

    

    Burundi

    %HOJLXP

    ,WDO\

    British national

    %XMXPEXUD%UXVVHOV
    ,WDO\

    

    

    .HQ\D

    QD

    %HOJLXP

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    (XURSHZKLFKLVXQSUHFHGHQWHG,Q6ORYHQLDUHSRUWHGLWVUVWVHL]XUHVRIKHURLQWUDYHOOLQJIURP(DVW$IULFD
    E\DLUDQGGHVWLQHGIRU,WDO\7ZRRIWKHVHL]XUHVZHUHRIKLJKSXULW\ SHUFHQW DQGFXWZLWKFDIIHLQH$Q
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    GLUHFWHGWR+XQJDU\E\DLU
    Table 28: +HURLQVHL]XUHVLQ6ORYHQLDOLQNHGWR(DVW$IULFD
    Date

    Amount

    

    J

    

    J

    

    J

    Method

    Route

    5HPDUNV
    +HURLQK\GURFKORULGHSHUFHQW
    SXULW\FXWZLWKFDIIHLQH

    Air

    1DLUREL6ORYHQLD,WDO\

    +HURLQK\GURFKORULGHSHUFHQW
    SXULW\ FXWZLWKFDIIHLQH
    +HURLQK\GURFKORULGHSHUFHQW
    SXULW\FXWZLWKFDIIHLQH

    6RXUFH*HQHUDO3ROLFH'LUHFWRUDWH&ULPLQDO3ROLFH'LUHFWRUDWHRIWKH0LQLVWU\RIWKH,QWHULRURI6ORYHQLD)HEUXDU\

    327
     
      
    2013.
    328
    Information provided by the Central Drug Service of Belgium, July 2013.
    329
      

    108

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    ZDVGHOLYHUHGWR.KDUNLYDQGZDVGHVWLQHGIRU,WDO\8SVWUHDP3DNLVWDQKDVUHSRUWHGDVLQJOHVHL]XUHRINJ
    DW.DUDFKLGHVWLQHGIRU8NUDLQHE\PDULWLPHWUDIFNLQJ -XQH 
    :KLOHLWLVXQZLVHWREDVHEURDGFRQFOXVLRQVRQWKHVHVLQJOHHYHQWVWKHVHLQFLGHQWVPD\LQGLFDWHWKDW(DVWHUQ
    DQG&HQWUDO(XURSHDUHLQFUHDVLQJO\ZLWKLQWKHUHDFKRIWKHVRXWKHUQURXWH8QWLOQRZQRVHL]XUHVKDYHEHHQ
    UHSRUWHGLQWKH5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQVXJJHVWLQJWKDW$IJKDQKHURLQPD\EHLPSRUWHGYLDWKHVRXWKHUQURXWH
    Figure 51:'HSDUWXUHFRXQWULHVIRUKHURLQVHL]HGLQ,WDO\
    2011

    2012

    Benin 3% Ghana 2%

    France 3% Belgium 2%
    Spain 2%
    Germany 3%
    Turkey 5%

    Belgium 1%
    Cameroon 3%
    Kenya 4%
    Pakistan 8%

    Pakistan 6%
    Greece 29%

    Greece 31%
    Kenya 11%

    Albania 13%

    Uganda 16%

    Tanzania 21%

    Netherland 13%

    Tanzania 25%

    6RXUFH$QQXDO5HSRUW'LUH]LRQH&HQWUDOHSHUL6HUYL]L$QWLGURJD '&6$ %DVHGRQQVHL]XUHVRINJ  NJ  DQGNJ 

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    (DVWHUQ(XURSH
    Figure 52: 'HSDUWXUHFRXQWULHVIRUKHURLQVHL]HGLQ,WDO\
    Pakistan 2%

    Turkey 1%

    West Africa 3%
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    West and Central Europe 4%

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    South Eastern Europe 63%

    6RXUFH'LUH]LRQH&HQWUDOHSHUL6HUYL]L$QWLGURJD '&6$ %DVHGRQVHL]XUHVRINJ 


    

    331
    
    332
    
    330

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    URXWH7KHODUJHVWKHURLQVHL]XUHLQ*UHHNKLVWRU\ZDVHIIHFWHGLQ-XQH,WFRQVLVWHGRIRYHUWRQVRI
    KHURLQWKDWZHUHWUDQVSRUWHGDERDUGDPDULWLPHRLOWDQNHUYHVVHOWKDWDOOHJHGO\WUDYHOOHGIURPWKH*XOIRI2PDQ
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    WKDWVXFKVHL]XUHVFRXOGVLPSO\EHWKHUHVXOWRIPRUHWDUJHWHGVFUHHQLQJE\WKH+HOOHQLFDXWKRULWLHVKRZHYHU
    LQWKHFRQWH[WRIRWKHUVRXWKHUQURXWHVHL]XUHVDFURVV(XURSHLQFUHDVHGWUDIFNLQJIURP3DNLVWDQYLD*UHHFH
    FDQQRWEHH[FOXGHG
    Table 29: 6HOHFWHGVHL]XUHVLQ*UHHFHZLWK3DNLVWDQDVDGHSDUWXUH WUDQVLW FRXQWU\
    Date

    Amount

    Method

    Route

    

    NJ

    $LUWUDIFNLQJIDOVHERWWRPOXJJDJH
    3DNLVWDQLQDWLRQDODUUHVWHG

    /DKRUH3DNLVWDQ,VWDQEXO$WKHQV
    8QLWHG.LQJGRP

    

    NJ

    The arrested person had reached


    $LUWUDIFNLQJIDOVHERWWRPOXJJDJH
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    $LUWUDIFNLQJOXJJDJH3DNLVWDQL
    national arrested

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    NJRIKHURLQLQDQGDVHL]XUHRINJLQ$QWZHUS%HOJLXPDOVRLQ 7DEOH 7KLVODVWFDVH
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    DQGORFDWLRQRIVKLSSLQJFRQWDLQHUVDUULYLQJDW$QWZHUSVHDSRUW6LPLODUWRRWKHUVHL]XUHVGLVFXVVHGLQWKLV
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    FDIIHLQH 

                       
    provided by the US DEA, 7 January 2015.
    334
     
    335
        
    336
    Information provided by Belgian Customs, March 2013.
    333

    110

    Table 30: 5HFRUGVHL]XUHRINJRIKHURLQDW$QWZHUSVPXJJOHGYLD0R]DPELTXHWRWKH1HWKHUODQGV


    0DUFK
    Date

    Amount

    Method

    Route

    5HPDUNV

    

    NJ

    &RQWDLQHU

    0DODZL0R]DPELTXH%HOJLXP
    the Netherlands

    3XULW\FXWZLWK
    caffeine

    6RXUFH%HOJLXP&XVWRPV

    6HYHUDO VPDOOHU VHL]XUHV ZHUH DOVR PDGH DW DLUSRUWV LQ FRXQWULHV LQFOXGLQJ 'HQPDUN )UDQFH *HUPDQ\ ,WDO\
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    RIGHSDUWXUH WUDQVLW 
    Table 31: 6HOHFWHGVRXWKHUQURXWHKHURLQVHL]XUHVLQ6SDLQ%HOJLXPDQGWKH1HWKHUODQGV NJ
    Country of
    seizure

    Date

    Transportation
    method

    Departure
    (transit).country

    Destination

    Amount

    %HOJLXP

    'HF

    &RQWDLQHU

    ,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ

    Netherlands

    

    %HOJLXP

    $SU

    &RQWDLQHU

    3DNLVWDQ

    Netherlands

    

    %HOJLXP

    )HE

    &RQWDLQHU

    3DNLVWDQ

    Netherlands

    

    %HOJLXP

    0DU

    &RQWDLQHU

    0R]DPELTXH

    Netherlands

    

    Netherlands

    $XJ

    &RQWDLQHU

    3DNLVWDQ

    8QLWHG.LQJGRP

    

    Netherlands

    0D\

    &RQWDLQHU

    ,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ
    YLD8QLWHG$UDE(PLUDWHV

    Netherlands

    

    Spain

    6HS

    &RQWDLQHU

    3DNLVWDQ

    QD

    

    Spain

    -DQ

    &RQWDLQHU

    3DNLVWDQ

    QD

    

    6RXUFH62&$%HOJLDQ&XVWRPV:&2812'&&&3<HDU(QG5HSRUWS2IFLDOZHEVLWHRIWKH0LQLVWU\RI,QWHULRURI6SDLQ./3'&HQWUDO
    8QLW&HQWUDO,QWHOOLJHQFH'LYLVLRQ GDWDIRUZDVXQDYDLODEOHDWWKHWLPHRIZULWLQJ 

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    PDMRULW\ RI ODUJH LQWHUFHSWLRQV RFFXUUHG DW VHDSRUWV ZLWK KHURLQ RULJLQDWLQJ IURP VRXWKHUQ URXWH GHSDUWXUH
    SRLQWV

    337
      
    stop in Spain. Information provided by Spanish Customs, April 2013.

    111

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    0DMRUURXWHVDQGPHWKRGV
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    RUERDUGV:LWKUHJDUGWRKHURLQWUDIFNHGE\DLULWZDVKLGGHQLQGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIKDQGDQGFKHFNHGOXJJDJH
    2QO\DVPDOODPRXQWRIWKHKHURLQVHL]HGZDVLQJHVWHG2IWKHFRQVLJQPHQWVVHQWE\PDLOKHURLQZDVRIWHQ
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    KHURLQFRQVLJQPHQWVZHUHVLPSO\JURXSHGLQWRVPDOOSDFNHWVDVSDUWRIDSDUFHO
    %DVHGRQWKHLQIRUPDWLRQDYDLODEOHDERXWSHUFHQWRIWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHKHURLQVHL]HGLQ(XURSHEHWZHHQ
    DQGZDVWUDIFNHGIURP3DNLVWDQSHUFHQWIURP(DVW$IULFDSHUFHQWIURP6RXWK$VLDDQGSHU
    FHQWIURP6RXWKHUQ$IULFD

    112

    Table 32: +HURLQ WUDIFNHG LQWR DQG VHL]HG LQ (XURSH YLD WKH VRXWKHUQ URXWH E\ UHJLRQ RI RULJLQWUDQVLW
    
    No. of
    seizures

    Distribution (%) of
    no. of seizures

    6RXWK:HVW$VLD
    $IJKDQLVWDQ
    3DNLVWDQ
    ,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ

    
    
    

    
    
    

    
    
    

    
    
    

    South Asia

    

    

    

    

    (DVW$IULFD

    

    

    

    

    :HVWDQG&HQWUDO$IULFD

    

    

    

    

    Southern Africa

    

    

    

    North Africa

    

    

    

    (DVWDQG6RXWK(DVW$VLD

    

    

    

    

    0LGGOH(DVWDQG*XOI6WDWHV

    

    

    

    

    762

    100

    6348.5

    100

    Origin/transit region

    TOTAL

    Quantity of heroin
    Distribution (%) of
    VHL]HG NJ quantity of heroin seized

    6RXUFH812'&'UXJ0RQLWRULQJ3ODWIRUP '03 DQG,QGLYLGXDO'UXJ6HL]XUHV ,'6 

    0DSVXPPDUL]HVGHPRQVWUDWHGRUVXVSHFWHGURXWHVWKDWKDYHEHHQXVHGWRWUDIFKHURLQDORQJWKHVRXWKHUQ
    URXWHWR(XURSH

    113

    Map 30: ,QGLFDWLYHKHURLQWUDIFNLQJURXWHVWRDQGIURP(XURSH

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    7KHQDOVWDWXVRI-DPPXDQG.DVKPLUKDVQRW\HWEHHQDJUHHGXSRQE\WKHSDUWLHV7KHQDOERXQGDU\EHWZHHQWKH6XGDQDQG6RXWK6XGDQKDV
    QRW\HWEHHQGHWHUPLQHG
    6RXUFH812'&EDVHGRQVHL]XUHGDWDIURP'UXJ0RQLWRULQJ3ODWIRUP '03 ,QGLYLGXDO'UXJ6HL]XUHV ,'6 DQG$54VXSSOHPHQWHGE\QDWLRQDO
    JRYHUQPHQWUHSRUWVDQGRWKHURIFLDOUHSRUWV

    7KHQXPHURXVVWRSRYHUVLQWKH0LGGOH(DVWLQYROYHGWUDIFNLQJE\DLULQSDUWLFXODU7KHUHKDYHDOVREHHQPDQ\
    DWWHPSWVWRVPXJJOHKHURLQYLD$IULFDVRPHDSSDUHQWO\GHVWLQHGWR(XURSHDQGVRPHLQWUDQVLWWR&DQDGD7KH
    PRVWFRPPRQURXWHVIRUWKHVHWZRWUDMHFWRULHVDUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH

    114

    Table 33:0RVWIUHTXHQWDLUDQGPDLOKHURLQWUDIFNLQJURXWHVIURPWKH0LGGOH(DVWDQG*XOIFRXQWULHVDQG
    IURP$IULFDWR(XURSH

    From the Middle East and Gulf countries


    Origin

    Destination

    ,UDT/HEDQRQ4DWDU6\ULDQ$UDE5HSXEOLF

    'HQPDUN*HUPDQ\,WDO\6ZLW]HUODQG8NUDLQH

    From Africa
    Origin
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    7DQ]DQLD8JDQGD
    0R]DPELTXH6RXWK$IULFD
    %HQLQ*KDQD&WHG,YRLUH
    Mali, Nigeria

    Destination
    ,WDO\)UDQFH6ORYHQLD6ZLW]HUODQG
    %HOJLXP1HWKHUODQGV

    &DQDGD

    %HOJLXP1HWKHUODQGV

    &DQDGD

    %HOJLXP)UDQFH*HUPDQ\,WDO\
    Netherlands

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    %HOJLXPDQGWKH1HWKHUODQGV
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    LQ6ORYHQLDDQG8NUDLQHVKRZLQJWKHQHHGWRFORVHO\PRQLWRUGHYHORSPHQWVLQWKLVUHJDUG

    Some have also stopped in West Africa see Chapter 10.


      

    338
    339

    115

    11 . North America
    *HRJUDSKLFDOSUR[LPLW\DQGWKHVXSSRUWRIWUDIFNLQJFRQQHFWLRQVGHYHORSHGIRUWKHFRFDLQHWUDGHPDGH/DWLQ
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    DVUHJDUGVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI$IJKDQLVWDQDVDKHURLQVXSSOLHU$FFRUGLQJWRWKH5R\DO&DQDGLDQ0RXQWHG3ROLFH
    5&03 1DWLRQDO,QWHOOLJHQFH&RRUGLQDWLRQ&HQWHUEHWZHHQDQGDWOHDVWSHUFHQWRIWKHKHURLQ
    VHL]HGLQ&DQDGDRULJLQDWHGIURP$IJKDQLVWDQ2XWVLGHRIWKHWUDGLWLRQDOGUXJPDUNHWVRI$IJKDQLVWDQ, it is
    UDUHWRQGLWGRPLQDWLQJDFRXQWU\VVXSSO\LQWKLVZD\2IWKHVHL]XUHVHIIHFWHGLQ&DQDGDWKHVRXWKHUQURXWH
    LVUHSRUWHGO\DPDMRUFRQGXLWZLWKQHDUO\SHUFHQWKDYLQJWUDQVLWHG3DNLVWDQ,QGLDDQGWKH,VODPLF5HSXEOLF
    RI,UDQ$VRI6RXWK$IULFDLVDOVROLVWHGDVDPDLQGHSDUWXUHFRXQWU\E\&DQDGLDQDXWKRULWLHVZLWKWKH
    8QLWHG$UDE(PLUDWHVDQG*HUPDQ\OLVWHGDVWUDQVLWORFDWLRQV
    Figure 53:+HURLQVHL]XUHVLQ&DQDGD NJ 

    Amount seized (kgs)

    250
    200
    150
    100
    50
    0
    2004

    2005

    2006

    2007

    2008
    Year

    2009

    2010

    2011

    2012

    2013

    6RXUFH812'&$QQXDO5HSRUW4XHVWLRQQDLUH $54 DQG'DWDEDVHRQ(VWLPDWHVDQG/RQJWHUP7UHQG$QDO\VLV '(/7$

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    7KH86$UHSRUWVWKDW:HVW$IULFDQJURXSVDUHWKHSULPDU\WUDIFNHUVLQKHURLQIURP6RXWK:HVW$VLDRSHUDWLQJ
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    WRQRWHWKDWWKLVLVRFFXUULQJLQWKHFRQWH[WRILQFUHDVLQJJHQHUDOXVHRIKHURLQDVVRPH86SUHVFULSWLRQRSLRLG
    XVHUVPD\EHWXUQLQJWRKHURLQGXHWRORZHUSULFHDQGHDVLHUDFFHVV
    UNODC (2011), The global Afghan opium trade: a threat assessment, p.73. Vienna: United Nations publication.
     
    342
       
    343
     
    344
     
    345
    US Drug Enforcement Administration, National Drug Threat Assessment Summary 2014.
    346
    
    347
    
    348
    US Drug Enforcement Administration, National Drug Threat Assessment Summary 2014.
    340
    341

    116

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    ODUJHUVHL]XUHVQXPHURXVVPDOOHUDWWHPSWVZHUHVHL]HGLQWKH86$WRWDOOLQJNJRIKHURLQDQGLQ
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    National Drug Threat Assessment, 2014, p.8.
    350
     
    351
    
    349

    117

    Table 34: 6HOHFWHGKHURLQVHL]XUHVLQ1RUWK$PHULFDRYHUNJDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHVRXWKHUQURXWH


    Amount
    NJ

    Mode of
    7UDIFNLQJ

    Seized In

    Departed From

    Intended
    Destination

    Information Source

    

    

    0DULWLPH

    &DQDGD

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    0$5,1)2

    

    

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    &DQDGD

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    Services Agency

    

    

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    &DQDGD

    3DNLVWDQ

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    &DQDGD%RUGHU
    Services Agency

    

    

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    &DQDGD

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    Services Agency

    

    

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    Date

    6RXUFH812'&'UXJ0RQLWRULQJ3ODWIRUP '03 DQG,QGLYLGXDO'UXJ6HL]XUHV ,'6 

    7UDIFNLQJURXWHVDQGPHWKRGV
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    E\PDLO'HVSLWHWKLVSURPLQHQFHRIDLUDQGPDLOWUDIFNLQJWKH&DQDGLDQVHDSRUWVKDYHEHHQDVVHVVHGDV
    YXOQHUDEOH WR RSLDWH WUDIFNLQJ IURP 3DNLVWDQ WKH ,VODPLF 5HSXEOLF RI ,UDQ DQG$IJKDQLVWDQ As previously
    PHQWLRQHGDODUJHVHL]XUHRINJRIKHURLQZDVPDGHLQLQ3DNLVWDQGHVWLQHGIRU&DQDGDE\VHD7DEOH
    VKRZVVHOHFWHGVHL]XUHVDW&DQDGLDQPDULQHSRUWVEHWZHHQDQG
    Table 35: 6HOHFWHGKHURLQVHL]XUHVDW&DQDGLDQPDULQHSRUWV
    Quantity
    NJ

    Point of Origin/ Transit

    Smuggling /
    Concealment Methods

    Source

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    352
    353

    118

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    7KHYHSDFNDJHVRULJLQDWHGLQ7DQ]DQLD
    2YHUDOOVHL]XUHGDWDUHFRUGHGLQWKH812'&'UXJ0RQLWRULQJ3ODWIRUP '03 DQG,QGLYLGXDO'UXJ6HL]XUHV ,'6 
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    DQGSHUKDSVORFDOL]HGFRQQHFWLRQVIRFXVLQJRQ&DQDGDDQGWKH86$UDWKHUWKDQVWURQJFRRUGLQDWLRQRIVRXWKHUQ
    URXWHWUDIFNLQJWR1RUWK$PHULFD
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    Dutch nationals7KHODUJHSURSRUWLRQRI1LJHULDQVLVOLNHO\H[SODLQHGE\WKHREVHUYDWLRQE\WKH86$WKDWLWV
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    356
    Canada Border Services Agency.
    357
    
    354
    355

    119

    Table 36: +HURLQWUDIFNHGLQWRDQGVHL]HGLQ1RUWK$PHULFDYLDWKHVRXWKHUQURXWHE\FRXQWU\RIGHSDUWXUH


    
    Region of departure/ transit

    No. of cases

    Distribution
    (%) of cases

    Quantity of heroin
    seized

    Distribution (%) of
    quantities seized

    Canada
    3DNLVWDQ

    

    

    

    

    0LGGOH(DVWDQG*XOI6WDWHV

    

    

    Africa

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    (XURSH

    

    

    

    

    TOTAL

    119

    100%

    1453.065

    100%

    

    

    0LGGOH(DVWDQG*XOI6WDWHV

    

    

    

    

    Africa

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    (XURSH

    

    

    

    

    TOTAL

    236

    100%

    360

    100%

    South Asia
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    USA
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    120

    121

    12. Responding to the challenges of the


    southern route
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    Southern Africa:$QJROD%RWVZDQD'HPRFUDWLF5HSXEOLFRIWKH&RQJR/HVRWKR0DODZL0R]DPELTXH1DPLELD
    6RXWK$IULFD6ZD]LODQG=DPELDDQG=LPEDEZH
    North America&DQDGD0H[LFRDQG8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD
    South America: $UJHQWLQD %ROLYLD 3OXULQDWLRQDO 6WDWH RI  %UD]LO &KLOH &RORPELD (FXDGRU *X\DQD 3DUDJXD\
    3HUX6XULQDPH8UXJXD\DQG9HQH]XHOD WKH%ROLYDULDQ5HSXEOLFRI 
    Central Asia and Transcaucasia:$UPHQLD$]HUEDLMDQ*HRUJLD.D]DNKVWDQ.\UJ\]VWDQ7DMLNLVWDQ7XUNPHQLVWDQ
    DQG8]EHNLVWDQ
    Middle East and Gulf/ South-West Asia:$IJKDQLVWDQ%DKUDLQ,VODPLF5HSXEOLFRI,UDQ,UDT,VUDHO-RUGDQ.XZDLW
    /HEDQRQ 2PDQ 3DNLVWDQ 4DWDU 6DXGL$UDELD 6WDWH RI 3DOHVWLQH 6\ULDQ$UDE 5HSXEOLF 8QLWHG$UDE (PLUDWHV
    DQG<HPHQ7KH1HDUDQG0LGGOH(DVWUHIHUVWRDVXEUHJLRQWKDWLQFOXGHV%DKUDLQ,VUDHO,UDT-RUGDQ.XZDLW
    /HEDQRQ2PDQ4DWDU6DXGL$UDELD6WDWHRI3DOHVWLQHWKH6\ULDQ$UDE5HSXEOLFWKH8QLWHG$UDE(PLUDWHVDQG
    <HPHQ
    South Asia:%DQJODGHVK%KXWDQ,QGLD0DOGLYHV1HSDODQG6UL/DQND
    East and South-East Asia:%UXQHL'DUXVVDODP&DPERGLD&KLQD'HPRFUDWLF3HRSOHV5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD,QGRQHVLD
    -DSDQ/DR3HRSOHV'HPRFUDWLF5HSXEOLF0DOD\VLD0RQJROLD0\DQPDU3KLOLSSLQHV5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD6LQJDSRUH
    7KDLODQG7LPRU/HVWHDQG9LHW1DP
    South-Eastern Europe: $OEDQLD %RVQLD DQG +HU]HJRYLQD %XOJDULD &URDWLD .RVRYR 0RQWHQHJUR 5RPDQLD
    6HUELDWKHIRUPHU<XJRVODY5HSXEOLFRI0DFHGRQLDDQG*UHHFH
    Western and Central Europe: $QGRUUD $XVWULD %HOJLXP &\SUXV &]HFK 5HSXEOLF 'HQPDUN (VWRQLD )LQODQG
    )UDQFH *HUPDQ\ +XQJDU\ ,FHODQG ,UHODQG ,WDO\ /DWYLD /LHFKWHQVWHLQ /LWKXDQLD /X[HPERXUJ 0DOWD 0RQDFR
    WKH1HWKHUODQGV1RUZD\3RODQG3RUWXJDO6DQ0DULQR6ORYDNLD6ORYHQLD6SDLQ6ZHGHQ6ZLW]HUODQGDQGWKH
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    Oceania:$XVWUDOLD)LML.LULEDWL0DUVKDOO,VODQGV0LFURQHVLD )HGHUDWHG6WDWHVRI 1DXUX1HZ=HDODQG3DODX
    3DSXD1HZ*XLQHD6DPRD6RORPRQ,VODQGV7RQJD7XYDOX9DQXDWXDQGVPDOOLVODQGWHUULWRULHV

    
    Resolution 1244 (1999).

    365

    127

    128

    129

    130

    131

    132

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